Allergies - Chapter 24 Flashcards
Allergy
-A hypersensitivity reaction by the immune system upon exposure to an allergen
Allergen
-A type of antigen that produces an immune response in which the immune system fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body
Common Allergies
- Pollen
- Dust mites
- Molds
- Animal dander
- Insect bites
- Latex
- Foods
- Drugs
Mechanism of Allergic Response
- Exposure to allergen
- Immune system treats allergen as an invader and activates B cells to produce antibodies to the allergen
- Release of inflammatory substances causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction
Allergic Rhinitis
-Symptoms are caused by inflammation of the nasal passageways causing itching, sneezing, runny nose, etc.
Allergic
Conjunctivitis
-Inflammation of the eyes causing red, puffy, watering, itchy, and/or burning eyes
Urticaria
- Hives
- Caused by insect bites, drugs, foods, etc.
Anaphylaxis
- A life threatening allergic reaction
- Most dangerous symptoms are: impaired breathing and an extreme drop in blood pressure causing dizziness, fainting, etc.
Anaphylaxis Treatment
-epinephrine im, iv, or sc
Generic: epinephrine
Adrenalin
EpiPen
Allerject
Drug Treatment of Allergies
- Reduce inflammation and supress release of cells that mediate immune and inflammatory responses
- Block receptor sites of mediators
- Symptom relief
Classifications of Drugs Used to Treat Allergies
- Antihistamines
- Intranasal corticosteroids
- Oral or iv corticosteroids
- Mast cell stabilizers
- Leukotrine receptor antagonists
- Immunotherapy
- Vasoconstrictors
- Topical corticosteroids
Antihistamines
-Prevent binding at H1 receptor sites by competing with free histamine
First Generation/Non-Selective/Classical Antihistamines Examples
- diphenhydramine
- brompheniramine
- chlorpheniramine
- hydroxyzine
- trimeprazine
Generic: diphenhydramine
Benadryl
- First generation/non-selective/classical antihistamine
- OTC
Generic: brompheniramine
Combination products for allergy and cold
- First generation/non-selective/classical antihistamine
- OTC
Generic: chlorpheniramine
Chlorpheniramine
- First generation/non-selective/classical antihistamine
- OTC
Generic: hydroxyzine
Atarax
- First generation/non-selective/classical antihistamine
- RX
Generic: trimeprazine
Panectyl
- First generation/non-selective/classical antihistamine
- RX
-First Generation/Non-Selective/Classical Antihistamines ADR’s
- Sedation
- Possible thickening of mucus
- Dry mouth
- Pupil dilation
- Urinary retention
First Generation Antihistamines Warning Labels
- MAY CAUSE DROWSINESS
- MAY CAUSE DIZZINESS
Second Generation (Selective) Antihistamines
-More selective for H1 receptors, no anticholinergic action, and generally do not cross BBB
Second Generation Antihistamines Examples
- cetirizine
- ketotifen
- loratidine
- desloratidine
- fexofenadine
Generic: cetirizine
Reactine
- Second generation antihistamine
- 20 mg is RX, 5 & 10mg are OTC
Warning Labels:
-MAY CAUSE DROWSINESS
Generic: ketotifen
Zaditine
Zaditor
- Second generation antihistamine
- RX
Generic: loratidine
Claritin
- Second generation antihistamine
- OTC
Generic: desloratidine
Aerius
- Second generation antihistamine
- OTC
Generic: fexofenadine
Allegra
- Second generation antihistamine
- OTC
Warning Labels:
-AVOID ORANGE, GRAPEFRUIT, AND APPLE JUICE
Second Generation Antihistamines Warning Labels
-PROTECT FROM MOISTURE
DISSOLVE UNDER THE TONGUE
Topical Optic Antihistamines Examples
- lodoxamide
- olopatadine
- ketotifen
Generic: lodoxamide
Alomide
- Topical optic antihistamine
- RX
Generic: olopatadine
Patanol
- Topical optic antihistamine
- RX
Intranasal Corticosteroids
- Inhibit onset of inflammatory response
- Reduce number of inflammatory cells
Intranasal Corticosteroids Examples
- beclomethasone
- budesonide
- flunisolide
- fluticasone propionate
- fluticasone furoate
- mometasone
- ciclesonide
- triamcinolone
Generic: beclomethasone
Beconase AQ
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Generic: budesonide
Rhinocort Aqua
Rhinocort Turbohaler
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Generic: flunisolide
Rhinalar
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Generic: fluticasone propionate
Flonase
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Generic: fluticasone furoate
Avamys
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Generic: mometasone
Nasonex
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Generic: ciclesonide
Omnaris
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Warning Labels:
-DISPOSE OF 4 MONTHS AFTER OPENING FOIL PACKET
Generic: triamcinolone
Nasacort AQ
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Intranasal Corticosteroids ADR’s
- Nasal burning or stinging
- Throat irritation
- Nose bleed
- Nasal candida infection
Intranasal Corticosteroids Warning Labels
- SHAKE WELL
- FOR THE NOSE
- PRIME AS DIRECTED
Mast Cell Stabilizer
Cromolyn sodium is the only mast cell stabilizer available for intranasal use
-Administered to reduce nasal reactivity to allergens
Generic: sodium cromolyn nasal
Rhinaris
Nalcrom
-Intranasal corticosteroid
Generic: sodium cromolyn optic
Opticrom
Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists
- montelukast
- zafirlukast
Generic: montelukast
Singulair
-Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
Generic: zafirlukast
Accolate
- Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist
- TAKE ON EMPTY STOMACH
Immunotherapy
- Allergy shots
- Can reduce allergy symptoms over a longer period of time
Vasoconstrictors
- To alleviate the nasal congestion caused by allergic rhinitis b y constricting blood vessels in the nose which results in decreased inflammation and decreased fluid
- Topical or oral
- All are OTC
Vasoconstrictors Examples
- pseudoephedrine
- phenylephrine
- ephedrine
- xylometazoline
- oxymetazoline
Generic: pseudoephedrine
Sudafed
Eltor 120
- Vasoconstrictor
- Oral
Generic: phenylephrine
Sudafed PE Decongestant
- Vasoconstrictor
- Oral
Generic: ephedrine
ephedrine
- Vasoconstrictor
- Oral
Generic: xylometazoline
Otrivin
- Vasoconstrictor
- Topical nasal spray
Generic: oxymetazoline
Dristan Nasal Mist
- Vasoconstrictor
- Topical nasal spray
