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Test reviews DEDICATED > Mon Aug 3 > Flashcards

Mon Aug 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main mechanism that nitrates help treat angina?

A

Decreasing preload

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2
Q

presentation of chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A
  • progressive cough, dyspnea, fatigue, leukocytosis
  • hypoxemia that worsens with exertion
  • diffuse reticular opacities
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3
Q

what will a lung biopsy of someone with hypersensitivity pneumonitis find?

A
  • lymphocytic infiltrate
  • poorly formed noncaseating granulomas
  • interstitial fibrosis
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4
Q

timolol MOA for glaucoma

A

diminishes the secretion of aqueous humour by the ciliary epithelium

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5
Q

where is aqueous humour produced?

A

the epithelial cells of the ciliary body

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6
Q

what drugs increase the trabecular outflow of aqueous humour?

A

muscarinic agonists

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7
Q

what drugs increase the uveosceral outflow of aquous humour?

A

prostaglandin agonists

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8
Q

blood supply of basal ganglia?

A

lenticulostriate arteries

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9
Q

crescent shaped organism with central nucleus?

A

toxoplasmosis gondi

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10
Q

cardiac amyloid deposition may result in which type of cardiomyopathy?

A

restrictive

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11
Q

what happens to the ventricular walls with cardiac amyloid deposition?

A

they become uniformly thickened

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12
Q

cyclin dependant kinases control cell cycle progression between which stages?

A

G1 -> S

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13
Q

if cyclin dependent kinases are blocked, what protein has increased activity?

A

Rb protein -> cell cycle arrest and death

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14
Q

how to treat oral candida?

A

nystatin

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15
Q

which B protein is in chylomicrons?

A

ApoB-48

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16
Q

which B protein is found on VLDL?

A

ApoB-100

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17
Q

Chylomicrons are secreted from the…

A

small intestine

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18
Q

what is the function of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein?

A

Important during the synthesis of Apo-B containing lipoproteins- it acts as a chaperone protein for the proper folding of ApoB and participates in the transfer of lipids to newly formed chylomicrons and VLDL

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19
Q

which disease often results from a loss of function mutation of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)?

A

abetalipoproteinemia

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20
Q

inheritance of abetalipoprotinemia?

A

AR

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21
Q

clinical presentation of abetalipoproteinemia?

A
  • symptoms of malabsorption
  • fat soluble vit deficiencies
  • low plasma triglycerides and cholesterol
  • absent VLDL, chylomicrons and ApoB from the blood
  • abnormal red blood cells
  • neurological symptoms
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22
Q

when does abetalipoproteinemia present?

A

first year of life

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23
Q

findings of a intestinal biopsy of someone with abetalipoproteinemia?

A

lipid accumulation in enterocytes

24
Q

elevated serum levels of which substance contribute to insulin resistance?

A

free fatty acids

25
Q

paraneoplastic sydromes may cause what compliction in the brain?

A

paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration (autoimmune process)

26
Q

patients with porcelain gallbladder have an increased risk of which cancer?

A

adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder

27
Q

Fibrosing disease of the bile ducts, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, or chronic liver fluke infection icnrease the risk of….

A

cholangiocarcinoma

28
Q

patients with maple syrup urine disease should require supplementation of what?

A

thiamine - cofactor for branched-chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase

29
Q

what breaks down ANP and BNP?

A

the metalloprotease ‘neprilysin’

30
Q

effects of ANP and BNP?

A
  • vasodilation
  • increase GFR (dilate affarent, constrict efferent)
  • decrease aldosterone production
31
Q

transketolase is part of which pathway?

A

the pentose-phosphate pathway

32
Q

where does the pentose-phosphate pathway occur?

A

cytosol

33
Q

where is HMG-Coa located?

A

mitochondria

34
Q

how do corticosteroids effect Beta-2 receptors?

A

they stimulate the upregulation of them in bronchial smooth muscle

35
Q

blood findings in a leukemoid reaction?

A
  • leukocytosis
  • increased bands and early mature neutrophil precursors
  • increased serum leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
  • Dohle bodies
36
Q

what are Dohle bodies?

A

Light blue peripheral granules in neutrophils - seen in a leukamoid reaction

37
Q

are the cells produced in a leukamoid reaction immature?

A

no - they are mature cells

38
Q

function of telomerase?

A

prevents chromosomal shortening

39
Q

pathophys of fetal infection with parvovirus?

A

interruption of erythropoeisis leads to profound anemia and heart failure ->pleural effusions, pericardial effusions, and ascities.
Death from fetal hydrops.

40
Q

what type of virus is parvovirus?

A

naked single stranded DNA

41
Q

is estrogen decreased in PCOS?

A

No - it is increased and may lead to endometrial hyperplasia (androgens also increased, moreso)

42
Q

why are the ovaries enlarged in PCOS?

A

They are undergoing increased activity

43
Q

what ist he target of rituximab?

A

CD20 on B cells - used for lymphomas

44
Q

metabolism of succinylcholine?

A

hydralized by PLASMA pseudocholinesterase

45
Q

how do patients with pseudocholinesterase deficiency present?

A

extended paralysis (anesthesia) with the administration of succinylcholine, due to a diminished ability to hydrolyze succinylcholine in the plasma

46
Q

how does modafinil effect CYP450s?

A

INDUCER

47
Q

how does cyclophosphamide effect CYP450s?

A

INDUCER

48
Q

how does amiodarone effect CYP450s?

A

inhibitor

49
Q

how are pro-carcinogens activated in the body?

A

they are metabolized by CYP450 monooxygenase (microsomal monooxygenases)

50
Q

patients with myasthenia gravis are often resistant to which type of neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

depolarizing agents

51
Q

patients with myasthenia gravis are often more sensitive to which type of neuromuscular blocking agents?

A

non-depolarizing agents

52
Q

what is vecuronium?

A

Nondepolarizing competitive antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

53
Q

what diet increases your risk for gastric adenocarcinoma?

A

High salt diet

Processed meats

54
Q

filtration fraction =

A

GFR/RPF

55
Q

why does filtration fraction increase in severe hypovolemia?

A

Although both the GFR and RPF decrease, the constriction of the efferent arteriole presevers some of the GFR, thus the RPF is relatively more decreased.
Since FF= GFR/RPF, FF increases.

56
Q

why may someone with BPH have hematuria?

A

new friable blood vessels may form in the area of hyperplasia, leading to hematuria

Test reviews DEDICATED (70 decks)

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