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Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology > Asthma & COPD - Chapter 23 > Flashcards

Asthma & COPD - Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Asthma

A

-A “twitchy” or hyper-reactive airway overreacts to stimuli such as aeroallergens, cold air, etc. Overtime these airways (bronchial tubes) become chronically inflamed and sensitive.

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2
Q

Asthma Attacks

A

-Muscles around the bronchial tubes tighten (i.e. bronchospasm or bronchoconstriction) and mucus is produced in the bronchial tubes further restricting airflow.

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3
Q

Asthma Classifications

A
  • Mild Intermittent
  • Mild persistent
  • Moderate persistent
  • Severe persistent
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4
Q

Risk Factors of Asthma

A
  • Family history
  • Exposure to tobacco or smoke
  • Secondhand smoke
  • Chronic exposure to air pollution
  • Exposure to some allergens and infections early on in life
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5
Q

Airway Changes During an Asthma Attack

A
  • Airway irritation triggers airway constriction
  • Inflammation produces swelling and further restricts airflow
  • Mucus production is increased further obstructing breathing passages
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6
Q

Symptoms of Asthma

A
  • Cough
  • Wheezing
  • Shortness of breath
  • Chest tightness
  • Nocturnal awakening
  • Sleep deprivation
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7
Q

Managing Asthma Symptoms

A
  • Lifestyle modifications
  • Medication
  • Home monitoring of breathing using a peak flowmeter
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8
Q

Metered Dose Inhalers (MDI’s)

A
  • A device that delivers a specific amount of medication to the lungs in the form of a short burst of aerosolized medicine
  • Most need priming; some are shake well, others are not
  • 30 seconds-1 minute between puffs
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9
Q

Spacers

A

-A device that is attached to the end of an MDI. The drug is sprayed into the chamber and then slowly inhaled into the lungs

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10
Q

Nebulizer

A

-A device that converts a liquid dose of medicine into an aerosolized mist that can be inhaled by normal breathing when used with a mask

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11
Q

Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI’s)

A

-A device that delivers medication to the lungs in the form of a dry powder

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12
Q

Classifications of Asthma Drugs

A
  • Rescue medicines: treat acute symptoms (fast acting)

- Controllers: Prevent asthma episodes (used daily)

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13
Q

Rescue Medicines used for Asthma

A

-Short-acting B2-adrenergic agonist (SABA) bronchodilators

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14
Q

B2 adrenergic agonist’s MOA

A

-Bind to B2 receptors, bronchial smooth muscle relaxes and bronchospasm reverses

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15
Q

Short Acting B2 adrenergic agonists (SABA) Examples

A
  • salbutamol
  • terbutaline
  • orciprenaline
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16
Q

Generic: salbutamol

A

Airomir
Ventolin

  • Bronchodilator
  • Short acting B2 adrenergic agonist
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17
Q

Generic: terbutaline

A

Bricanyl Turbuhaler

  • Bronchodilator
  • Short acting B2 adrenergic agonist
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18
Q

Generic: orciprenaline

A

orciprenaline

  • Bronchodilator
  • Short acting B2 adrenergic agonist
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19
Q

Short Acting B2 Adrenergic Agonists ADR’s

A
  • Nervousness, jitters
  • Tremors
  • Increased heart rate
  • Difficulty sleeping
  • Dry mouth
  • Mild headache
  • Hypertension
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20
Q

Classifications of Controllers/Maintenance Drugs

A
  • Inhaled corticosteroids
  • Long-acting B2 agonists
  • Leukotriene antagonists
  • Mast cell stabilizers
  • Xanthine derivatives
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21
Q

Inhaled Corticosteroids MOA

A
  • Are anti-inflammatory
  • Decrease the synthesis of pro-inflammatory substances
  • Reduce infiltration of mediators of the inflammatory response into airway cells
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22
Q

Inhaled Corticosteroids Examples

A
  • beclomethasone
  • budesonide
  • ciclesonide
  • fluticasone
  • mometasone
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23
Q

Generic: beclomethasone

A

Qvar

  • Inhaled corticosteroid
  • DO NOT SHAKE
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24
Q

Generic: budesonide

A

Pulmicort

-Inhaled corticosteroid

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25
Q

Generic: ciclesonide

A

Alvesco

  • Inhaled corticosteroid
  • DO NOT SHAKE
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26
Q

Generic: fluticasone

A

Flovent

-Inhaled corticosteroid

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27
Q

Generic: mometasone

A

Asmanex Twisthaler

-Inhaled corticosteroid

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28
Q

Inhaled Corticosteroids ADR’s

A
  • Thrush
  • Coughing
  • Hoarseness
  • Throat irritation
  • Dry mouth
  • Flushing
  • Loss of taste
  • Unpleasant taste
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29
Q

General Inhaler Warning Labels

A
  • SHAKE WELL (most MDI’s except Alvesco and Qvar)
  • KEEP DRY
  • RINSE MOUTH AFTER USE (corticosteroid inhalers)
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30
Q

Glucocorticosteroids

A

The primary route of administration for corticosteroids used for the treatment of asthma is inhalation; however, they may be administered orally (or iv) for more severe symptoms.

