Lesson 19 - The Past Participle Flashcards
How is the past participle formed?
Past participles are mostly formed by adding -ta to the root with or without the connecting vowel -i-.
The past participle is also formed from some roots by adding -na.
Past participle of
pacati
pacita
(pac + i + ta)
cooked
Past participle of
bhāsati
bhāsita
(bhās + i + ta)
spoken
Past participle of
yācati
yācita
(yāc + i + ta)
begged
Past participle of
deseti
desita
(dis’ + i + ta)
preached
Past participle of
pūjeti
pūjita
(pūj + i + ta)
honoured
Past participle of
gacchati
gata
(gam + ta)
gone
Past participle of
hanati
hata
(han + ta)
killed
Past participle of
nayati/neti
nīta
(nī + ta)
led
Past participle of
chindati
chinna
(chid + na)
cut
Past participle of
bhindati
bhinna
(bhid + na)
broken
Past participle of
nisīdati
nisinna
(ni + sad + na)
seated
Past participle of
tarati
tiṇṇa (tṛ + na)
crossed
Past participles have a passive meaning when they are formed from what kinds of verbs?
Transitive verbs
Past participles have an active meaning when they are formed from what kinds of verbs?
Intransitive verbs
How are past participles declined?
In the three genders:
As -a ending nouns in the masculine and the neuter.
As -ā ending nouns in the feminine.
Pacati, chindati, nimanteti are examples of what kinds of verbs?
Transitive verbs.
Therefore:
pacito odano = the rice that is cooked (passive meaning)
chinnaṃ paṇṇaṃ = the leaf that is cut (passive meaning)
nimantitā kaññā = the girl who is invited (passive meaning).
Gacchati, patati, tiṭṭhati are examples of what kinds of verbs?
Intransitive verbs.
Therefore:
manusso gato (hoti) = the man has gone (active meaning);
pupphaṃ patitaṃ (hoti) = the flower has fallen (active meaning);
kaññā ṭhitā (hoti) = the girl has stood (active
meaning).
