feb 26 Flashcards
what investigation should be obtained in a child suspected to have vesicouretral reflex?
voiding cystogram
indciations for a voiding cystogram in a child
- 2 or more febrile UTIs
- abnormal ultrasound
- fever >39 (102)
- signs of chronic kidney disease
classic XRAY finding of NEC?
air in the bowel wall
congenital dermal melanocytosis =
mongolian spots
how does estrogen effect thryoid hormone?
it increases TBG production by the liver -> reduction of free T4 and T3
why may there be hypertension in a wilms tumour?
tumour may secrete renin or compress vasculature
origin of the adrenal gland
neural crest
clinical features of blastomycoses?
skin lesions, lytic bone lesions, fever, night sweats
why do patients with ascites get shortness of breath ?
increased abdominal pressure
A patient with PSGN has edema, what should you do?
give them loop diuretics (furosemide)
what complications of volume overload may arise in PSGN?
hypertension, edema
how to treat volume overload in PSGN?
loop diuretics
path of common variable immunodeficiency?
-theres abnormal differentiation of B cells into plasma cells resulting in decreased production of multiple immunoglobulin classes
treatment of common variable immunodeficiency?
intravenous immunoglobulin infusion
what are the two most common causes of CN III palsies?
compression, or microvascular ischemia
where are the parasympathetic fibers of CNIII found (inside, or outside of the fascicle containing the other fibers?)
outside the fascicle (making them less susceptible to ischemia but still affected by compression)
if a CN III palsy is pupil sparing what does that indicate?
the parasympathetic fibers are intact - probably from microvascular ischemia
if a CN III palsy has pupil involvement (dilation) what does that intact?
the parasympathetic fibers are effected - probably from mass effect (such as an intracranial aneurysm)
at what sodium level should a patient receive HYPERtonic saline?
if the sodium is <120
path behind lichen planus?
autoimmune disorder driven by CD8 t cells
treatment of cutaneous lichen planus?
nothing - self limited
treatment of oral lichen planus?
topical high-potency steroids
a finger stick capillary lead level is high. How should you confirm?
you NEED to measure the venous lead level
all patients with cirhosis need to undergo what test?
screening endoscopy for esophageal varices
what is nadolol?
a beta blocker
what hormone rises in refeeding syndrome and why does this matter?
insulin rises in response to being fed after starving - leads to electolyte disturbances - must replenish electrolytes
what antibodies are found in rheumatoid arthritis?
anti - ccp
