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Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology > Final Exam Flashcards - Pharmacokinetics > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards - Pharmacokinetics

1
Q

Onset of Action

A

-The time it takes a drug to reach the concentration necessary to produce a therapeutic effect

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2
Q

Peak Effect

A

-The maximum drug effect produced by a drug once the drug has reached maximum concentration in the body

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3
Q

Duration of Action

A

-The time between onset of action and discontinuation of drug action

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4
Q

4 Phases of Pharmacokinetics

A
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Metabolism
  • Elimination
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5
Q

Pharmacokinetic Phases: Absorption

A
  • Involves movement of drug molecules from the site of administration, across cell membranes, into the circulatory system of the body.
  • First phase
  • Amount of absorption is influenced by route of administration
  • All drugs MUST be in solution before they can be absorbed
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6
Q

Factors That Affect Absorption

A
  • Water solubility
  • Fat solubility
  • Transport mechanisms in the body

-Movement is restricted unless the drug can pass through the lipid layers of the cell membrane or the drug is small enough to pass through the small aqueous channels

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7
Q

Pharmacokinetic Phases: Distribution

A
  • The process of movement of the drug from the circulatory system, across barrier membranes, to the site of action
  • Second Phase
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8
Q

Factors That affect Distribution

A

The volume of drug that is distributed is influenced by:

  • The properties of the drug
  • The extent of drug binding to blood proteins or tissue
  • The blood supply to the region
  • The ability of the drug to cross natural body barriers
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9
Q

Effect of Drug Properties on distribution

A
  • Must be hydrophobic
  • Must be lipid soluble
  • Nonionized
  • Small enough to pass through slit junctions in capillary wall
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10
Q

Pharmacokinetic Phases: Metabolism

A

-Biochemical process involving transformation of active drugs to a compound that can be easily eliminated OR transformation of prodrugs to active drugs

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11
Q

Prodrug

A

-Inactive form of drug which must be metabolized to its active form

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12
Q

Biotransformation

A
  • Metabolism of drug to a more active, equally active, or inactive metabolite
  • Primary site of biotransformation is the liver
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13
Q

The First Pass Effect

A

-A process where the liver metabolizes nearly all of a drug to an inactive metabolite, before it passes into general circulation

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14
Q

Factors Influencing Metabolism

A
  • Liver function
  • Disease
  • Age
  • Concurrent administration of drugs
  • Genetics
  • Nutrition
  • Foods
  • Gender
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15
Q

Pharmacokinetic Phases: Elimination

A
  • Final phase

- The removal of drug from the body and discontinuation of drug action

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16
Q

Factors Influencing Elimination

A
  • Kidney function
  • Disease
  • Extent of drug ionization in the urine
  • Concurrent administration of drugs
17
Q

Elimination Half-life (T1/2)

A

-The time is takes for 50% of the drug to be cleared from the bloodstream

18
Q

Drug-Receptor Theory

A
  • Drugs interact or bind with targeted cells in the body to produce pharmacologic action
  • Drug-receptor binding occurs similar to the action of a lock and key
19
Q

Affinity

A
  • The attraction that the receptor site has for the drug

- The more similar the drug to the receptor site, the better the affinity

20
Q

Types of Drug-Receptor Interactions: Agonists

A

-Binds to and activates the receptor site, eliciting a cellular response

21
Q

Types of Drug-Receptor Interactions: Inverse Agonist

A

-Has the affinity, but produces an opposite response

22
Q

Types of Drug-Receptor Interactions: Partial Agonist

A

-Binds to and activates a receptor site, but has a weaker cellular response

23
Q

Therapeutic Index

A
  • The ratio of the effective dose to the lethal dose
  • TI=Lethal Dose/Effective Dose
  • Narrow TI has very little margin between LD and ED so it can be very dangerous and extreme caution must be taken
24
Q

Examples of Drugs With Narrow TI

A
  • Warfarin
  • Digoxin
  • Lithium
25
Q

Adverse Drug Reactions

A
  • Undesired effects from drug therapy
  • Multiple drug therapy is a risk factor
  • May be localized or may affect the entire body
26
Q

Teratogenicity

A

-ADR’s that produce harm to a developing fetus

27
Q

Carcinogenicity

A

-Drugs that stimulate growth of cancers

28
Q

Hepatotoxicity

A

-Drugs that are toxic to the liver

29
Q

Nephrotoxicity

A

-Drugs that are toxic to kidney

30
Q

Dependence

A

-Person must continue to take the drug in order to prevent withdrawal symptoms

31
Q

Tolerance

A

-Person must take increasing doses of the drug to produce the same effects as before

Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology (97 decks)

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