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Pharmacology and Therapeutic Terminology > Bacterial Infection - Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Bacterial Infection - Chapter 29 Flashcards

1
Q

Infectious Disease

A

Can be:

  • Bacterial
  • Fungal
  • Viral
  • Protozoal
  • Parasites
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2
Q

The risk for Infectious Diseases is Increased by:

A
  • Poverty
  • Malnutrition
  • Lack of clean water
  • Poor sanitation
  • Inadequate housing
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3
Q

Antimicrobial

A

A drug used to treat a microbial infection

-Microbes include: bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa

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4
Q

Antibiotic

A
  • A naturally occurring substance produced by one organism that is capable of destroying or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
  • May improve the survival of individuals with bacterial infections
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5
Q

Bactericidal vs. Bacteriostatic

A
  • Bactericidal: Kills Bacteria

- Bacteriostatic: Slows the growth of bacteria enough for the immune system to destroy it

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6
Q

Broad Spectrum Antibacterials

A

Effective against a wide range of bacteria

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7
Q

Microbial Resistance

A

The ability of bacteria to adapt to overcome or withstand the effects of an antibacterial

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8
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

1) Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis

A
  • Many bacteria have a cell wall and human cells do not.
  • Antibacterial agents target the cell wall and damage the bacteria without harming the host
  • B-Lactam antibiotics inhibit cell wall synthesis
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9
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

2) Inhibit Bacterial Cell Wall Function

A

-Antibiotic produces a detergent-like action that increases cell membrane permeability and causes essential cell contents to leak out.

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10
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

3) Inhibit Protein Synthesis

A

Antibacterial agents interfere with the bacteria’s ability to replicate
-eg.) aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and oxazolidinones

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11
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

4) Inhibit Bacterial DNA and RNA Synthesis

A

Blocks bacteria’s ability to replicate and spread

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12
Q

Mechanisms of Antibacterial Action:

5) Antifolates

A
  • Folic acid is needed for bacterial synthesis of DNA

- Antifolate agents and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors block the bacterial synthesis of folic acid.

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13
Q

Classification of Antibacterials

A
  • Aminoglycosides
  • Penicillins
  • Cephalosporins
  • Fluoroquinolones
  • Macrolides
  • Oxazolidinones
  • Carbapenems
  • Sulfonamides
  • Tetracyclines
  • Misc.
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14
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

-Common ending: “mycin” (but other antibiotics can end this way)
USE:
-Reserved for serious infections
-Topical treatment of blepharitis, conjunctivitis, and minor skin infections
-Bowel sterilization prior to bowel surgery
-Use is linked to hearing loss (Ototoxicity) and kidney damage (Nephrotoxicity)

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15
Q

Generic: gentamicin

A

Cidomycin

-aminoglycoside

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16
Q

Generic: neomycin

A

Neomycin

-aminoglycoside

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17
Q

Generic: streptomycin

A

Streptomycin

-aminoglycoside

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18
Q

Generic: tobramycin

A

Tobi, Tobrex

-aminoglycoside

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19
Q

Penicillins

A
  • Common ending: “cillin.”

- inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

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20
Q

Generic: penicillin G benzathine

A

Bicillin LA
-im

-Penicillin

Warning Labels: REFRIGERATE; DO NOT FREEZE

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21
Q

Generic: penicillin V

A

Penicillin V
-tablets or suspension

-penicillin

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22
Q

Generic: cloxacillin

A

Cloxacillin
-capsules or suspension

-Penicillin

Warning Labels: TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH

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23
Q

Generic: ampicillin

A

Ampicillin
-capsules, iv, or suspension

-Penicillin

Warning Labels: TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH

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24
Q

Generic: piperacillin

A

Piperacillin
-iv

-Penicillin

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25
Q

Generic: amoxicillin

A

Amoxicillin
-capsules, chewable tablets, suspension

-penicillin

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26
Q

Generic: amoxicillin/clavulanate

A

Clavulin
-tabs or suspension

-Penicillin

Warning Labels: TAKE WITH FOOD

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27
Q

Generic: piperacillin/tazobactam

A

piperacillin/tazobactam
-iv

-Penicillin

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28
Q

Penicillin ADR’s

A
  • Nausea and vomiting (minor)
  • Diahrrea
  • Yeast infection (women)
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29
Q

