Wed June 8 Flashcards
what structures form from the dorsal pancreatic bud?
pancreatic tail, body, most of the head, and the small accessory duct
what structures form from the ventral pancreatic bud?
part of the pancreatic head, the uncinate process and main pancreatic duct
during which week do the ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fuse?
8
what is the most common cardiac abnormality in people with turners syndrome ?
bicuspid aortic valve
how does cyclosporine effect the kidneys?
it decreases the renal excretion of uric acid, leading to increased risk of gout
which 3 benzodiazapines have a long half life (>50 hours)?
Diazapem, chlordiazepoxide, flurazepam
what is chlordiazepoxide?
A benzodiazapine with a long half life
which cells are responsible for blanching erythema following a burn?
MAst cells - they release histamine and other vasoactive peptides after a burn that leads to vasodilation and erythema
is there blanching in a deep partial thickness burn?
no
what layers are effected in a deep partial thickness burn?
the epidermis and most of the dermis
is there blanching in a superficial partial thickness burn?
yes
which layers are effected in a superficial partial thickness burn?
the epidermis and superficial part of the dermis
which layers are effected in a superficial burn?
just the epidermis
what drug is most commonly the cause of death in overdose?
opioids
what runs anteriorly to the third part of the duodenum?
The SMA
how may a thymic tumour result in red cell aplasia?
the thymic tumour may secrete igG autoantibodies or cytotoxic t cells against erythrocyte precursors, resulting in a pure red cell aplasia
parvovirus preferentially attacks which cells?
proerythroblasts - can result in red cell aplasia
Findings in restrictive lung disease?
Increased elastic recoil and airway widening
what causes airway widening in restrictive lung disease?
Increased outward pulling (radial traction) by the surrounding fibrotic tissue
standard error =
standard deviation/sqrt(n)
what virulence factor is present in strains of staph aureus that can cause necrotizing pneumonia?
Panton-Valentine leukocidin (transmitted via a bacteriophage)
what is Panton-Valentine leukocidin?
a protease that kills leukocytes and causes necrosis
how is metformin cleared?
renally
adverse effects of metformin?
Diarrhea, lactic acidosis, B12 deficiency
which adrenergic receptors are important in maintaining blood pressure upon standing?
ALPHA 1
how does hyaline arteriosclerosis appear?
eosinophilic material in the intima and media of small arteries/arterioles
what causes hyaline arteriosclerosis?
poorly controlled hypertension or diabetes
which gene encodes gp120 and gp41?
env
what is the function of gp120 and gp41?
- gp120 is an outer membrane protein that mediates viral attachment to host cells via the CD4 receptor and a chemokine receptor (CXCR4, CCR5)
- binding of gp120 results in a conformational change, exposing gp41 ( a transmembrane protein) which fuses with the host cell membrane
stimulation of which nerve can help treat obstructive sleep apnea?
hypoglossal nerve - makes the tongue move slightly forward, increasing the airway diameter while sleeping
at what ph does candida infection of the vagina occur?
normal ph - 3.8-4.5
at what ph does trichomoniasis occur?
> 4.5
at what ph does Gardnerella vaginalis occur?
> 4.5
what does ramelteon treat?
insomnia
Ramelteon MOA?
agonist of melatonin receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus
what is amlodipine?
Ca channel blocker
adverse effects of ca channel blockers?
peripheral edema, headache, flushing, dizziness
do ace inhibitors cause peripheral edema?
NO they cause angioedema
Integrin binds to collagen via…
fibronectin
primary sclerosing cholangitis is associatd with which disease?
ulcerative cholangitis
changes seen in primary sclerosing cholangitis?
Fibrous obliteration of ducts, onion-skin deposition of connective tissue around the ducts (concentric deposition)
changes seen in primary biliary cholangitis?
lymphocytic portal tract inflammation, with granulomatous destructin of interlobar bile ducts
does a fetal 21-hydroxylase deficiency cause maternal virilization?
NO
does fetal aromatase deficiency cause maternal virilization?
yes
which structures are derived from the third pharyngeal pouch?
inferior parathyroids, thymus
which anticoags are safe in pregnancy?
heparins - LMWH and unfractionated
do heparins cross the placenta?
no
exclusively breastfed infants should receive what?
vit D
what is the purpose of the valsava maneuver?
increases vagal tone (similar to carotid massage)
what does an S3 sound indicate?
fluid overload- the ventricle can no longer accomodate the extra fluid
what does an S4 indicate?
blood colliding with a stiff wall
