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TherapyEd > General Principles of Biomechanics > Flashcards

General Principles of Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Articulation of humeroradial joint

A

Distal end of humerus (capitulum) with concave oval facet of proximal radius

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2
Q

Is the capsule of the elbow joint thick or thin

A

Thin

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3
Q

the annulus fibrosis is composed of….

A

Collagen (Type 1) and fibrocartilage

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4
Q

Shape of proximal end of humerus

A

Half a sphere

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5
Q

Define boggy end feel

A

Edema, joint swelling

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6
Q

Where does the first 30-60 degrees of elevation occur

A

Glenohumeral

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7
Q

What is the acetabular fossa

A

center of acetabulum

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8
Q

what ligament connects medial and lateral meniscus

A

Transverse ligament

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9
Q

What is T2 MRI used for

A

Soft tissue structures (shows tissues with high water content)

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10
Q

What does the quadrate ligament do

A

Reinforce inferior joint capsule
Maintains position of radial head in opposition to ulna
Limits amount of spin in supination and pronation

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11
Q

what is the angle for coxa valga

A

Over 125

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12
Q

When finger flexors are weak, what muscles substitute

A

Passive finger flexion by contraction of wrist extensors

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13
Q

what is the Resistance in a lever system

A

the force that opposes movement

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14
Q

What is T1 MRI used for

A

Bony anatomy

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15
Q

Is the medial or lateral femoral condyle more inferior

A

Medial descends more inferiorly

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16
Q

What is the direction of the proximal humerus

A

Retroverted 20-30 degrees

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17
Q

Shape of ulnar collateral ligament

A

Triangle

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18
Q

What happens when a concave surface moves on a convex surface

A

Same direction (anterior roll, anterior glide)

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19
Q

orientation of the head of the femur

A

superior
anterior
medial

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20
Q

A what type of joint is TMJ

A

synovial

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21
Q

Define soft end feel

A

Soft tissue approximation

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22
Q

What menisci is large and C shaped

A

Medial

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23
Q

Three motions describing movement of one joint surface on another

A

Roll, glide, spin

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24
Q

Inner surface of the labrum is lined with…

A

Articular cartilage

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25
Q

what is the acetabular fossa filled with

A

fat pad for shock absorption

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26
Q

THE ELBOW

A

.

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27
Q

Angle of femoral neck and what direction

A

anterior 10-15 degrees

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28
Q

What do the anterior and posterior radioulnar ligaments do

A

Strengthen radioulnar capsule

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29
Q

For accessory joint motion, what is better: interrater or intrarater reliability

A

Intrarater

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30
Q

The orientation of the glenoid fossaplaces true _______ at ______ anterior to frontal plane

A

true abduction at 30 degrees anterior to frontal plane

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31
Q

What is the main contributor to bony stability in the elbow

A

Trochlea (humerus) and trochlear fossa (ulna)

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32
Q

Why is the hip joint very stable

A

Bony anatomy as well as strength of ligaments and capsule

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33
Q

Arthrology of glenohumeral joint

A

Convex humeral head articulates with concave glenoid fossa

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34
Q

What does the ulnar collateral ligament do

A

Reinforces humeroradial joint medially

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35
Q

In the wrist, what is the convex concave relationship of the radius and carpals

A

Radius is biconcave to carpals

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36
Q

What covers articular surfaces of TMJ

A

dense fibrous cartilage (not hyaline)

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37
Q

the CMC joint is a ______ articulation

A

Saddle

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38
Q

What position does the annular ligament protect the radial head in

A

Semi-flexion (most unstable)

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39
Q

What’s the center of the head of the femur that is a depression

A

fovea capitis femoris

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40
Q

where is the effort in a second Class Lever

A

effort is farthest away from axis (axis-resistance-effort)

