Saturday July 4 Flashcards
Where should cannulation of the femoral artery be performed?
below the inguinal ligament
Cannulation of the femoral artery above the inguinal ligament increases the risk for what?
bleeding into the retroperitoneum
What causes Zellweger syndrome?
defective peroxisomal biogenesis (cant degrade very long chain fatty acids)
how does Zellweger syndrome present?
Presents in early infancy with craniofacial abnormalities, hepatomegaly and neurogical defects. Death occurs within months of presentation
what causes X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy?
defective transport of VLCFAs into peroxisomes
low levels of serum C1 esterase inhibitor is diagnostic of what condition?
hereditary angioedema
what is the function of the C1 esterase inhibitor?
Suppresses complement activation, and inactivates kallikrein (which converts kininogen to bradykinin)
what drugs can patients with hereditary angioedema NOT be given?
ACE inhibitors -they block the breakdown of bradykinin and patients with hereditary angioedema already have increased bradykinin - increased risk for edema
why do patients who undergo vasectomy still have viable sperm for a while?
the vas deferens is now cut, blocking the transmission of new sperm, but some sperm is stored there and may still be ejaculated for the next month or so (pregnancy still possible)
Germ cell tumours and choriocarcinomas may secrete ..
hCG (which can activate thyroid receptors)
Germ cell tumours and hepatocellular carcinoma may secrete…
alpha fetoprotein
what is the marker for pancreatic cancer?
CA-19-9
the median nerve courses between the two heads of which muscle?
pronator teres
how may cryptococcus appear on light microscopy?
round/oval cells with narrow budding
a positive latex agglutination test indicates…
cryptococcus neoformans
A patient is receiving IV norepinephrine and develops pallor/blanching and induration around the IV site. What is happening?
There has likely been NE extravasation into the surround tissues, leading to vasoconstriction and local tissue necrosis
how can you treat NE extravasation surrounding an NE IV line?
provide phentolamine - an alpha blocker that leads to vasodilation
what cholesterol lowering drugs are associated with myopathies?
Statins
do beta 2 agonists and muscarinic-antagonists have anti-inflammatory effects?
NO - they help to control symptoms but do not prevent inflammation related disease progression/remodelling
what is fluticasone?
steroid
MOA of selegiline?
MAO- B inhibitor
clinical use of selegiline?
parkinsons disease
what is the most common cause of travellers diarrhea?
ETEC
what toxin does ETEC have?
- heat labile cholera-like toxin
- heat stabile enterotoxin
myxomatous changes and cystic medial degeneration in large arteries is seen in …
marfans
how does a lesion from leishmanias look on biopsy?
there will be intracellular round-oval protazoa with with rod shaped kinetoplasts
MOA of loperamide?
mu-opioid agonist that does not cross the BBB
-binds mu receptor and inhibits Ach release from myenteric neurons in the intestine and decreases SM activity, slowing peristalsis
what is ocreotide?
somatostatin analogue - reduces secretion of pancreatic and GI secretions
loperamide can be used to treat. ..
diarrhea
what kidney pathology is lithium associated with?
diabetes insipidous
Carbamazepine may induce which renal pathology?
SIADH leading to hyponatremia
what is the name of the live attenuated poliovirus vaccine?
Sabin vaccine
what is the name of the inactivated polio vaccine?
salk vaccine
what is the rate-limiting step of glycolysis?
the conversion of fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-phosphate by phosphofructokinase-1
how far down do the cilia go in the lungs?
Down to the respiratory bronchioles
are there cilia in the alveolar ducts and alveoli?
NO
is there cartilage in the bronchioles?
NO - cartilage goes down until the end of the bronchi and then stops
where do the goblet cells extend down to in the lungs?
they extend down to the larger bronchioles, but not into the terminal bronchioles
what is the superior vena cava derived from?
the common cardinal veins
which two veins join to form the SVC?
the right and left braciocephalic veins
do capsofungans inhibit the fungi cell WALL or cell MEMBRANE?
cell WALL
how do azoles exert their antifungal effects?
they suppress the synthesis of ergosterol
which part of the immune system is important for getting rid of legionella pneumonia?
cell-mediated immune system since legionella is intracellular
During which stage of sleep does sleep walking occur?
N3
During which stage of sleep does does night terrors occur?
N3
The largest percentage of sleep is spent in which stage?
N2
