Sat Jul 11

Question 1

what does candida albicans look like on light microscopy?

Answer 1

budding yeasts with pseudohypae

Question 2

how will treatment with monoclonal antibodies against the PD-1 receptor effect t cells?

Answer 2

It will result in disinhibition of t cells and increase the t cell response (cancer cells upregulate the PD1 ligand which blocks t cells from being able to kill them)

Question 3

are clozapine and olanzapine first or second gen antipsychotics?

Answer 3

second generation

Question 4

is methoadone a full or partial mu opoiod agonist?

Answer 4

FULLLLLLLLLLLLLL

Question 5

methadone MOA?

Answer 5

full agonist at mu opioid receptors, with a long half life that prevents cravings and withdrawal symptoms
-blocks the euphoric effects of other opioids by maintaining high tolerance levels

Question 6

how can you differentiate between acute myelogenous leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia?

Answer 6

acute myeloid leukemia will have increased blast forms >20% whereas chronic myeloid leukemia is a cancer of mature myeloid cells

Question 7

what causes diabetic CNIII mononeuropathy?

Answer 7

ischemia - effects the central part of the nerve and thu somatic portion, but often spares the autonomic peripheral fibers - intact light reflex

Question 8

which serum marker will be elevated in pagets disease?

Answer 8

alkaline phosphatase

Question 9

glucose is metabolized to sorbitol with which enzyme?

Answer 9

aldose reductase

Question 10

what is sorbital metabolized into?

Answer 10

fructose

Question 11

which enzyme metabolizes sorbitol into fructose?

Answer 11

sorbitol dehydrogenase

Question 12

which type of antidepressant is contraindicated in elderly patients and why?

Answer 12

TCA’s - they can cause anti-cholinergic effects

Question 13

what anitcholinergic effects may TCAs lead to?

Answer 13

confusion, urinary retention, constipation

Question 14

explain the pathophys of radiation-induced lung injury?

Answer 14

radiation leads to the generation of ROS - > DNA and cellular damage -> inflammatory response

Question 15

what are the manifestation of ACUTE radiation-induced lung injury?

Answer 15

alverolar edema, pneumocyte sloughing and hyaline membrane formation - presents as dyspnea and cough

Question 16

when does ACUTE radiation-induced lung injury occur?

Answer 16

3-12 weeks post injury

Question 17

when do the delayed effects of radiation-induced lung injury occur?

Answer 17

6-12 months after radiation

Question 18

pathophys of delayed radiation induced lung injury?

Answer 18

TGF-B leads to fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition -> intimal and subintimal fibrosis -> diminished lung capacity

Question 19

which antibody mimics the function of factor VIII?

Answer 19

emicuzimab

Question 20

which respiratory measure should be monitored in someone with ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer 20

Chest wall expansion - involvement of the thoracic spine and costovertebral/costosternal joints can limit chest wall expansion, leading to hypoventilation

Question 21

what is a common cardiac manifestion of ankylosing spondylitis?

Answer 21

aortitis

Question 22

what are neurophysins?

Answer 22

carrier proteins for oxytocin and ADH for transport from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

Question 23

what will microscopy of the urine show in someone with pyelonephritis?

Answer 23

WBCs, white blood cell casts, bacteria

Question 24

where is janus kinase (JAK2) located?

Answer 24

its a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase - it is in the cytoplasmic and binds to the EPO receptor once the receptor has been activated (normally)