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41
Q

Define arthrokinematics

A

Movement between joint surfaces

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42
Q

What does PCL check

A

posterior displacement of the tibia in femur

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43
Q

Radial nerve distribution

A

Remainder of dorsum of hand not by median or ulnar

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44
Q

Functions of glenoid labrum

A

Lubrication

Protection

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45
Q

What direction does ACL run

A

Oblique superiorly and laterally

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46
Q

On x-rays, what color do more dense structures appear

A

White

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47
Q

Two types of images on a MRI

A

T1

T2

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48
Q

What does radial collateral ligament do

A

Reinforce humeroradial joint laterally

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49
Q

How many bands in the glenohumeral ligament

A

Three bands

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50
Q

Is the medial or later tibial condyle more stable

A

Medial is more stable = less mobile

Lateral is less stable = more mobile

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51
Q

Purpose of the labrum of the hip

A

Deepens acetabulum

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52
Q

Where does radial collateral ligament run

A

Lateral epicondyle —> annular ligament

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53
Q

Where does the transverse humeral ligament sit

A

Over the top of the bicipital groove

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54
Q

Where does the iliofemoral ligament run

A

both bands start at AIIS

medial runs to distal intertrochanteric line

lateral proximal disintertrochanteric line

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55
Q

Articulation of distal radioulnar joint

A

Convex ulna with concave radius

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56
Q

what’s the shape of the head of femur

A

two-thirds of a sphere

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57
Q

Define firm end feel (pathological)

A

Decreased elasticity, fibrosis of soft tissue

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58
Q

What is the extensors hood

A

fibrous mechanism on the dorsum of each finger that is a fibrous expansion of the extensor digitorum tendon

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59
Q

What does medial meniscus attach to

A

MCL

fibrous capsule

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60
Q

In the proximal radioulnar joint, what is the shape of the radial head

A

Convex

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61
Q

Articulation of humeroulnar joint

A

Trochlea and trochlear notch

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62
Q

what covers the head of the femur

A

Articulation cartilage (except fovea capitis)

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63
Q

How does the convex-concave rule apply to the spine

A

convex rule at Atlanto-occipital joint

concave rule below second vertebrae

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64
Q

What shape is the hip labrum

A

Triangle

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65
Q

What ribs does the scapula sit over

A

2-7 ribs

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66
Q

What does the glenoid labrum attach to

A

Capsule superiorly and inferiorly

Long head of biceps tendon superiorly

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67
Q

Function of collateral ligaments in hand

A

Tighten with flexion and voles fibers tighten with extension

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68
Q

Define rubbery end feel

A

Muscle spasm

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69
Q

what cervical joint is the yes joint

A

Atlanto-occipital

70
Q

When pectoral is major is weak, what muscles substitute

A

Long head of biceps
Coracobrachialis
Anterior deltoid

71
Q

Is the glenoid fossa shallow

A

Yes very shallow

72
Q

What other ligament does the LCL run in the same direction as

A

PCL

73
Q

What is the function of the transverse humeral ligament

A

Act as a retinaculum for long biceps tendon

74
Q

what is a Second Class Lever

A

when two forces are applied on one side of an axis

75
Q

In what direction is the shoulder capsule least supported and most lax

A

Inferirorly

76
Q

Acetabulum orientation

A

Lateral
Inferior
Anterior

77
Q

what is the volar plate

A

Thickening of the capsule

78
Q

The elbow capsule is continuous medially with ——- and laterally with ———

A

Medial UCL

lateral LCL

79
Q

Direction MCL runs

A

oblique anteriorly and inferiorly

80
Q

Where does the labrum attach

A

Bony rim of acetabulum

81
Q

The inter surface of the annular ligament is lined with…

A

Fibrocartilage

82
Q

Example of third Class Lever in body

A

Most muscles (elbow flexion)

83
Q

Is the UCL or RCL stronger and why

A

UCL…RCL attaches to soft tissue structure (annular ligament)

84
Q

what do the two atypical vertebrae allow for

A

increase AROM without compressing spinal cord, uncinate processes, and transverse foramen

