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Test reviews DEDICATED > tues aug 11 > Flashcards

tues aug 11 Flashcards

1
Q

cyclosporine MOA

A

calcineurin inhibitor - blocks IL 2 production and release thus decreasing t cell actiavation

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2
Q

adverse effects of cyclosporine?

A
  • neprhotoxicity
  • neurotoxicity
  • hirsutism
  • gingival hyperplasia
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3
Q

tacrolimus MOA

A

calcineurin inhibitor - impairs IL2 production and release

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4
Q

adverse effects of tacrolimus

A

nephro/neurotoxicity

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5
Q

sirolimus MOA

A

-blocks mTOR -> decreased t cell induced proliferation

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6
Q

what kind of necrosis occurs in the lungs in the situation of a lung abcess?

A

liquefactive necrosis

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7
Q

how does adenosine effect the heart?

A

decreases heart rate and conduction velocity

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8
Q

where do you access the herniated fragment in disc herniation, when performing a laminectomy?

A

the lamina

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9
Q

myenteric plexus AKA

A

aurbachs

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10
Q

submucosal plexus AKA

A

messenteric

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11
Q

what is the cytokine effect seen in cancer??

A

release of cytokines in chronic disease that can lead to cachexia (TNFalpha, IL1,IL6 etc may activate ubiquitin system in cells causing cell death)

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12
Q

what neoplastic syndromes are seen in small cell lung cancer?

A

siADH
ACTH
lambert eaton

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13
Q

what neoplastic syndrome may be seen in squamous cell lung cancer?

A

PTHrp leading to hypercalcemia

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14
Q

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis lung findings

A

fibroplastic foci and patchy fibrosis

-no granulomas

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15
Q

fibroplastic foci is buzzword for..

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

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16
Q

findings of cryptogenic organizing pneumonia?

A
  • lymphocytic infiltrate

- fibrosis

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17
Q

what is solar elastosis (actinic elastosis)

A

an accumulation of abnormal elastin in the dermis of the skin or conjuctiva of the eye which occurs from cumulative effects of sun exposure (photoaging)

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18
Q

how do alcohol based products work against pathogens?

A

they disrupt lipid membranes

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19
Q

what toxin of group A strep causes scarlet fever?

A

erythrogenic toxin

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20
Q

which toxin of group A strep causes toxic shock?

A

speA and speC

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21
Q

which toxin of group A strep causes necrotizing fascitis??

A

speB

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22
Q

is subacute thyroidits (dequiverns thyroidits) painful?

A

yes

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23
Q

histology of subacute thyroiditis?

A

granulomas

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24
Q

at low doses dopamine activates

A

D1 receptors -> increased renal blood flow

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25
Q

D1 receptor is coupled to..

A

Gs

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26
Q

D2 receptor is coupled to…

A

Gi

27
Q

at medium doses dopamine acts on…

A

B1 receptors

28
Q

at high doses dopamine acts on…

A

alpha 1 receptors

29
Q

what is found in the urine of someone with acute interstitial nephritis?

A

pyuria, classicaly with eosinophils

30
Q

causes of acute interstitial nephritis (tubulointerstitial nephritis)?

A

diuretics, NSAIDS, penicillins, PPIs, rifampin, quinoloes, and may occur secondary to infection/disease

31
Q

findings in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia? (osler-weber-rendu syndrome)?

A
  • telangiectasias
  • reccurrent epistaxis
  • skin discolourations
  • AV malformatinos
  • GI bleeds
  • hematuria
32
Q

what are paneth cells?

A

cells found in the intestines and secrete antimicrobial peptides

33
Q

which part of the ureter is the last to recanulize?

A

the proximal portion

34
Q

function of petroleum jelly on wound?

A

acts as a barrier so things dont get in it and keeps moisture in

35
Q

what do HOX genes code for?

A

transcription factors needed during embryognesis

36
Q

how do prostaglandins effect the uterus?

A

increase uterine contractions

37
Q

what substances are combined by ALAS to make ALA?

A

succinyl-coa and glycine

38
Q

buzz word for rotavirus?

A

wheel-like shape

39
Q

what is the shape of the capsid of rotavirus?

A

icosahedral

40
Q

what type of genetic material does rotavrius have?

A

segmented, DS rna

41
Q

why are ACTH secreting tumours associated with bone fractures?

A

cortisol causes osteoporosis

42
Q

what is a pseudocholinesterase deficiency?

A

an autosomal recessive inheritance of a blood enzyme. Results in increased sensitivity to certain anesthetics

43
Q

inheritance of pseudocholinesterase deficiency?

A

AR

44
Q

what is thought to provoke attacks in vasospastic angina?

A

increased vagal tone (this is why its seen more at night)

45
Q

explain the pathophys of vasospastic angina?

A
  • caused by endothelial dysfunction and autonomic imbalance
  • Ach from the vagus nerve stimulates endothelial muscarinic receptors to release NO and cause vasodilation, but the endothelial cells have deficient endothelial NO and instead spasm
46
Q

what are the types of germ cell tumours in males?

A

seminomas and non-seminomas (embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinoma)

47
Q

what is often detectable in the blood of someone with a germ cell tumour?

A

hormons such as LDH, beta hCGH and alpha fetoprotein

48
Q

what do leydig cell tumours secrete?

A

estrogen or testosterone

49
Q

presentation of ALS?

A

both upper and motor neuron symptoms

50
Q

microscopic neurological findings of ALS?

A
  • loss of neurons in anterior horn (LMNs)
  • loss of lateral corticospinal tracts (UMNs)
  • loss of neurons in the motor nuclei (V, IX, X, XII)
  • denervation atrophy of muscles
51
Q

where does poliomyelitis damage?

A

the anterior horns

52
Q

does polio effect both the lower and upper motor neurons?

A

NO JUST THE LOWER

53
Q

huntington disease presentation?

A

-progressive dementia, beahviour changes, choreiform movements

54
Q

damage to the brainstem below the red nucleus causes what kind of posturing?

A

-decerebrate (extensor) - due to loss of excition to the upper limb flexs

55
Q

damage to the brainstem above the red nucleus causes what kind of posturing?

A

decorticate (flexor posturing) - due to loss of excitation to the upper limb extensors

56
Q

what condition causes a widely split fixed S2 with a midsystolic ejection murmur?

A

ASD - due to increased blood going to the right side

57
Q

does a VSD cause a split S2?

A

yes but it is not fixed

58
Q

what kind of murmur is heard with a VSD?

A

-holosystolic with split S2

59
Q

how do thryoid hormone levels change in response to temperature?

A

Hypothermia -> increased thyroid hormones

Hyperthermia -> decreased thyroid hormones

60
Q

what reaction does lactate dehydrogenase perform?

A

Converts pyruvate to lactate (this regenerates NAD from NADH)

61
Q

how do patients with a lactate dehydrogenase deficiency present?

A

-during strenous muscle activity leading to aneorobic conditions in the muscle, these patients cannot generate lactate and thus cannot regenerate NAD. Normally NAD+ would feed back into glycolysis so glycolysos would continue, but now it cannot and this leads to muscle breakdown, pain, fatigue

62
Q

presentation of lactate dehydrogenase deficiency?

A

fatigue, muscle pain, and cramps during exercise

63
Q

which structure contains the ovarian artery?

A

-suspensory ligament (infundibular ligament)

64
Q

nosocomial bloodstream infections are usually from which source?

A

intravascular catheters

Test reviews DEDICATED (70 decks)

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