Fri aug 21 Flashcards
What is attrition bias?
Bias that occurs due to loss of follow up (in a way that affects the study)
what type of bias is attrition bias?
a type of selection bias
when chronic kidney disease becomes advanced, what complication should you expect?
anion gap metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation
what would an autopsy of a heart with dilated cardiomyopathy show?
grossly enlarged heart
what would an autopsy of a heart with hyerptrophic cardiomyopathy show?
asymmetric enlargement of the left ventricle
what type of reaction is the arthus reaction?
type III - immune complex deposition
what type of reaction is serum sickness?
type III - immune complex deposition
what does CD28 on t cells bind to on langerhans cells?
CD80
what is the significance of CD28 on t cells binding to CD80?
this is a costimulatory signal for t cell activation
which cells have CD80 (B7)?
antigen presenting cells
what cells have CD28?
t cells
what is the lowest part of the pelvis?
the pouch of douglas
if the ampulla of fallopian tube ruptures, where does fluid collect?
pouch of douglas, due to gravity
moa of sulfasalazine?
inhibits production of prostaglandins
which arteries supply to parathyroids?
the inferior thyroid arteries
where do the inferior thyroid arteries come from?
thyrocervical trunk
what is herpangina?
childhood illness with painful mouth blisters
what causes herpangina?
coxsackie A
how do statins effect HDL?
increase
how do statins effect cholesterol, VLDL and triglycerides?
decrease
how does total systemic vascular resistance change during excercise?
it actually DECREASE due to arteriolar vasodilation in muscles
which drug can cause hypertriglyceridemia (out of drugs aimed at lowering cholesterol)?
bile acid resins
what arecholesryamine, Colestipol,
Colesevelem?
bile acid resins
eczitimide MOA?
blocks intestinal absorption of cholesterol
fibrates MOA ?
ACTIVATE PPARalpha -> increase LDL receptors on liver ->decreased cholesterol in blood
inheritance of Duchennes and Beckers?
X linked
what kind of mutation causes duchennes muscular dystrophy?
frameshift mutation or nonsense -> truncated dystrophin
what kind of mutation causes becker muscular dystrophy?
non frame shift -> partially functional dystrophin
inheritance of myotonic type I muscular dystrophy?
AD - CTG trinucleotide repeat
steps in collagen synthesis
- start with preprocollagen
- hydroxylation of proline and lysine (vit C)
- glycosylation
- triple helic formation -> procollagen
- exocytosis
- cleavage of procollagen C and N terminals -> tropocollagen
- formation of cross-links -> collagen fiber
what step of collagen synthesis is deficient in scurvy?
hydroxulation of proline and lysine residues - requires vit C
where does hydrolxylation, and glycosolatuion of preprocollagen occur?
in the RER
if you can’t undergo glycosolation, what will be impaired in collagen synthesis?
the formation of the triple helix (procollagen)
what disorder has defective glycosylation and thus impaired formation of the triple helix (procollagen)?
osteogenesis imperfecta
which disorder has problems with the extracellular cleavage of procollagen - > tropocollagen (the cleavage of the N and C terminals)?
ehlers danlos
which disordres have problems with the extracellular croslsining of tropocollagen ( formation of colagen fiber)?
ehlers danlos and menkes disease
where in the collagen synthesis pathway are the defects in ehlers danlos?
-cleavage of N and C terminals forming tropocollagen from procollagen
OR
formation of cross-links forming the collagen fiber
which enzyme is needed for the formation of cross links and formation of the collagen fiber?
lysyl oxidase
