Sat jul 25

Question 1

what is the most abundant amino acid in collagen?

Answer 1

glycine

Question 2

entacapone MOA

Answer 2

COMT inhibitor that blocks the peripheral conversion of levadopa, thus increasing its bioavailability

Question 3

carbidopa MOA

Answer 3

DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor

Question 4

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is post strep glomerulonephritis?

Answer 4

type III

Question 5

During excercise, sympathetic discharge leads to vasoconstriction in arterioles of all tissues, except for the….

Answer 5

muscles - these dilate thus increasing their blood flow

Question 6

which types of muscle have t tubules?

Answer 6

striated - cardiac and skeletal

Question 7

what are t tubules and what is their function?

Answer 7

they are invaginations of the sarcolemma that transmit depolarization signals to sarcoplasmic reticulum to trigger the release of calcium and induce muscle contraction
—the uniform distribution allows the myofibrils to contract at the same time, in a uniform contraction

Question 8

Decreased numbers of functional t tubules may result in…

Answer 8

uncoordinated muscle contraction which manifests as muscle weakness

Question 9

tactile stimulation of the carotid sinus while standing, leading to syncope, is characteristic of …

Answer 9

carotid hypersensitivity

Question 10

explain the pathophys of carotid hypersensitivity and how it leads to syncope

Answer 10

The carotid sinus detects a change in blood pressure and activates the parasympathetic nervous system and reduces sympathetic tone
- some individuals (esp older men) may have exagerrated sensitivity to tactile sensations, leading to an exaggerated vasovagal response

Question 11

how will a capillary hemangioma (juvenile hemangioma) change over time?

Answer 11

they will first grow with the child but will eventually regress (with most regressing completely)

Question 12

explain the reasons why elderly people are at high risk of developing heat-related illness

Answer 12

• they have tonic contraction of peripheral vasculature, limiting heat transfer to skin
• they have reduced sweat gland density
• they have loss of rete pegs and dermal capillaries, reducing the epidermal area available for heat transfer

Question 13

febuxistat MOA

Answer 13

inhibits xanthine oxidase

Question 14

pegliticase and rasburicase MOA

Answer 14

convert uric acid to allantoin- more soluble

Question 15

symptoms of IVC obstruction + left side flank mass, suggests :

Answer 15

RCC that has extended through the renal vein to the IVC

Question 16

how do Angiotensin effect the glomerulus?

Answer 16

constrict the efferent arterioles

Question 17

how does alpha 1 stimulation effect the glomerulus?

Answer 17

constrict the affarent arteriole

Question 18

how do prostaglandins effect the glomerulus?

Answer 18

dilate the affarent arteriole

Question 19

where do B cells proliferate during an immune response?

Answer 19

in the follicles (germinal centres) of the lymph node - here they undergo isotype switching

Question 20

where do you most commonly find a glioblastoma multiforme?

Answer 20

cerebral hemispheres - occasionally at the midline

Question 21

how do glioblastoma multiformes appear grossly?

Answer 21

necrotic and hemorrhagic

Question 22

pulsus paradoxicus occurs most commonly in…

Answer 22

cardiac tamponade

Question 23

Clinical signs of cardiac tamponade?

Answer 23

Jugular venous distention, hypotension, diminished heart sounds
Pulsus paradoxus

Question 24

what causes roseola infantum?

Answer 24

HHV6

Question 25

how does imaging of a pilocytic astrocytoma look?

Answer 25

well demarcated lesion wiht cystic and solid portions

Question 26

where does medulloblastoma occur?

Answer 26

cerebellum

Question 27

what does medulloblastoma look like on imaging?

Answer 27

solid lesion, may have accompanied hydrocephalus

Question 28

pathophys of ITP

Answer 28

antibodies form against platelet receptors resutling in platelet destruction

Question 29

what is topiramate

Answer 29

an anticonvulsant that decreases the frequency of migraines

Question 30

what medications can be given as preventitives for migraines

Answer 30

Beta-blockers, TCAs, anticonvulsants (topiramate, valproate)

Question 31

where does the opthalmic artery come off of?

Answer 31

the internal carotid artery

Question 32

name the branches of the external carotid artery

Answer 32

Superior thyroid, Ascending pharyngeal, Lingual, Facial, Occipital, Posterior auricular, Maxillary and Superficial temporal arteries