Final Exam Flashcards - Psychology

Question 1

4 Major Types of Anxiety Disorders

Answer 1

• Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
• Panic disorder
• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Question 2

Pharmaceutical Treatment of Anxiety Disorders

Answer 2

Drugs that affect the neurotransmitters:

• Y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
• Serotonin (5-HT)
• Norepinephrine (NE)

Question 3

Benzodiazepines

Answer 3

• Enhance binding of GABA
• Have a high degree of lipid solubility
• Common ending: “epam” & “olam”

Question 4

3 Primary Types of Depression

Answer 4

• Major depression
• Bipolar Disorder
• Dysthymia

Question 5

Major Depression

Answer 5

• AKA clinical depression
• Persistent feelings of sadness, emptiness, or hopelessness usually accompanied by fatigue, lack of interest, irritability, insomnia or hypersomnia, etc.

Question 6

Bipolar Disorder

Answer 6

• AKA manic depressive disorder

- Associated with mood swings between depression and periods of mania

Question 7

Dysthymia

Answer 7

-Produces symptoms that are similar to major depression; however, they are less severe

Question 8

Biogenic Amine Theory

Answer 8

• Clinical depression results from a decrease in monoamine neurotransmitters in the brain, especially NE, Dopamine, and serotonin.
• In bipolar disorder, the manic phase is believed to be associated with increased levels of monoamine neurotransmitters

Question 9

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Answer 9

-Block the reuptake of NE and 5-HT

ADR’s: Photosensitivity and cardiotoxicity

Question 10

ADR’s Related to Blockade of Histaminic Receptors

Answer 10

• Sedation
• Weight gain
• Hypotension

Question 11

ADR’s Related to Blockade of Muscarinic Receptors

Answer 11

• Dry mouth
• Blurred vision
• Constipation
• Urinary retention
• Confusion

Question 12

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI’s)

Answer 12

• Selectively inhibit the reuptake of serotonin at the synaptic cleft
• Most widely prescribed antidepressants
• Equally effective as TCA’s, yet lack cardiotoxic effects

Question 13

SSRI’s ADR’s

Answer 13

• Decreased appetite
• Nausea
• Agitation or anxiety
• Diarrhea
• Sexual dysfunction
• Suicide ideation

Question 14

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake inhibitors

Answer 14

-Inhibit the reuptake of 5-HT and NE

Question 15

SNRI ADR’s

Answer 15

• Sedation
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Insomnia
• Dry mouth
• Increased BP

Question 16

Norepinephrine Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor (NDRI)

Answer 16

-Alternative to TCA’s; do not cause drowsiness

Question 17

NDRI ADR’s

Answer 17

• Insomnia
• Headache
• Aggression
• Dry mouth
• Seizures

Question 18

Drugs Used to Treat Bipolar Disorder

Answer 18

• Have anti-manic actions
• Lithium is the oldest
• Some drugs used for schizophrenia are also used for bipolar disorder

Question 19

Lithium

Answer 19

• Used to reduce current symptoms of mania and depression
• Very Narrow TI drug
• Has long T1/2 which can double over the course of a year’s continuous therapy

Question 20

Bipolar Drugs ADR’s

Answer 20

• Sedation or dizziness
• Nausea
• Ataxia
• Visual disturbances

Lithium may also cause:

• Increased urination
• Dry mouth
• Difficulty concentrating
• Tremors

Question 21

Schizophrenia

Answer 21

• Chronic major psychosis that is characterized by delusions of thought, visual and/or auditory hallucinations
• Thought to be associated with excess dopamine levels

Question 22

Treatment of Schizophrenia

Answer 22

-Drugs that block the transmission of signals in the dopaminergic system are used

Question 23

Drugs Used to Treat Schizophrenia and Psychoses

Answer 23

• Neuroleptics

- Antipsychotics

Question 24

Neuroleptics

Answer 24

-Classified and “typical” or “atypical”

Question 25

Typical Neuroleptics

Answer 25

• Have a strong affinity for dopamine receptors and produce more side effects
• Classified as low, medium, and high potency
• Low: chlorpromazine
• Medium: fluphenazine
• High: haloperidol

Question 26

Classes of Typical Neuroleptics

Answer 26

• Phenothiazines
• Butyrophenones
• Thioxanthines

Question 27

Typical Neuroleptics ADR’s

Answer 27

• Sedation and confusion
• Weight gain/increased appetite
• Blurred vision
• Postural hypotension
• Hepatotoxicity
• Bone marrow suppression
• Photosensitivity

Question 28

Atypical Neuroleptics

Answer 28

• Have a weaker affinity for dopamine and produce fewer side effects
• Clozapine and risperidone are prototypes

Question 29

Atypical Neuroleptics ADR’s

Answer 29

• Sedation
• Headache
• Dizziness
• Hypotension
• Neutropenia
• Nausea
• Dry mouth
• Sexual dysfunction

Question 30

Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 30

• Progressive disorder of the nervous system involving degeneration of dopaminergic neurons
• Symptoms associated with an imbalance of dopamine and acetylcholine

Question 31

Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

Answer 31

• Administering drugs that are synthesized to dopamine
• Promote the release of existing stores of dopamine
• Directly stimulate dopamine receptors
• Inhibit degradation of dopamine in the terminal neuron
• Anticholinergics to decrease acetylcholine

Question 32

Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 32

• A Neurodegenerative disease that causes memory loss and behavioral changes
• Plaques and tangles develop in the brain which interfere with the transmission of signals between neurons

Question 33

Drug Treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 33

• Increase ACh levels at the synapse

- Block glutamate activity at the NMDA receptor

Question 34

Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Answer 34

• Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that causes the breakdown of ACh
• AChE inhibitors increase the levels of ACh

Question 35

N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Inhibitors

Answer 35

-memantine blocks the actions of glutamate at the NMDA receptor sites

Question 36

Alzheimer’s Drugs ADR’s

Answer 36

• Abdominal cramping
• Dizziness
• Diarrhea
• Nausea
• Sedation, tremors, hypotension
• Increased urination
• MI, erectile dysfunction, and suicide ideation (memantine)