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31
Q

Glucocorticosteroids Examples

A
  • prednisone
  • prednisolone
  • dexamethasone
  • hydrocortisone
  • methylprednisolone
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32
Q

Generic: prednisone

A

Deltasone
Winpred

-glucocorticosteroid

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33
Q

Generic: prednisolone

A

Pediapred

-glucocorticosteroid

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34
Q

Generic: dexamethasone

A

Decadron
dexamethasone

-glucocorticosteroid

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35
Q

Generic: hydrocortisone

A

Solu-Cortef

-glucocorticosteroid

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36
Q

Generic: methylprednisolone

A

Medrol
Solu-Medrol

-glucocorticosteroid

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37
Q

Long-Acting B2 Adrenergic Agonists (LABA)

A
  • Have been associated with increased risk of severe asthma exacerbations and death
  • Use is restricted to patients whose asthma cannot be adequately controlled with other medications
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38
Q

Long Acting B2 adrenergic Agonists Examples

A
  • formoterol

- salmeterol

39
Q

Generic: formoterol

A

Foradil
Oxeze

-Long-acting B2 adrenergic agonist

40
Q

Generic: salmeterol

A

Serevent

-Long-acting B2 adrenergic agonist

41
Q

Glucocorticosteroids/LABA Combination Examples

A
  • salmeterol/fluticasone
  • formoterol/budesonide
  • formoterol/mometasone
42
Q

Generic: salmeterol/fluticasone

A

Advair

-Glucocorticosteroids/LABA Combination

43
Q

Generic: formoterol/budesonide

A

Symbicort Turbohaler

-Glucocorticosteroids/LABA Combination

44
Q

Generic: formoterol/mometasone

A

Zenhale

-Glucocorticosteroids/LABA Combination

45
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists

A
  • Common ending: “lukast”

- Reduce inflammation by interfering with the binding of leukotrienes to smooth muscle receptors on airways

46
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Examples

A
  • montelukast

- zafirlukast

47
Q

Generic: montelukast

A

Singulair

-Leukotriene receptor antagonist

48
Q

Generic: zafirlukast

A

Accolate

-Leukotriene receptor antagonist

Warning Labels:
-TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH

49
Q

Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist ADR’s

A
  • Cough
  • Hoarseness
  • Headache
  • Heartburn
  • Runny nose
  • Indegestion
  • Dizziness or drowsiness
  • Muscle aches or cramps
50
Q

Leukotriene Antagonists Warning Labels

A

-ONCE OPENED, THE PACKET CONTENTS MUST BE ADMINISTERED WITHIN 15 MINUTES (montelukast granules)

51
Q

Mast Cell Stabilizers

A
  • Released as a part of the immune response to antigens

- Make mast cells less reactive to antigens, thus reducing the release of inflammatory substances

52
Q

Mast Cell Stabilizers Examples

A
  • cromolyn sodium

- ketotifen

53
Q

Generic: cromolyn sodium

A

Nalcrom

-Mast cell stabilizer

54
Q

Generic: ketotifen

A

Zaditen

-Mast cell stabilizer

55
Q

Xanthine Derivatives

A

-Common ending: “phylline”

  • Oldest class of drugs used for asthma
  • have both bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory properties
  • Very narrow TI
56
Q

Xanthine Examples

A
  • aminophylline

- theophylline

57
Q

Generic: aminophylline

A

aminophylline

-Xanthine derivative

58
Q

Generic: theophylline

A

Theo-Dur
Theolair
Uniphyll

-Xanthine Derivative

59
Q

Xanthine Derivatives ADR’s

A
  • Insomnia
  • Dizziness
  • Headache
  • Irritability
  • Decreased appetite
  • Stomach cramps
60
Q

Drugs and Foods That Increase Theophylline Levels

A
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Erythromycin
  • CCB’s
  • Cimetidine
  • Caffeine
  • Chocolate
61
Q