Penicillin Warning Labels

A
  • COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY

- MAY DECREASE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES

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30
Q

Cephalosporins

A
  • Common beginning: “ceph” or “cef”
  • B-Lactam ring structure
  • Inhibit the third and final stage of bacterial wall synthesis
  • May be classified as first, second, third, or fourth generation
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31
Q

First Generation Cephalosporins

A
  • Most effective against gram (+), aerobic bacteria
  • Used for treatment of staphylococcal and streptococcal infections of the skin and soft tissue
  • cefazolin
  • cefadroxil
  • cephalexin
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32
Q

Second Generation Cephalosporins

A
  • Effective against gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria
  • Used for treatment of upper respiratory infections
  • cefprozil
  • cefoxitin
  • cefuroxime
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33
Q

Third Generation Cephalosporins

A
  • Most effective against gram (-), anaerobic bacteria
  • Used for treatment of bacterial meningitis, gonorrhea, intra-abdominal infections, and bone and joint infections
  • cefotaxime
  • ceftazidime
  • ceftriaxone
  • cefixime
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34
Q

Fourth Generation Cephalosporins

A
  • Used for treatment of multidrug resistant infections or severe hospital acquired pneumonia
  • cefepime
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35
Q

Generic: cefazolin

A

cefazolin

-First generation cephalosporin

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36
Q

Generic: cefadroxil

A

cefadroxil

  • first generation cephalosporin
  • Warning Labels: TAKE WITH FOOD
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37
Q

Generic: cephalexin

A

Keflex

  • First generation cephalosporin
  • Warning Labels: REFRIGERATE. SHAKE WELL AND DISCARD AFTER 14 DAYS
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38
Q

Generic: cefprozil

A

Cefzil

  • second generation cephalosporin
  • Warning Labels: REFRIGERATE. SHAKE WELL AND DISCARD AFTER 14 DAYS
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39
Q

Generic: cefoxitin

A

cefoxitin

-Second generation cephalosporin

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40
Q

Generic: cefuroxime

A

Ceftin

-Second generation cephalosporin

  • Warning Labels: TAKE WITH FOOD
  • REFIGERATE, SHAKE WELL AND DISCARD AFTER 10 DAYS
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41
Q

Generic: cefoxatime

A

Claforan

-Third generation cephalosporin

42
Q

Generic: ceftazidime

A

Fortaz

-Third generation cephalosporin

43
Q

Generic: ceftriaxone

A

Rocephin

-Third generation cephalosporin

44
Q

Generic: cefixime

A

Suprax

  • Third generation cephalosporin
  • Warning Labels: STORE AT ROOM TEMP, SHAKE WELL AND DISCARD AFTER 14 DAYS
45
Q

Generic: cefepime

A

Maxipime

-Fourth generation cephalosporin

46
Q

Cephalosporins ADR’s

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Headache
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea/Vomiting
  • Gas
  • Abdominal Pain
  • Heartburn
  • Yeast infection
47
Q

Cephalosporin Warning Labels

A

-COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY

48
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A
  • Common ending: “floxacin”
  • inhibit bacterial DNA synthesis
  • Used for:
  • UTI’s
  • Sinusitis
  • STI’s
  • Bacterial conjunctivitis
  • Infectious diarrhea
  • Anthrax
49
Q

Generic: ciprofloxacin

A

Cipro, Cypro XL

-Fluoroquinolone

50
Q

Generic: besifloxacin

A

Besivance

-Fluoroquinolone

51
Q

Generic: levofloxacin

A

Levaquin

-Fluoroquinolone

52
Q

Generic: moxifloxacin

A

Avelox

-Fluoroquinolone

53
Q

Generic: ofloxacin

A

ofloxacin

-Fluoroquinolone

54
Q

Fluoroquinolones ADR’s

A
  • Crystalluria
  • Photosensitivity
  • dizziness
  • Drowsiness
  • Headache
  • Nausea, upset stomach, diarrhea
  • Arrhythmias
  • Increased effects of caffeine
55
Q

