Final Exam Flashcards - Diabetes

Question 1

Types of Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 1

• Prediabetes
• Type 1 diabetes
• Type 2 diabetes
• Gestational diabetes

Question 2

Symptoms of Diabetes

Answer 2

• Hyperglycemia
• Extreme fatigue
• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Hunger
• Weight loss
• Blurred vision

Question 3

Pharmacological Management of Diabetes

Answer 3

• Insulin
• Sulfonylureas
• Biguanides
• A-Glucosidase inhibitors
• Thiazolidinediones
• DPP-4 Inhibitors
• Incretin mimetics
• SGLT2 inhibitor

Question 4

Insulin

Answer 4

• Parenteral only
• Used to treat all types of diabetes
• Is the only drug administered for type 1 diabetes
• Rapid acting, short acting, intermediate acting, and long acting forms

Question 5

Insulin Storage Conditions

Answer 5

• Refrigerate unopened vials

- Vials in use may be stored at room temp for 28 days ONLY

Question 6

Insulin Tech Note!

Answer 6

• When mixing insulin, cloudy must be drawn up second

- Rapid acting cannot be mixed with other insulins

Question 7

Insulin ADR’s

Answer 7

• HYPOGLYCEMIA
• Weight gain
• Pain or irritation at injection site
• Lipohypertrophy
• Lipoatrophy
• Hypokalemia

Question 8

Sulfonylureas

Answer 8

• AKA oral hypoglycemic agents
• Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic B-cells
• increase insulin binding
• increase insulin receptor sensitivity
• 1st generation or 2nd generation

Question 9

Sulfonylureas ADR’s

Answer 9

• HYPOGLYCEMIA
• Weight gain
• N/V
• Headache
• Dizziness

Question 10

Biguanides

Answer 10

• Increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization in skeletal muscles and adipose tissue
• Lowers postprandial plasma glucose

Question 11

Biguanides (metformin) ADR’s

Answer 11

• Gas
• Heartburn
• Metallic taste in mouth
• Mild stomachache
• Nausea
• Weight loss

Question 12

A-Glucosidase Inhibitors

Answer 12

• Inhibit the action of a-glucosidases, therefore prolonging the digestion or carbohydrates and delay their absorption in the small intestine
• Reduce peak plasma glucose levels

Question 13

Meglitinides

Answer 13

• common ending: “glinide”

- Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells

Question 14

Meglitinides ADR’s

Answer 14

• HYPOGLYCEMIA
• N/V
• Headache

Question 15

Thiazolidinediones

Answer 15

• Common ending: “glitazone”
• Called insulin sensitizers
• Increase tissue sensitivity to insulin

Question 16

Thiazolidinediones ADR’s

Answer 16

• Heart failure
• Heart attack
• Liver failure
• Headache
• Weight gain
• diarrhea
• N/V
• Hypoglycemia

Question 17

DPP-4 Inhibitors

Answer 17

-Degrades GLP-1 and GIP which are released in the small intestine in response to a meal. Increase the release of insulin and decrease glucagon

Question 18

DPP-4 Inhibitors ADR’s

Answer 18

• Hypoglycemia
• Stuffy nose
• Heartburn
• Nausea
• Metallic taste

Question 19

Incretin Mimetics

Answer 19

• Stimulate GLP-1 receptors in the a and B cells in the pancreas
• Delay gastric emptying
• Decrease appetite

Question 20

SGLT2 Inhibitor

Answer 20

• Adjunct, oral agent for type 2 only
• Inhibits the sodium-glucose cotransporter in the kidneys
• Allows more glucose to go into the urine instead of being reabsorbed

Question 21

SGLT2 Inhibitor ADR’s

Answer 21

-Common ending: “gliflozin”
-Can have diuretic effect
-Increased risk of genital yeast infections
and UTI’s
-Hyperkalemia