Final Exam Flashcards - Diabetes
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
- Prediabetes
- Type 1 diabetes
- Type 2 diabetes
- Gestational diabetes
Symptoms of Diabetes
- Hyperglycemia
- Extreme fatigue
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Hunger
- Weight loss
- Blurred vision
Pharmacological Management of Diabetes
- Insulin
- Sulfonylureas
- Biguanides
- A-Glucosidase inhibitors
- Thiazolidinediones
- DPP-4 Inhibitors
- Incretin mimetics
- SGLT2 inhibitor
Insulin
- Parenteral only
- Used to treat all types of diabetes
- Is the only drug administered for type 1 diabetes
- Rapid acting, short acting, intermediate acting, and long acting forms
Insulin Storage Conditions
- Refrigerate unopened vials
- Vials in use may be stored at room temp for 28 days ONLY
Insulin Tech Note!
- When mixing insulin, cloudy must be drawn up second
- Rapid acting cannot be mixed with other insulins
Insulin ADR’s
- HYPOGLYCEMIA
- Weight gain
- Pain or irritation at injection site
- Lipohypertrophy
- Lipoatrophy
- Hypokalemia
Sulfonylureas
- AKA oral hypoglycemic agents
- Stimulate insulin release from pancreatic B-cells
- increase insulin binding
- increase insulin receptor sensitivity
- 1st generation or 2nd generation
Sulfonylureas ADR’s
- HYPOGLYCEMIA
- Weight gain
- N/V
- Headache
- Dizziness
Biguanides
- Increases peripheral glucose uptake and utilization in skeletal muscles and adipose tissue
- Lowers postprandial plasma glucose
Biguanides (metformin) ADR’s
- Gas
- Heartburn
- Metallic taste in mouth
- Mild stomachache
- Nausea
- Weight loss
A-Glucosidase Inhibitors
- Inhibit the action of a-glucosidases, therefore prolonging the digestion or carbohydrates and delay their absorption in the small intestine
- Reduce peak plasma glucose levels
Meglitinides
- common ending: “glinide”
- Stimulate insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells
Meglitinides ADR’s
- HYPOGLYCEMIA
- N/V
- Headache
Thiazolidinediones
- Common ending: “glitazone”
- Called insulin sensitizers
- Increase tissue sensitivity to insulin
Thiazolidinediones ADR’s
- Heart failure
- Heart attack
- Liver failure
- Headache
- Weight gain
- diarrhea
- N/V
- Hypoglycemia
DPP-4 Inhibitors
-Degrades GLP-1 and GIP which are released in the small intestine in response to a meal. Increase the release of insulin and decrease glucagon
DPP-4 Inhibitors ADR’s
- Hypoglycemia
- Stuffy nose
- Heartburn
- Nausea
- Metallic taste
Incretin Mimetics
- Stimulate GLP-1 receptors in the a and B cells in the pancreas
- Delay gastric emptying
- Decrease appetite
SGLT2 Inhibitor
- Adjunct, oral agent for type 2 only
- Inhibits the sodium-glucose cotransporter in the kidneys
- Allows more glucose to go into the urine instead of being reabsorbed
SGLT2 Inhibitor ADR’s
-Common ending: “gliflozin”
-Can have diuretic effect
-Increased risk of genital yeast infections
and UTI’s
-Hyperkalemia
