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Test reviews DEDICATED > Wed July 1 > Flashcards

Wed July 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cyclosporine and tacrolimus use

A

immunosuppression

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2
Q

Cyclosporine and tacrolimus MOA

A

Inhibit calcineurin activation

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3
Q

Calcineurin MOA in T cell activation

A

Upon TCR activation, Calcineurin is activated and dephosphorylates NFAT which enters the nucleus and stimulates IL2 production (via binding a promotor)

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4
Q

is cornybacterium gram + or gram - ?

A

GRAM + ROD

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5
Q

which cell junction is upregulated immediately prior to delivery?

A

GAP junctions between myometrial cells, which allows for coordination contractions

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6
Q

What stimulates the upregulation of gap junctions prior to delivery?

A

estrogen

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7
Q

how do inhalted anesthetic effect the various organs in the body?

A 
Heart - myocardial depression
Liver -decreased hepatic blood flow
Brain-decreased vascular resistance and increased cerebral blood flow
Kidneys-decreased RBF
Lungs- respiratory depression
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8
Q

What causes an umbilical hernia?

A

incomplete closure of the umbilical ring

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9
Q

what is an umbilic hernia associated with?

A

down syndrome

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10
Q

schizophrenia is associated with excess dopamine in which pathway?

A

Mesolimbic

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11
Q

what type of receptor is the CFTR?

A

ATP - gated Cl channel

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12
Q

lunate dislocation may result in damage to which nerve?

A

median nerve

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13
Q

What is listeriolysin O?

A

A virulence factor of Listeria, which generates pores in phagolysosomes allowing it to escape into the cytoplasm

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14
Q

SCD in young patients is often caused by what?

A

An underlying structural disease such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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15
Q

What does the heart look like in someone with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A

Myocardial hypertrophy with patchy interstitial fibrosis

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16
Q

calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase are components of which type of muscle?

A

SMOOTH MUSCLE

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17
Q

Ca binding to troponin C results in …

A

tropomysoin shifting off of the actin binding sites for myosin

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18
Q

Clinical presentation of polymyositis

A

symmetrical proximal muscle weakness

-increasing dificulty standing and going up stairs

19
Q

which autoantibodies are associated with polymyositis?

A

Anti-Jo-1, ANA

20
Q

pathophys of polymyositis?

A

Cell mediated immune response against myocytes.

Increased MHCI results in autoantigen presentatino -> CD8 t cell activation

21
Q

which layer of the muscle is inflamed in polymyositis?

A

endoneurium

22
Q

presentation of polymyalgia rheumatica?

A

myalgias of shoulder muscles and pelvic girdle -results in pain but NOT weakness
-systemic symptoms present

23
Q

polymyositis is different from dermatomyositis in that it …

A

lacks the skin findings of dermatomyositis

24
Q

blood supply to brocas area?

A

MCA

25
Q

blood supply to wernickes area?

A

MCA

26
Q

what does a urinary copper reduction test test for?

A

reducing sugars in the urine

27
Q

what is sertraline?

A

SSRI

28
Q

which ribosomal subunit do aminoglycosides bind?

A

30s

29
Q

which cells express PECAM1?

A

endothelial cells

30
Q

the potency of inhaled anesthetics is inversely proportional to the …

A

minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)

31
Q

which enzyme metabolizes heme to biliverdin?

A

hemoxidase

32
Q

What is biliverdin metabolized into?

A

Unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase

33
Q

how does acute lithium toxicity present?

A

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

34
Q

how does chronic lithium toxicity present?

A

Neurologic symptoms - ataxia, tremor, seizures, confusion etc.

35
Q

does lithium have a small or large therapeutic index?

A

very narrow

36
Q

how is lithium excreted?

A

by the kidneys

37
Q

which drugs may cause lithium toxicity?

A

thiazides, NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors

38
Q

how do thiazide diuretics lead to lithium toxicity?

A

they cause a mild volume depletion, leading to increased PCT reabsorption - more lithium is consequently reabsorbed -> toxicity

39
Q

how is insulin cleared?

A

both hepatically and renally

40
Q

being on insulin therapy and having subsequent renal failure puts you at risk for…

A

hypoglycemia

41
Q

the left and right maxillary prominences must fuse with the…

A

intermaxillary prominence (to avoid cleft lip)

42
Q

which virus has a partially double stranded, circular, DNA genoma?

A

hepatitis B

43
Q

what is subclavian steal syndrome?

A

when severe atherosclerosis in the proximal subclavian artery leads to decreased bloodflow and thus decreased pressure in the associated vertebral artery. This results int he blood from the contralateral vertebral artery flowing retrograde (caudally) down the low pressure vertebral artery and ‘stealing’ blood

Test reviews DEDICATED (70 decks)

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