Sun aug 9 Flashcards
treatment for SCID?
stem cell transplant
what cells are involved in type IV hypersensitivity reactions?
-macrophages-> which present antigen to CD4 helper t cells -> helper t cells secrete cytokines to cytotoxic CD8 t cells
presentation of cutaneous small vessel vasculitis?
-arises after pathogen exposure (drug or virus) with nonblanching palpable purpura, often on the lower extremities
what is erythema nodosum inflamation of?
subcutaneous fat
how is propionyl coa entered into the TCA cycle?
-it is first converted to methylmalonyl coa, then converted to succinyl-coa which is a TCA intermediate
pathophys of deficiency in methylmalonyl coa mutase?
methylmalonyl-coa and propionic acid build up, halting glucose production leading to hypoglycemia. Ketones are released to provide energy further increasing metabolic acidosis. The buildup of organic acids also lead to inhibition of the urea cycle leading to ammonia build up.
presentation of methylmalonyl coa mutase deficiency?
- anion gap metabolic acidosis
- hyperammonia
- hypoglycemia
+urine ketones
ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei function?
satiety
lateral hypothalamic nulcei function?
hunger
anterior hypothalamic nulcei function?
heat disappation (ant cooling)
posterior hypothalamic nulcei function?
converves heat
what are the serum calcium, PTH and phosphoris levels seen in primary osteoporosis?
NORMAL
what are the two types of saline that can be given for fluid resucscitation (in situations like hypovolemia, shock)?
- 0.9% saline
- lactated ringer solution (very similar to 0.9%) - normal blood
when would you give 3% saline?
to someone with severe symptomatic hyponatremia
what is encoded by mecA?
penicillin binding protein 2A - an alternative penicillin binding protein, leading to resistance to beta lactam drugs
is detection of anti-strep O antibodies used to detect an acute infection?
no - antibodies take weeks to form. They can be used to identifiy a recent infection but not used to detect current acute infection.
what is the active form of tamoxifen?
endoxifen
how is tamoxifen activated?
metabolized by CYP enzymes into its active form
what information do c fibers carry?
pain and temp
MOA of poisoning from amatoxins in wild mushrooms?
-they block RNA polymerase II which synthesizes mRNA
is malonyl-coa a produce of fatty acid synthesis or degradation?
synthesis
how does malonyl-coa prevent fatty acid breakdown?
it inhibits carnitine acyltransferase- an enzyme used in fatty acid breakdown
is citrate in the mitochondria increased in the well fed or fasting state?
it is increased in the well fed state, as increased ATP prevents its breakdown. It instead we be used to synthesis fatty acids for storage.
which enzyme of the TCA cycle needs thiamine?
alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
which sugar can enter glycolysis after the rate limiting step?
fructose
galactose enters glycolysis as which substance?
glucose-6-phosphate
fructos enters glycolysis as which substance?
G3P (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
which step in glycolysis may RBCs bypass?
the direct conversion of 1,3BPG to 3-phosphoglycerate. They may convert 1,3BPG to 2,3BPG instead of generating an ATP at this step
what are P bodies?
cytoplasmic processes that regulate mRNA. They may degrade it or store it for later
superoxide dismustase purpose?
antioxidant enzyme
what property makes elastin stretchy?
interchain cross linking of lysine
does elastin have disulfide bridges?
NO thats collagen
methionine synthase =
vit B12
what cofactor is needed for conversion of glutamate to GABA?
B6
What cofactor is needed for conversion of arginine to nitric oxide?
BH4
what cofactor is needed for conversion of typtrophan to serotonin?
BH4 and B6
what cofactor is needed for conversion of tryptophan to niacin?
B2 and B6