Fluoroquinolones Warning Labels

A
  • COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY
  • TAKE WITH LOST OF WATER
  • MAY CAUSE DIZZINESS OR DROWSINESS
  • AVOID ANTACIDS AND VITAMINS CONTAINING IRON, ZINC, AND CALCIUM
  • REFRIGERATE, SHAKE WELL, AND DISCARD AFTER 14 DAYS (suspension)
  • SWALLOW WHOLE; DON’T CRUSH OR CHEW (XR)
56
Q

Fluoroquinolones Tech Note

A

contraindicated in pregnant women and children less than 16-18 years old because of risk for cartilage malformations

57
Q

Macrolides

A

-Common ending: “thromycin.”

  • Drug of choice if patient has a penicillin allergy
  • Inhibit bacterial protein synthesis
  • usually used for treatment of upper respiratory infections
58
Q

Generic: erythromycin base

A

PCE, Erybid, Eryc

  • Macrolide
  • Warning Labels: TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH
59
Q

Generic: erythromycin stearate

A

erythromicin stearate

-Macrolide

60
Q

Generic: erythromycin ethylsuccinate

A

EES

-Macrolide

61
Q

Generic: erythromycin estolate

A

erythromycin estolate

-Macrolide

62
Q

Generic: clarithromycin

A

Biaxin, Biaxin BID, Biaxin XL

-Macrolide

  • Warning Labels:
  • STORE AT ROOM TEMP. DISCARD IN 14 DAYS (suspension)
63
Q

Generic: azithromycin

A

Zithromax

-Macrolide

  • Warning Labels:
    • ROOM TEMP OR REFRIGERATE. DISCARD IN 10 DAYS (suspension)
    • AVOID ALUMINUM AND MAGNESIUM CONTAINING ANTACIDS
64
Q

Generic: spiramycin

A

Rovamycin

-Macrolide

65
Q

Macrolides ADR’s

A
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Upset stomach
  • Diarrhea
  • Taste disturbances
  • Many drug interactions
66
Q

Macrolides Warning Labels

A
  • COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY
  • SHAKE WELL (suspensions)
  • MAY DECREASE EFFECTIVENESS OF ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
  • TAKE WITH FOOD
67
Q

Oxazolidones

A
  • linezolid is indicated for the treatment of gram (+) bacterial pneumonia and skin structure infections
  • linezolid inhibits monoamine oxidase
  • Drug-drug or drug-food interactions may cause a rise in BP
68
Q

Generic: linezolid

A

Zyvoxam

-Oxazolidinone

69
Q

Carbapenems

A
  • inhibit the third step in bacterial cell wall synthesis

- can penetrate the outer membrane of bacteria better than other b-lactam antibacterial agents.

70
Q

Generic: imipenem/cilastatin

A

Primaxin

-Carbapenem

71
Q

Generic: meropenem

A

Merrem

-Carbapenem

72
Q

Sulfonamide

A

-common beginning: “sulf.”

  • oldest antibacterial agents
  • sulfonamides and trimethoprim are antifolate drugs
  • Treat upper respiratory, urinary tract, and skin infections as well as AIDS-related pneumonia
73
Q

Generic: sulfamethoxazole

A

sulfamethoxazole

-Sulfonamide

74
Q

Generic: sulfisoxazole

A

Gantrinsin

-Sulfonamide

75
Q

Generic: sulfisoxizole/erythromycin ethylsuccinate

A

Pediazole

-Combination sulfonamide

76
Q

Generic: sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (SMX-TMP) (COTRIMOX)

A

Bactrim DS, Septra, Septra DS

-combination Sulfonamide

77
Q

Sulfonamide ADR’s

A
  • Photosensitivity
  • Crystalluria
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Headache
  • Diarrhea
78
Q

