Thurs Jul 16 Flashcards
Is misoprostol commonly prescribed for GERD?
No - its used for NSAID induced ulcers but is not that helpful for GERD and also causes uterine contractions (prostaglandin E1 analog)
which cells activate macrophages in a TB infection?
CD4 t cells - by secreting IFNgamma
what is pramipexole?
A dopamine agonist - directly binds dopamine receptors
what is ropinirole?
A dopamine agonist - directly binds dopamine receptors
what is bromocriptine?
A dopamine agonist - directly binds dopamine receptors
what is a field defect?
multiple malformations that occur secondary to an embryonic disturbance in adjoining groups of cells
holoprosencephaly is an example of which type of defect?
field defect
vit E deficiency presentation?
hemolysis and neurological defects (similar to B12 deficiency)
how far down in the lungs do the respiratory cilia go?
Down to the respiratory bronchioles
how are particles that lodge beyond the respiratory bronchioles cleared?
alveolar macrophages
blood findings in someone with reduced cortisol?
low sodium, high potassium, normocytic anemia, eosinophilia
findings on brain MRI of someone with JC virus
asymmetric white matter lesions with no mass effect or enhancement
which cells are attacked by JC virus leading to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy?
oligodendrocytes
which nerve provides sensory innervation to the cornea of the eye?
trigeminal nerve (Va)
which 3 enzymes of the citric acid cycle require niacin (NAD) as a cofactor?
isocitrate dehydrogenase
alpha keto acid dehydrogenase
malate dehydrogenase
is aspergillus dimorphic?
NO - only mold
presentation of tension pneumothorax?
SOB, chest pain
decreased breath sounds unilaterally
Subcutaneous crepitus
Hypotension, tachycardia and tracheal deviation
which substances in the lungs are vasoconstrictive and proproliferative?
endothelin, TXA2
which substances in the lungs are vasodilative and antiproliferative?
NO, prostacyclin
what are the relative levels of endothelin, TXA2 and prostacylin in someone with pulmonary arterial hypertension?
increased endothelin
increased TXA2
decreased prostacyclin
SGLT2 inhibitors MOA?
inhibit glucose reapsorption in the PCT
how do SLGT2 inhibitors lead to decreased BP?
osmotic diuresis
classic presentation of Rett syndrome?
normal development until 6-18 months when regression occurs
- stereotypical hand movements
- decelarated head growth
how will increased estrogen effect the levels of T3 and T4?
Increasing estrogen raises circulating TBG (which binds T3 and T4) - more bound T3/T4 means less free T3/T4 and a subsequent raise in TSH –> this increases the TOTAL T3/T4
presentation of typhoid fever (salmonella typhi)
Week 1: -Escalating fever -Bacteremia -Bradycardia Week 2: -Formation of rose spots on abdomen/chest -Abdominal pain Week 3: -Hepatosplenomegaly -Hemorhagic enteritis and possible bowel perforation
how does salmonella typhi spread?
fecal-oral route by ingestion of food/water with human feces
pathophys of salmonella typhi?
Invades intestinal mucosa and is engulged by macrophages but prevents oxidative burst via capsular antigen. Replicates in macrophages and spreads through the lypmh and reticuloendothelial system
how is pneumocystis jirovecii stained?
methanamine silver stain
