Wed July 1 Flashcards
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus use
immunosuppression
Cyclosporine and tacrolimus MOA
Inhibit calcineurin activation
Calcineurin MOA in T cell activation
Upon TCR activation, Calcineurin is activated and dephosphorylates NFAT which enters the nucleus and stimulates IL2 production (via binding a promotor)
is cornybacterium gram + or gram - ?
GRAM + ROD
which cell junction is upregulated immediately prior to delivery?
GAP junctions between myometrial cells, which allows for coordination contractions
What stimulates the upregulation of gap junctions prior to delivery?
estrogen
how do inhalted anesthetic effect the various organs in the body?
Heart - myocardial depression Liver -decreased hepatic blood flow Brain-decreased vascular resistance and increased cerebral blood flow Kidneys-decreased RBF Lungs- respiratory depression
What causes an umbilical hernia?
incomplete closure of the umbilical ring
what is an umbilic hernia associated with?
down syndrome
schizophrenia is associated with excess dopamine in which pathway?
Mesolimbic
what type of receptor is the CFTR?
ATP - gated Cl channel
lunate dislocation may result in damage to which nerve?
median nerve
What is listeriolysin O?
A virulence factor of Listeria, which generates pores in phagolysosomes allowing it to escape into the cytoplasm
SCD in young patients is often caused by what?
An underlying structural disease such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
What does the heart look like in someone with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Myocardial hypertrophy with patchy interstitial fibrosis
calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase are components of which type of muscle?
SMOOTH MUSCLE
Ca binding to troponin C results in …
tropomysoin shifting off of the actin binding sites for myosin
Clinical presentation of polymyositis
symmetrical proximal muscle weakness
-increasing dificulty standing and going up stairs
which autoantibodies are associated with polymyositis?
Anti-Jo-1, ANA
pathophys of polymyositis?
Cell mediated immune response against myocytes.
Increased MHCI results in autoantigen presentatino -> CD8 t cell activation
which layer of the muscle is inflamed in polymyositis?
endoneurium
presentation of polymyalgia rheumatica?
myalgias of shoulder muscles and pelvic girdle -results in pain but NOT weakness
-systemic symptoms present
polymyositis is different from dermatomyositis in that it …
lacks the skin findings of dermatomyositis
blood supply to brocas area?
MCA
blood supply to wernickes area?
MCA
what does a urinary copper reduction test test for?
reducing sugars in the urine
what is sertraline?
SSRI
which ribosomal subunit do aminoglycosides bind?
30s
which cells express PECAM1?
endothelial cells
the potency of inhaled anesthetics is inversely proportional to the …
minimum alveolar concentration (MAC)
which enzyme metabolizes heme to biliverdin?
hemoxidase
What is biliverdin metabolized into?
Unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase
how does acute lithium toxicity present?
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
how does chronic lithium toxicity present?
Neurologic symptoms - ataxia, tremor, seizures, confusion etc.
does lithium have a small or large therapeutic index?
very narrow
how is lithium excreted?
by the kidneys
which drugs may cause lithium toxicity?
thiazides, NSAIDS, ACE inhibitors
how do thiazide diuretics lead to lithium toxicity?
they cause a mild volume depletion, leading to increased PCT reabsorption - more lithium is consequently reabsorbed -> toxicity
how is insulin cleared?
both hepatically and renally
being on insulin therapy and having subsequent renal failure puts you at risk for…
hypoglycemia
the left and right maxillary prominences must fuse with the…
intermaxillary prominence (to avoid cleft lip)
which virus has a partially double stranded, circular, DNA genoma?
hepatitis B
what is subclavian steal syndrome?
when severe atherosclerosis in the proximal subclavian artery leads to decreased bloodflow and thus decreased pressure in the associated vertebral artery. This results int he blood from the contralateral vertebral artery flowing retrograde (caudally) down the low pressure vertebral artery and ‘stealing’ blood