Drugs and Foods That Decrease Theophylline Levels

A
  • Phenobarbitol
  • Phenytoin
  • Carbamazepine
  • Cigarette smoking
62
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies Examples

A

-omalizumab

63
Q

Generic: omalizumab

A

Xolair

-Monoclonal Antibody

64
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies ADR’s

A
  • Mild redness, itching, swelling, or bruising at injection site
  • Headache
  • Nausea
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Hives or rash
65
Q

Monoclonal Antibodies Warning Labels

A
  • REFRIGERATE

- DISCARD RECONSTITUTED SOLUTION AFTER 24 HOURS

66
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

A
  • A chronic, progressive, inflammatory airway disease with damage to alveolar sacs that produces gradual loss of pulmonary function
  • Causes obstructed airflow from the lungs
67
Q

Symptoms of COPD

A

-Airflow obstruction
-Shortness of Breath
-Chronic persistent cough
Wheezing

68
Q

Risk Factors of COPD

A
  • Cigarette smoking or secondhand smoke
  • Exposure to occupational irritants
  • Air pollution
  • Viral infections
69
Q

Treatment of COPD

A

1) Relieve symptoms and airway obstruction
2) Correct hypoxia
3) Treat any precipitating factors
4) Pharmacological Treatment
- Bronchodilators
- Glucocorticosteroids
- Antibiotics
5) Nonpharmicological treatments

70
Q

Short Acting Bronchodilators For COPD (SABA) (SAMA)

A
  • bind to B2 receptors, bronchial smooth muscle relaxes and bronchospasm reverses
  • Muscarinic antagonists bind to muscarinic receptors, block the effects of acetylcholine and cause relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle and bronchodilation
71
Q

Short Acting Bronchodilators for COPD

A
  • salbutamol

- terbutaline

72
Q

Muscarinic Receptor antagonists

A

-ipatropium

73
Q

Generic: ipatropium

A

Atrovent

-Muscarinic Receptor Antagonist

74
Q

Long-Acting Bronchodilators for COPD Examples

A
  • salmeterol
  • formoterol
  • indacaterol
  • olodaterol
75
Q

Generic: indacaterol

A

Onbreez Breezhaler

  • Long acting bronchodilator
  • For COPD only
76
Q

Generic: olodaterol

A

Striverdi Respimat

77
Q

Long Acting Muscarinic Antagonists for COPD Examples

A
  • tiotropium
  • umeclidinium
  • aclidinium
  • glycopyronium
78
Q

Generic: tiotropium

A

Spiriva

-Long acting muscarinic antagonist

79
Q

Generic: umeclidinium

A

Incruse Ellipta

-Long acting muscarinic antagonist

80
Q

Generic: aclidinium

A

Tudorza Genuair

-Long acting muscarinic antagonist

81
Q

Generic: glycopyronium

A

Seebri Breezhaler

-Long acting muscarinic antagonist

82
Q

Combination Inhalers Examples (LAMA and LABA)

A
  • indacaterol/glycopyronium
  • vilanterol/umeclidinium
  • olodaterol/triotropium
  • formoterol/aclindinium
83
Q

Generic: indacaterol/glycopyronium

A

Ultibro Breezhaler

-Combination inhaler

84
Q

Generic: vilanterol/umeclidinium

A

Anoro Ellipta

-Combination inhaler

85
Q

Generic: olodaterol/triotropium

A

Inspioloto Respimat

-Combination inhaler

86
Q

Generic: formoterol/aclindinium

A

Duaklir Genuair

-Combination inhaler

87
Q

Combination SAMA and SABA

A

-ipratropium/salbutamol

88
Q

Generic: ipratropium/salbutamol

A

Combivent Respimat

-Combination SAMA and SABA

89
Q

Generic: ipratropium/fenoterol

A

Duovent

-Combination SAMA and SABA

90
Q

Other COPD Therapies

A
  • Inhaled and/or oral corticosteroids
  • Xanthines
  • Antibiotics for lung infections
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor
91
Q

Generic: roflumilast

A

Daxas

-Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor

92
Q

Combination Inhalers (Corticosteroid and LABA)

A
  • salmterol/fluticasone
  • formoterol/mometasone
  • formoterol/budesonide
  • vilanterol/fluticasone
93
Q

Generic: vilanterol/fluticasone

A

Breo Ellipta

  • Combination inhalers (corticosteroid/LABA)
  • For COPD only

Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology (97 decks)

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