Thurs Aug 6 Flashcards
Ash-leaf skin patches are characteristic of which disease?
Tuberouls sclerosis
Findings in Sturge-Weber syndrome? (SSTURGGE?)
- Sporadic
- Stain (port wine stain)
- Tram track calcifications
- Unilateral
- Retardation
- Gnaq gene
- Glaucoma
- Epilepsy
how does someone develop Sturge-Weber syndrome?
its NOT hereditary. From a congenital, spontaneous activating mutation of the GNAQ gene - > anomoly of neural crest derivatives
Inheritance of Tuberous sclerolis?
Autosomal dominant
Findings in Tuberous sclerosis? (HAMARTOMASS)
Hamartomas in CNS and skin Angiofibromas Mitral regurgitation Ash-leaf spots Rhabdomyoma Tuberous sclerosis O- autosomal dOminant Mental retardation Angiomyolipomas (renal) Seizures Shagreen patches
cafe au lait spots are characeristic of what disease?
NF1
what is raltegravir?
integrase inhibitor used to treat HIV
which virus causes croup?
parainfluenza
which virus casues bronchiolitis?
RSV
why is brown adipose brown?
it has more mitochondria
A patient receiving chemotherapy is most susceptibel to an infection with pathogens from where?
Endogenous pathogens - breaks in GI tract allow them to enter bloodstream
how does hyperphosphatemia lead to hypocalcemia?
- it binds calicum in the blood and precipitates in soft tissues
- increased serum phosphate triggers the release of fibroblast growth factor 23 from bone, which in attempt to lower phosphate, inhibits 1-alpha hydroxylase, leading to less active 1,25vitD
high serum phosphate triggers the release of which substance from bone?
fibroblast growth factor 23
presentation of disseminated gonorrhea?
Triad of polyarthralgia, tenosynovitis, dermatitis (painless pustules)
which of the DNA polymerases has 5’ to 3’ exonuclease activity?
DNA polymerase I - used to remove primer as goig through and replicating strand
nitroprusside may lead to which toxicity?
cyanide poisoning
how does sodium nitrite help treat cyanide toxicity?
promotes methemoglobin formation which binds with cyanide
how does sodium thiosulfate help treat cyanide toxicity?
donates sulfur for the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate which is excreted in urine
how does hydroxycobalamin help treat cyanide toxicity?
binds to intracellular cyanide ions and forms cyanocobalmin, which is excreted in urine
what will be elevated in the urine of someone with carcinoid syndrome?
5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA)
how do the levels of lympochytes change with aging?
-you have decreased production of naive B cells and t lymphocytes. Much of the remaining lymphocyte pool differentiates into memory cells against previously encountered antigens.
Why may vaccines be less effective in older individuals?
they have a decreased production of naive B cells
explain myocardial hibernation?
-this may occur in response to myocardial to prevent cell necrosis. The myocardium reduces its metabolism and function to meet decreased oxygen supply, leading to decrease contractility
who most commonly gets acalculous cholecystitis?
critically ill patients - may arise secondary to ischemia and gallbladder stasis
a wide, fixed splitting of S2 is indicative of…
an ASD
name two urease producing bacteria?
Proteus, klebsiella
which two organisms can cause struvite kidney stones?
proteus and klebsiella
is glycogen kinase activated in its phosphorylated or dephosphorylated form?
dephosphorylated
how does insulin binding lead to glycogen synthesis?
Insulin binds its tyrosine kinase receptor ->phosphorylation of IRS-1 -> activation of both the P13K pathway for glycogen and lipid synthesis, as well as the RAS/MAPK pathway for cell growth
-PI3K promotes glycogen synthesis by activating a phosphatase, which dephosphorylates glycogen synthase
how may a stroke of the internal capsule present?
upper motor neuron lesion symtpoms on the contralateral side of the body
dermatomyositis may occur secondarily to which conditions?
it may occur as a paraneoplastic syndrome secondary to underlying cancers (commonly adenocarcinomas -ovary, lung, pancreas, etc.)
what is c-myc?
a transcription activator - controls cell differentiation, apoptosis, etc.
how is urticaria (hives) characterized histologiclly?
edema of the superfical dermis with inflammatory infiltrate
