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Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology > Final Exam Flashcards - Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards - Blood Pressure

1
Q

Blood Pressure

A

-Blood pressure is necessary to circulate blood, oxygen, and nutrients to body organs and to remove CO2 and waste products

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2
Q

Hypertension

A
  • Blood pressure is above normal

- Normal BP is 120/80

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3
Q

Formula For Determining BP

A

BP = CO x PR

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4
Q

Pharmacotherapy of Hypertension: Diuretics

A
  • Diuretics cause diuresis (increased production of urine) which causes elimination of water, sodium and other electrolytes
  • Diuresis lowers BP by lowering blood volume
  • Called water pills
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5
Q

Types of Diuretics

A
  • Thiazides
  • Loop diuretics
  • Potassium sparing diuretics
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6
Q

Thiazide Diuretics

A
  • Act at the distal tubule
  • Blocks the Na/Cl co-transporter which interferes with with calcium transport into arterioles, decreasing vasoconstriction
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7
Q

Thiazide diuretics ADR’s

A
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hyponatremia
  • Hypomagnesia
  • Hypochloremia
  • Hypotension
  • Hyperuricemia
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Photosensitivity
  • N/V
  • Dehydration
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8
Q

Loop diuretics

A
  • Act at the ascending loop of henle
  • MOST POTENT
  • Block the NA/K co-transporter
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9
Q

Loop Diuretics ADR’s

A
  • Dehydration
  • Hypotension
  • Photosensitivity
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hyperuricemia
  • Allergic reaction
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10
Q

Potassium Sparing Diuretics

A
  • Inhibit sodium reabsorption while avoiding potassium loss

- Less effective than loop and thiazide diuretics

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11
Q

Potassium Sparing Diuretics ADR’s

A
  • Hyperkalemia
  • N/V
  • Diarrhea
  • Hypotension
  • Fatigue
  • Unpleasant aftertaste
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12
Q

Potassium Sparing/Aldosterone Antagonists

A
  • Aldosterone causes sodium and water reabsorption

- Spironolactone and eplerenone are aldosterone antagonists so they decrease Na reabsorption and inhibit K elimination

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13
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE)

A
  • Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

- Increased angiotensin II increases BP

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14
Q

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI’s)

A
  • Common Ending: “Pril.”
  • Inhibit the activity of ACE, which reduced angiotensin II and aldosterone levels
  • Decrease Na reabsorption in the renal tubules
  • CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY
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15
Q

ACE Inhibitors ADR’s

A
  • Dry cough
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Light-headedness
  • Hypotension
  • Diarrhea
  • N/V
  • Skin rashes
  • Airway obstruction
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16
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB’s)

A
  • Common ending: “sartan”

- Inhibit angiotensin II-stimulated growth of smooth muscle, reducing ventricular and arterial hypertrophy

17
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB’s) ADR’s

A
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Abdominal pain
  • Dry mouth
  • Constipation
  • Impotence
  • Muscle cramps
  • CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY
18
Q

B-Adrenergic Blockers

A
  • Common Ending: “olol”
  • Lower BP by decreasing heart rate and peripheral resistance
  • May be selective or non-selective
19
Q

B-Adrenergic blockers ADR’s

A
  • Dizziness
  • Fatigue
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypotension
  • Heart block
  • Palpitations
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Congestive heart failure
  • CONTRAINDICATED IN PEOPLE WITH ASTHMA AND DIABETES
20
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB’s)

A
  • Lower BP by relaxing blood vessels

- Diltiazem and verapamil also decrease heart rate and force of contractions

21
Q

Different Calcium Channel Blockers

A
  • Dihydropyridines
  • diltiazem
  • verapamil
22
Q

Calcium Channel Blockers ADR’s

A

-Hypotension (all)

Dihydropyridines

  • Dizziness
  • Flushing
  • Headache
  • Peripheral edema

Nondihydropyridines

  • Heart block and failure
  • Bradycardia
  • Constipation
23
Q

A1-Adrenergic Antagonists

A
  • Common ending: “zosin”

- Dilate blood vessels

24
Q

A1-Adrenergic Antagonists ADR’s

A
  • Postural Hypotension
  • Dizziness
  • Reflex tachycardia
  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Headache
25
Q

Central Acting A2 Agonists

A
  • Methyldopa mimics autoinhibitory NE effect and sympathetic activity is reduced, blood vessels dilate, etc.
  • Clonidine inhibits NE release from the CNS and peripheral sites
26
Q

A2 Agonists ADR’s

A
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Sedation
  • Dry mouth
  • Impotence
  • Constipation
27
Q

Direct Vasodilators

A
  • Hydralazine and minoxidil lower BP by relaxing vascular smooth muscle
  • Hydralazine is recommended for hypertensive emergencies
28
Q

Direct Vasodilators ADR’s

A
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Headache
  • GI upset
  • Sodium and fluid retention
  • Palpitations and arrhythmias
29
Q

Direct Renin Inhibitors

A

Blocks the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

30
Q

Direct Renin Inhibitors ADR’s

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Aggravation of gout
  • Acute renal failure
  • CONTRAINDICATED IN PREGNANCY

Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology (97 decks)

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