Tues Jul 28

Question 1

how will the phosphate levels of someone with fanconi syndrome be effected?

Answer 1

they will be decreased - vit D resistance hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia

Question 2

how is the brain effected in reye sydnrome?

Answer 2

cerebral edema

Question 3

what is defective in osteogenesis imperfecta type I?

Answer 3

mutations in COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes-> lack of collagen

Question 4

does friederachs ataxia have hammer toe and pes cavus?

Answer 4

it can

Question 5

pathophys of friederachs ataxia?

Answer 5

mutation on FXN on chromosome 9 -> frataxin ->degeneration of nerve tissue and spinal cord -> ataxia

Question 6

what heart problem do patients with friederachs ataxia commonly have?

Answer 6

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 7

what does factor XII (hagemen factor) activate other than factor XI?

Answer 7

it converts prekallikrein to kallikrein

Question 8

does charcot marie tooth disease have hammer toe and pes cavus?

Answer 8

yes

Question 9

what causes charcot marie tooth disease?

Answer 9

mutations that effect nerve myelination - intact but abnormal

Question 10

what does kallikrein do?

Answer 10

activates HMWK to bradykinin

Question 11

equation for flow rate

Answer 11

flow rate = velocity x area

Question 12

what percent is isotonic saline?

Answer 12

0.9%

Question 13

enfuvirtide MOA?

Answer 13

binds gp41 and blocks HIV capsule fusion

Question 14

moa of fish oil

Answer 14

increase catabolism of LDL-cholesterol —decrease VLDL and apo B

Question 15

what is the reflex arc that allows an erection to form by touch?

Answer 15

Pudendal nerve provides somatic information (touch) to the spinal cord, and efferent sacral parasympathetic nerves (pelvic splanchnic) lead to the erection

Question 16

what is deficient in mcardle disease?

Answer 16

mucsle glycogen phosphorylase

Question 17

what travels through foramen spinosum?

Answer 17

middle meningeal artery

Question 18

what travels through foramen rotundom?

Answer 18

V2 (cranial nerve 5, branch 2)

Question 19

what travels through foramen ovale?

Answer 19

Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)

Question 20

what is the function of teres minor and infraspinatous?

Answer 20

external rotation

Question 21

where do teres minor and infraspinatous attach?

Answer 21

posterior humerus

Question 22

pathophys of inhalation injury

Answer 22

• soot impairs cilia
• phagolysosome disruption -> decreased activity of macrophages
• increased mucous secretion

Question 23

which type of bacteria have an outer membrane?

Answer 23

gram -

Question 24

which type of bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer?

Answer 24

gram +

Question 25

which type of bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer?

Answer 25

gram -

Question 26

function of COPII

Answer 26

moves proteins from RER to golgi

Question 27

function of COPI

Answer 27

moves proteins from golgi to RER

Question 28

what is the most common pathology of Cystic fibrosis?

Answer 28

mutation in protein leads to misfolding - doesnt go to membrane -STRUCTURE defect not transport defect

Question 29

formula for correcting hematocrit

Answer 29

Corrected = (patients % ret count) x (patients hematocrit/45)

Question 30

which marker is present in wegeners?

Answer 30

c-ANCA (same as PR3-anca - antibodies against proteinase 3)

Question 31

how will the ratio of LH:FSH be in someone with PCOS?

Answer 31

Increased LH:FSH
-LH stimulates theca cells to produce androgen, but granulosa cells dont keep up due to less FSH, in converting androgens to estrogen

Question 32

clomipheme MOA

Answer 32

antagnoizes estrogen receptors in hypothalamus, leading to decreased neg feedback - > improved FSH and LH, stimulating ovulation

Question 33

what is the earliest age that puberty begins?

Answer 33

female - 8

male- 9