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Test reviews DEDICATED > NMBE 13 > Flashcards

NMBE 13 Flashcards

1
Q

which step of the ETC does carbon monoxide inhibit?

A

the final step - cytochrome oxidase

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2
Q

which cytokine is important in the formation of a lytic lesion ?

A

IL-1

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3
Q

how do fibrates work?

A

they stimulate cellular fatty acid uptake, and catabolism of the Beta-oxidation pathways

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4
Q

how do fibrates effect the CYP450 system?

A

they inhibit it

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5
Q

if you take a statin and a fibrate youre at increased risk for what?

A

statin A/E due to inhibited CYP450 —-> increased risk of myopathy

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6
Q

an EBV infection may result in which cancer?

A

B cell lymphomas

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7
Q

an EBV infection results in atypical ___ cells?

A

atypical t cells - may appear lacey

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8
Q

In pemphigus vulgaris there are igG antibodies against what…

A

Desmoglein-1 and or desmoglein-3 (component of desmosomes in the stratum spinosum)

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9
Q

bevacizumab MOA?

A

binds to VEGF preventing receptor binding

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10
Q

sumatriptan MOA?

A

binds and activates serotonin 5-HT1D receptors in the CNS

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11
Q

how do macrolides work?

A

they bind to the 50s subunit and block protein synthesisi - specifically by blocking translocation

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12
Q

what does MELAS stand for?

A

Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS)

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13
Q

how is MELAS inherited?

A

From the mom - mitochondrial disorder

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14
Q

what is the function of the 3’ coding AATAAA?

A

forms the signal for cleavage and polyadenylation, protecting the mRNA from degradation

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15
Q

presentation of chediak-higashi syndrome?

A

Presents in childhood with recurrent pyogenic infections, partial albinism/photosensitivity, pancytopenia, bleeding, neurological symptoms

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16
Q

how is chediak-higashi inherited?

A

autosomal recessive

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17
Q

what defect causes chediak-higashi?

A

defect in lysosomal trafficking/phagolysosome functioning

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18
Q

which substance damages the anterior vermis?

A

alcohol

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19
Q

damage to the anterior vermis results in ?

A

gait ataxia

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20
Q

what is the most common type of laryngeal cancer?

A

SCC

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21
Q

how is esophageal peristalsis effected in systemic sclerosis?

A

DECREASED

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22
Q

how is the lower esophageal sphinctor effected in systemic sclerosis?

A

DECREASED TONE

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23
Q

blood supply to lateral mid brain?

A

PCA

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24
Q

blood supply to medial mid brain?

A

PCA

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25
Q

blood supply to lateral pons?

A

AICA

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26
Q

blood supply to medial pons?

A

basilar

27
Q

blood supply to lateral medulla?

A

PICA

28
Q

blood supply to medial medulla?

A

ASA

29
Q

what is missing in abetalipoproteinemia?

A

A lack of B-48 and B-100 and thus no chylomicrons, LDL or VLDL

30
Q

how is abetalipoproteinemia inherited?

A

Autosomal recessive

31
Q

how does abetalipoproteinemia present?

A

Severe fat malapsorption with steattorhea- ADEK deficiencies

-they are thus more vulnerable to retinitis pigmentosa, spinocerebellar degeneration (lack of vit E), etc.

32
Q

what is seen on blood smear of someone with abetalipoproteinemia?

A

Acanthocytes (spur cells) - spikey RBCs

33
Q

in response to excess stimulation, what process do the adrenal glands undergo?

A

HYPERPLASIA not hypertrophy

34
Q

is e coli indole pos or neg ?

A

POSITIVE

35
Q

what colour does e coli appear on eosin-methylne blue agar?

A

green sheen (characteristic of any lactose fermenter)

36
Q

what is an important virulence factor of e coli for causing UTIs?

A

Adhesins - part of pili - allows e coli to adhere

37
Q

what part of bone acts a the source for chondroblasts and osteoblasts?

A

periosteum

38
Q

which part of the bone provides the cells necessary for healing after a fracture?

A

the periosteum

39
Q

what are volksmans canals?

A

Small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and interconnect haversian canals

40
Q

In multiple myeloma, which cytokines play a role in formation of lytic lesions?

A

IL1 and tumor necrosis factors

41
Q

where do the intercostal vessels lie in relation to each rib?

A

just inferior to the rib - Vein, artery, nerve

collateral vessels are superior to the ribs

42
Q

where should posterior thoracentisis be performed (when inserting at the mid scapular line?)

A

above the 9th rib

43
Q

formula for loading dose?

A

loading dose = Volume of distribution x desired concentration / bioavailbability

44
Q

what does myeloperoxide produce?

A

hydroxy-halide radicals to kill microorganisms

45
Q

where are the seminal vesicles found?

A

superior/posterior to the prostate

46
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles?

A

they secrete the bulk of seminal fluid (semen) - the fluid is made of fructose, proteins, citric acid, etc.

47
Q

what antibodies do polysaccaride vaccines commonly produce?

A

igM and igG (if conjugated to a protein)

48
Q

presentation of goodpastures?

A

abrupt onset of hemoptosis, cough, SOB, peripheral edema and hematuria

49
Q

pathophys of goodpastures?

A

antibody is directed against GBM -attacks both the lungs and kidneys resulting in complement activation and t cell reaction

50
Q

what will you see on light microscopy of goodpastures?

A

glomerular cresents (RPGN)

51
Q

what deposits in the glomerular membrane in goodpastures?

A

linear igG and C3

52
Q

what will you see on EM of goodpastures?

A

nothing

53
Q

praziquantel MOA?

A

increases permeability of cell to Ca, leading to paralysis, death of parasites

54
Q

cisplatin MOA

A

binding DNA and interfering with repair

55
Q

when does crossing over occur?

A

prophase I

56
Q

ibuprofen MOA

A

non-selective COX inhibitor

57
Q

what is chadwicks sign?

A

a bluish discolaration of the cervix, vagina and labia resulting from increased blood flow - early sign of pregnancy, seen 6-8 weeks after conception

58
Q

diverticulitis presentation?

A

lower left abdominal pain, distention, fever, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, etc.

59
Q

what is bromocriptine?

A

a dopamine agonist

60
Q

what is tramadol?

A

a strong opioid medication for moderate to severe pain

61
Q

what is dextramorphan?

A

A cough suppressent that crosses the BBB and activates sigma opioid receptors -does NOT cause constipation or dependance

62
Q

what is orlistat?

A

a drug that inhibits gastric and pancreatic lipases- preventing breakdown of triglycerides into absorbabe form and thus leading to excretion

63
Q

what is clomiphene and how does it help treat infertility?

A

a SERM - antagonist in the hypothalamus, thus decreasing negative feedback and leading to increased GnRH

64
Q

what does relative risk < 1 indicate?

A

a decreased risk in the exposed group

Test reviews DEDICATED (70 decks)

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