Sun aug 16

Question 1

patients with an aldolase B deficiency must avoid foods with which substances?

Answer 1

fructose (and sucrose since its metabolized to fructose)

Question 2

where do the piriformis insert?

Answer 2

greater trochanter of the femur

Question 3

which foramen does the piriformis travel through?

Answer 3

greater sciatic foramen

Question 4

what is buspirone?

Answer 4

nonbenzo anxiolytic used for GAD

Question 5

benefit of buspirone?

Answer 5

no risk of dependance

Question 6

MOA of buspirone?

Answer 6

partial agonist at 5HT receptors

Question 7

what pathway degenerates in parkinsons?

Answer 7

the nigostriatal

Question 8

Parkinsons patients have degeneration of the nigostrial pathway resulting in…

Answer 8

excessive excitation of the globus pallidus internus by the subthalamic nucleus (this results in too much inhibition since the excited GP internus inhibits the thalamus)

Question 9

IF you wanted to give high frequency brain stimulation (which inhibits activity) to a parkinsons patient, where should you target?

Answer 9

the globus pallidus internus to subthalmic nucleus

Question 10

multiple myeloma is associated with which cytokine?

Answer 10

IL6

Question 11

presentatino of ichthyosis vulgaris?

Answer 11

dry, scaly skin usually on the trunk and extensor surfaces of extremities

Question 12

what causes ichthyosis vulgaris?

Answer 12

inherited mutation of filaggrin gene leading to defective keratinocyte desquamation

Question 13

explain the pathway of the stretch reflex?

Answer 13

• spindles sense muscle stretch
• affarent signal conveyed to spinal cord via dorsal nerve fibers
• efferent signals travel through ventral nerve fibers
• stimulation of extrafusal fibers leads to muscle contraction

Question 14

if you were to selectively sever the dorsal rootlets, what would change?

Answer 14

you would have decreased muscle tone (can be used in patients with muscle spasticity)

Question 15

why is ADHD not diagnosed before 5?

Answer 15

because theres a lot of overlap of characteristics of ADHD with normal behaviour in toddlers (They are distractible, speak out of turn, throw tantrums, etc.)

Question 16

what is a common underlying cause of massive hemoptysis in a young person?

Answer 16

bronchiectasis (Cystic Fibrosis)

Question 17

Why does cystic fibrosis/bronchiectasis increase the risk of massive hemoptysis?

Answer 17

the chronic inflammation and infection stimulates neovasculation of bronchial arteries. however they are fragile and prone to rupture with increased pressures (coughing)

Question 18

what will you find in the lungs of someone with acute pulmonary edema (from LV failure, for example)?

Answer 18

engorged capillaries and alveoli filled with acellular pink material

Question 19

are there hemosiderin laden macrophages in acute pulmonary edema?

Answer 19

NO - these occur chronically

Question 20

presentation of hypertrophic osteoarthropathy?

Answer 20

-painful bone and soft tissue enlargement in extremities, along with clubbing, painful arthropathy, periostosis and joint effusions

Question 21

what diseases are associated iwth hypertrophic osteoarthropathy?

Answer 21

• malignant lung conditions (cancers, metastasis)
• lung diseases (CF, lung abscesses, etc.)
• cyanotic heart disease

Question 22

rat poison acts similarly to which drug?

Answer 22

warfarin

Question 23

IF someone ingested rat poison, how should you treat them?

Answer 23

fresh frozen plasma to replenish coag factors and vit K

Question 24

when does congenital torticollis usually appear?

Answer 24

2-4 weeks after birth

Question 25

what causes congenital torticollis?

Answer 25

-caused in utero by malposition or by birth trauma. -> damage to sternocleidomastoid and fibrosis

Question 26

which nerve gives sensory innervation to the scrotum/labia majora?

Answer 26

illinguinal

Question 27

treatment of psoriasis?

Answer 27

-corticosteroids or vitamin D analogs

Question 28

how do vit D analogs treat psoriasis?

Answer 28

-they inhibit t cell activation and keratinocyte proliferation

Question 29

specificity formula?

Answer 29

true negatives / (true negatives + false positives)

In words, the number of people who do not have the disease and test negative over the number of people who dont hav the disease

Question 30

sensitivity formula

Answer 30

true positives / (true positives and false negatives)

Question 31

negative predictive value formula?

Answer 31

true negatives/ (true negatives + false negatives)

Question 32

positive predictive value formula?

Answer 32

true positives/(true positives + false positives)

Question 33

odds ratio formula?

Answer 33

a/b / c/d

Question 34

relative firsk formula?

Answer 34

(a/(a+b)) / (c/(c+d))