85
Q

Both of the articulations in the sternoclavicular joint are covered with

A

Fibrocartilage

86
Q

Is the lateral meniscus smaller or larger than the medial meniscus

A

smaller

87
Q

Define hyper mobility end feel

A

End feel at a later time than the other side

88
Q

The coracohumeral ligament is taut with

A

External rotation

89
Q

What position is the annular ligament most taut

A

Extremes of pronation and supination

90
Q

What are CTs used for

A 
Complex fractures
Facet dysfunction
Disc disease
Stenosis of spinal canal 
IV foramen
91
Q

What happens when convex surface moves on a concave surface

A

opposite direction (anterior roll, posterior slide)

92
Q

Articulation of radiocarpal joint with CC

A

convex scaphoid and lunate

concave radius

93
Q

Purpose of extensor hood

A

Assist with extension of the PIP and DIP joints

94
Q

Define firm end feel

A

Capsular/ligamentous stretching

95
Q

what joint is the no joint

A

atlanto-axial

96
Q

Where are uncinate joints and what do they do

A

Found at C3-C7 and limit lateral cervical movement

97
Q

What is encircled with the annular ligament

A

Radial head

98
Q

What are x-rays best used for

A

Dysfunction/disease of bones (not soft tissue)

99
Q

Define osteokinematics

A

Movement between two bones

100
Q

When hip extensors are weak, what muscles sub

A

Lower back extensors
Adductor magnus
Quadratics lumborum

101
Q

is the acetabular fossa articulating

A

no

102
Q

When hip flexors are weak, what muscles sub

A

Lower abdominals
Lower obliques
Hip adductors
Lattisimus dorsi

103
Q

What does the clavicle link

A

Manubrium to acromion

104
Q

What kind of joint is the tibiofemoral joint

A

Synovial hinge with two degrees of freedom

105
Q

In shoulder elevation, what happens at 75 degrees in the GH

A

External rotation

106
Q

for the screw ho,e mechanism, what happens at the elbow

A

Elbow flexion: ulna ER (supinate)

Elbow extension: ulna IR (pronates)

107
Q

Where does ACL attach

A

anterior intercondylar fossa of tibia and to femur at medial aspect of lateral condyle

108
Q

CC for proximal tibuofemoral joint

A

tibia is convex

fibular is concave

109
Q

Function of radial collateral and ulnar collateral ligaments

A

RCL limit ulnar deviation

UCL limit radial deviation

110
Q

At 60 degrees of elevation in the shoulder, where does movement occur

A

60 degrees

111
Q

What is nucleus purposis made of

A

water and proteoglycans it’s minimal collagen

112
Q

what is a third Class Lever

A

when two forces are applied on one side of an axis

113
Q

what other ligament does MCL run with in the same direction

A

ACL

114
Q

when do the menisci follow the tibia

A

flexion/extension

115
Q

What does PCL attach to

A

posterior intercondylar fossa of tibia and on lateral surface of femoral medial condyle

116
Q

What does LCL prevent

A

ER and stability against varus forces

117
Q

what muscle attaches to medial meniscus

A

semimembranosus

118
Q

What positions are the MCL taut and slackened with

A

taut extension

slackened flexion

119
Q

CC relationship between ulna and triquetrum

A

Ulna is convex, triquetrum concave

120
Q

when do menisci follow the femoral condyles

A

internal/external rotation

121
Q

what does ACL check

A

forward gliding of tibia on femur

limits IR of tibia during flexion as it twists around PCL

122
Q

Rules of 3:

A

Spinous process of T1-T3 even with transverse process of same level

T4-T6 SPs one half level below TP

T7-T9 SPs one full level below TP

T10 full level below

T11 one-half level below

T12 level

123
Q

Primary function of coracohumeral ligament

A

Reinforce biceps tendon
Reinforce superior capsule
Prevent caudal dislocation of humerus

