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Test reviews DEDICATED > Mon aug 17 > Flashcards

Mon aug 17 Flashcards

1
Q

what cells produce FGF 23?

A

osteocytes

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2
Q

what triggers osteocytes to produce FGF 23?

A

hyperphosphatemia, or increased 1,25vitD

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3
Q

function of FGF 23?

A

inhibits synthesis of 1,25 vit D - > decreased renal reabsorption of phosphate and intestinal phosphate absorption

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4
Q

if soeone has CKD, what can maintain normal phosphate levels?

A

FGF 23 may be responsible for maintaining normal phosphate leves and it will lead to decreased reaborption/absorption of phosphate in the intestines/kidneys

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5
Q

what is the most common outcome of a hep b infection?

A

complete resolution

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6
Q

which bowel disease has non caseating granulomas?

A

crohns disease

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7
Q

does amiodarine increase the PR interval ?

A

yes - via ca channel inhibtion

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8
Q

does amiodarone increase the QRS interval?

A

yes - via Na channel inhibition

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9
Q

does amiodarone increase the QT interval?

A

yes - via K channel prolongation

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10
Q

presentation of glucagonoma?

A
  • hyperglycemia and diabetes

- necrolytic migratory erythema

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11
Q

findings of necrolytic migratory erythema?

A
  • painful pruritic rash often on face, groin and extremities.
  • small erythmetaous papules coalesce over time to form large indurated papulse with a central clearing that is often bronze coloured
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12
Q

do all strains of H influenza produce a capsule?

A

no

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13
Q

what is mutated in McCune-Albright syndrome?

A

the GNAS gene which encodes the stimulatory alpha subunit of protein-> constiutive activation -> hormone overproduction

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14
Q

presentation of McCune-albright syndrome?

A
  • precocious puberty
  • irregular cafe au lait macules (overactivity of melanocytes)
  • polycystic fibrous dysplasia(overstimulation of osteoclasts from increased IL6)
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15
Q

complications of McCune-albright syndrome?

A
  • thyrotoxicosis
  • acromegaly
  • cushing syndrome
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16
Q

what is calcitriol?

A

the active form of vit D

17
Q

what is cincalcinet?

A

-a calcimimetic that activates the ca sensing receptor of the Parathyroid gland leadign to decreased PTH secretion

18
Q

diabetes insipidus caused by damage to the hypothalmic neurons is usually permanent or transient?

A

permanent

19
Q

diabetes insipidus caused by damage to the post pituitary neurons is usually permanent or transient?

A

transient (just a few days)

20
Q

how does end diastolic volume change in a endurance ahtlete?

A

increased - the heart undergoes eccentric hypertrophy to have a larger cavity size adn there is reduced SVR

21
Q

does the maximum cardiac output change in an endurance athlete?

A

yes - it increases since they have an increased stroke volume

22
Q

does the left ventricular ejection fraction change in an endurance ahtlete?

A

no - it is unchanged (stroke volume and end diastolic volume both increased proportionatly)

23
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is serum sickness?

A

type III

24
Q

presentation of serum sickness?

A

fever, pruritic skin rash, and arthralgias that begin 7-14 days after exposure to antigen. May have lymphadenopathy and proteinuria

25
Q

common causes of serum sickness?

A

chimeric monoclonal antibodies (rituximab) and nonhuman immunoglobins (venom antitoxins) and some other drugs

26
Q

findigns in serum sickness?

A
  • immune complex deposition and complement consumption leading to hypocomplementemia
  • fibrinoid necrosis and neutrophilic invasion of affected tissues on biopsy
27
Q

how do beta blockers improve symptoms in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A
  • they increase the LV volume which helps reduce outflow obstruction, via:
    1. reduced heart rate - > increased diastole and filling time
    2. reduce LV contractility- increased end systolic volume
28
Q

is metastasis to lymph nodes considered low or high stage cancer?

A

higher stage

29
Q

in diffuse axonal injury, where is the swelling most pronounced?

A

the grey-white matter junction

30
Q

which stomach bug is a common cause of vomiting and diarrhea?

A

norovirus - VOMITING

31
Q

is norovirus acid resistant or labile?

A

resistant

32
Q

why are reticulocytes blue in colour?

A

they have residual ribosomal RNA

33
Q

Someone taking opioids immediately develops hives, itching and wheezing most likely is experiencing what?

A

A pseudoallergy - from direct mast cell degranulation (this is more common on opioids than a true Type I hypersensitivity is)

34
Q

does a pseudoallergic reaction involve igE?

A

no - mast cells are directly stimulated

Test reviews DEDICATED (70 decks)

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