Immunomodulators & Immunosuppressants - Chapter 32 Flashcards
Immunization
- Deliberate, artificial exposure to a disease to produce acquired immunity
- Achieved by administering vaccines
Vaccines
- Prevent disease by taking advantage of the body’s ability to make antibodies
- an altered antigen that is injected or introduced into the body
- Provide protection against the disease should the patient be exposed to it again
Types of Vaccines
- Live, attenuated
- Inactivated, killed
- Toxoid
- Conjugate
Live, Attenuated Vaccines
-Live but weakened version of disease will NOT cause disease in a healthy individual
Inactivated, Killed Vaccines
-Produce less immunity so may need booster
Toxoid Vaccines
e.g. tetanus and diphtheria
Conjugate Vaccines
e.g. Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine
Influenza Vaccine
Flumist
-im or nasal mist
Shingles Vaccine
Zostavax, Zostavax II, Shingrix
- Zostavax must be kept in freezer
- Zostavax II must be kept in fridge
Hepatitis A (inactivated) Vaccines
- Havrix
- Vaqta
- Epaxal
- Avaxim
- Avaxim Pediatric
Hepatitis B (inactivated) Vaccines
- Engerix B
- Engerix B periatric
- Recombivax
- Doses at 0, 1 and 6 mo. intervals
- Accelerated doses at 0, 7, 21 days
Hepatitis A and B Vaccines
- Twinrix (720)
- Twinrix Jr (360)
Rotavirus Vaccine
Rotateq
HPV Vaccines
- Gardasil (HPV 6, 11, 16, 18)
- Cervarix (HPV `16, 18)
Dukoral
-Used for prevention of travelers diarrhea due to E. coli
The Cold Chain
-A set of safe handling practices that ensure vaccines and immunologicals requiring refrigeration are maintained at the required temperature
Why Cold Storage is Important
- Disruption of the cold chain is a public health threat
- When the cold chain is disrupted, the effectiveness and shelf-life of vaccines are reduced
- Once integrity of vaccine is compromised, it cannot be restored
Cold Chain Maintenance
- Refrigeration temperature should be between 2 and 8 degrees Celsius
- If the fridge is overstocked, air circulation is insufficient to maintain constant temperatures
- Fridge should contain min/max thermometer to monitor temp.
- Monitors and thermometers should be calibrated
- alarm
- Door lock
- Record temp. regularly throughout the day
Protocols For Receiving, Stocking, and Storage
- Protocols should include accurate assessment of condition of vaccines
- Employees should be alert for warning signs that the cold chain has been broken
- Ensure vaccines are rotated
- Expiry dates checked
- Do not remove vaccines from fridge until the time of dispensing or transport
Warning Signs the Cold Chain Has Been Broken During Shipment
- Freezer packs are melted
- Dry ice has evaporated
Protocols for Transport
- Pharmacy personnel in charge of transport are responsible for making sure the vaccines arrive at their destination at the proper temp.
- Vaccine out of fridge for <20 min, insulated bag. >20 min, ice packs
- Vaccines should be transported in an insulated container
- Vaccines should avoid direct contact with ice packs
- Heat and cold monitors should be included in transport container