124
Q

Where does the coracohumeral ligament attach

A

Base of coracoid process to greater and lesser tubercle of humerus

125
Q

Where does the MCL knee run

A

Medial aspect of medial femoral condyle to upper end of tibia

126
Q

Both bands of the iliofemoral ligament are taut with

A

Extension and ER

127
Q

where does LCL knee run

A

Lateral femoral condyle to head of fibula

128
Q

Shape of radial collateral ligament

A

Fan

129
Q

What is the articulate surface of the humerus covered in

A

Hyaline cartilage

130
Q

What is the coxa vara angle

A

Less than 115

131
Q

What ligament is the Y ligament

A

Iliofemoral Ligament

132
Q

Define hard end feel

A

When bone and cartilage meet

133
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint

A

Synovial joint

134
Q

what is excessive anteversion

A

Over 25-30 degrees

135
Q

what is a First Class Lever

A

when two forces are applied on either side of an axis

136
Q

what does MCL prevent

A

prevents ER and forces against valgus forces

137
Q

when hip abductors are weak, what muscles substitute

A

Lateral trunk muscles/tensor fascia latae

138
Q

What are the functions of the menisci

A 
Deepens fossa of tibia 
Increases congruency of tibia and femur 
Provides stability to tibiofemoral joint
Provides shock absorption and lubrication to knee 
Reduces friction during movement 
Improves weight distribution
139
Q

Direction of the LCL run

A

Inferior and posterior

140
Q

Define empty end feel

A

Loose, then very hard, associated with muscle guarding or patient avoiding painful range

141
Q

Direction of the glenoid fossa of the scapula

A

Anterior
Laterally
Superiorly

142
Q

What is the purpose of the glenohumeral ligament

A

Reinforce anterior glenohumeral capsule

143
Q

In the distal femur, what is the shape of the femoral condyles

A

Spiral

144
Q

What’s the normal angle of inclination for the head of the femur

A

115-125

145
Q

Median nerve distribution

A

Remainder of palmar surface not inner gated by ulnar

Dorsal portions of 2, 3, and lateral half of 4

146
Q

The ulnar collateral ligament provides strong resistance to _____ forces

A

Valgus

147
Q

Why does ER occur at 75 degrees of elevation in the shoulder

A

Prevents compression of greater tubercle against the acromion

148
Q

Where does the annular ligament attach

A

Medial ulna

149
Q

What is the glenoid labrum

A

Fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens glenoid fossa

150
Q

Excessive retroversion angle

A

Less than 10 degrees

151
Q

Arthrology of sternoclavicular joint

A

Convex SI
concave AP clavicle

articulates with opposite sternum

152
Q

The three normal end feels

A

Soft
Firm
Hard

153
Q

Where does the capsule of the shoulder attach

A

Medially to glenoid margin

Laterally to humeral anatomical neck

154
Q

What rule describes the relationship between arthrokinematics and osteokinematics

A

Convex-concave rule

155
Q

Where does the coracoacromial ligament run

A

Coracoid to acromion

156
Q

example in human body of First Class Lever

A

contraction of triceps at elbow joint

157
Q

What does the annular ligament don

A

Protects radial head

158
Q

Ulnar nerve distribution

A

Hypothenar region (palmar and dorsal)
Pinky 5th
Medial half of 4th

159
Q

when shoulder abductors are weakened, what muscles substitute for shoulder motion

A

Scapular stabilizers

160
Q

What direction does PCL run

A

Obliquely medially and anteriorly-superiorly

161
Q

what is the Effort in a lever system

A

the force that attempts to cause movement

162
Q

What is computed tomography (CT)

A

Plain x-ray slices that are enhanced by a computer to improve resolution

163
Q

Does the LCL attach to the capsule

A

no

164
Q

What is the hip labrum made of

A

Fibrocartilage

165
Q

Shape of coracoacromial ligament

A

Triangle

166
Q

How many atypical cervical vertebrae are there

A

2

167
Q

where is the effort in a third Class Lever

A

next to the axis (axis-effort-resistance)

168
Q

example of second Class Lever in body

A

toe raise

169
Q

What does the radiate do

A

Stabilize hand for any impact

170
Q

what is the screw home mechanism in the knee

A

5 degrees of tibial ER which occurs during terminal extension

TherapyEd (81 decks)

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