Sulfonamide Warning Labels

A
  • COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY
  • TAKE WITH LOTS OF WATER
  • AVOID PROLONGUED EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT
  • SHAKE WELL (suspension)
79
Q

Tetracyclines

A
  • Common ending: “cycline.”
  • Can be bactericidal or bacteriostatic
  • Inhibit protein synthesis
  • Broad spectrum agents
  • Used to treat acne, STI’s, and Rocky mountain spotted fever.
80
Q

Generic: doxycycline

A

Doxycin, Vibra-Tabs

-Tetracycline

81
Q

Generic: minocycline

A

minocycline

-Tetracycline

82
Q

Generic: tetracycline

A

tetracycline

  • Tetracycline
  • Warning Labels: TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH
83
Q

Tetracycline ADR’s

A

Common:

  • Photosensitivity
  • Gastroesophageal ulceration
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Diarrhea

Less common:

  • Hepatotoxicity
  • Pseudomembranous colitis
84
Q

Tetracycline Warning Labels

A
  • COMPLETE FULL COURSE OF THERAPY
  • TAKE WITH LOTS OF WATER
  • AVOID PROLONGUED EXPOSURE TO SUNLIGHT
  • AVOID ANTACIDS AND VITAMINS CONTAINING IRON, ZINC, AND DAIRY PRODUCTS
85
Q

Tetracyclines Tech Note

A
  • Outdated tetracycline becomes nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic. Patients should be advised not to use old medications
  • Tetracyclines are contraindicated in pregnant women and small children as they can weaken fetal bone, retard bone growth, weaken tooth enamel, and stain teeth
86
Q

Misc. Antibacterials

A
  • isoniazid
  • metrondiazole
  • mupirocin
  • chloramphenicol
  • clindamycin
  • nitrofurantoin
  • vancomycin
87
Q

Generic: metronidazole

A

Flagyl, Flagystatin, Nidagel, Metrocream, Metrogel, Metrolotion, Noritate

-Misc. Antibacterial

  • An antiprotozoal and antibacterial
  • Used to treat Beaver Fever, STI’s and acne rosacea
88
Q

Metronidazole ADR’s

A
  • Alcohol may cause nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, sweating, headache, tachycardia, and respiratory distress.
  • Nausea/vomiting
  • Metallic taste
  • Urine discolouration
89
Q

Metronidazole Warning Labels

A
  • NO ALCOHOL (AND FOR 24-48 HOURS AFTER THERAPY IS COMPLETE)
  • TAKE UNTIL FINISHED
  • MAY DISCOLOUR URINE
  • TAKE WITH FOOD
90
Q

Generic: chloramphenicol

A

Chloromycetin

-Misc antibacterial

  • broad spectrum antibacterial agent
  • Used to treat bacterial meningitis, brain abscess, and rocky mountain spotted fever
  • Used topically for serious eye and ear infections
91
Q

Generic: clindamycin

A

Dalacin

-Misc. Antibacterial

Warning Labels:

  • TAKE WITH FOOD
  • TAKE WITH LOTS OF WATER
  • TAKE UNTIL FINISHED
  • REPORT DIARRHEA
92
Q

Generic: nitrofurantoin

A

Macrobid

  • Misc antibacterial
  • Used to treat UTI’s only
  • Warning Labels:
    • TAKE WITH FOOD
    • TAKE UNTIL FINISHED
    • MAY CAUSE URINE DISCOLOURATION
93
Q

Generic: vancomycin

A

Vancocin

-Misc. Antibacterial

94
Q

Generic: gramicidin/polymyxin B

A

Polysporin

-Misc. Topical

95
Q

Generic: fidaxomicin

96
Q

Generic: fosfomycin

97
Q

Generic: isoniazid

A

Isotamine

  • Used to treat tuberculosis
  • Inhibits the synthesis of the mycobacterial cell wall
98
Q

Generic: mupirocin

A

Bactroban

-Used to treat staphylococcal infections of the skin

99
Q

Generic: fusidic acid

100
Q

Generic: bacitracin

A

bacitracin

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