Day 7 June 27 Flashcards
How do osteocytes in concentric lamella of bone communicate?
via GAP junctions (which go through the canaliculi in the bone)
inheritance of PKU ?
autosomal recessive
Which enzyme is deficient in PKU?
phenylalanine hydroxylase
explain eosinophils role against parasites?
When a parasite is in the body, IgA and igG antibodies bind to it’s surface. Eosinophils bind to the Fc portion and secrete major basic protein and ROS to destroy the parasite.
Which cytokine attracts eosinophils?
IL-5 produced by Th2 mast cells
TAP. protiens =
transporter associated with antigen processing proteins
explain the role of TAP proteins
When a cell degrades pathogen proteins in the proteosome, some of the remaining fragments are transported to the ER by TAP proteins, and loaded onto MHC I molecules, which are then transported to the surface of the cell to activate cytotoxic t cells.
how do TAP mutations present?
frequent respiratory infections, ulcerative and granulomatous skin lesions
NORMAL levels of B cells, t cells, and immunoglobulins
inheritance of lesch nehan?
X linked recessive
why do anovulatory cycles occur in PCOS?
excess androgens prevent development of a monthly follicle
menstrual abnormalities in PCOS lead to a decrease in what hormone?
progesterone
chronic consequences of decreased progesterone?
Progesterone normally has inhibitory effects on endometrial growth and counters estrogen-driven growth. Decreased progesterone means people with PCOS are at increased risk of endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma
What causes PCOS ?
increased activity of 17-alpha-hydroxylase, 17-20-lyase, and 3B-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase ->increased androgens
The alpha unit of hCG is structurally similar to…
LH
What is menotropin?
Human menopausal gonadotropin - therapy that mimics FSH to develop a follicle (you can then follow this by giving hCG to mimic an LH surge)
which enzyme is inhibited by PTU and methimazole?
thyroid peroxidase
in addition to inhibiting thyroid peroxidase, PTU also…
inhibits peripheral conversion of T4 to T3
how long must separation anxiety last for to be classified as separation anxiety disroder, in 1. children, and 2. adults?
Children - 4 weeks
Adults - 6 months
the superficial inguinal ring is a physiological opening in…
the external oblique aponeurosis
where does the cremasteric muscle arise from?
the internal oblique muscle
where does the external spermatic fascia arise from?
external oblique
where does the internal spermati fascia arise from?
transversalis fascia
which receptor does the rabies virus act on?
acetylcholine nicotinic receptor
which receptor does CMV act on?
cellular integrins - replicates in endothelial cells
which receptor does EBV act on?
CR2 (aka CD21) (found on B lymphocytes)
presentation of rabies infection
Initial flu like prodrome, with parasthesias radiating from the bite site.
Days to weeks later the virus moves retrograde to the CNS and causes encephalitis, which presents with painful pharyngeal spasms, mental status change, muscular rigidity and autonomic dysfunction
how does UVA effect the skin?
penetrates deeper skin and causes ROS
- effects transcription factors, leading to increased collagenases that degrade collagen and elastin
- and leads to decreased collagen fibril production
when do black pigmented gallstones occur?
when there is chronic hemolysis -increased unconjugated bilirubin
what causes brown pigmented gallstones?
biliary tract infections
name two osmotic laxatives
magnesium citrate, polyethylene glycol
treatment for HSV encephalitis
IV acyclovir
first generation antihistamines and other anticholinergic drugs should be avoided in…
elder patients due to increased risk of confusion, hallucination , dizziness, dry mouth, constipation, etc.
what is diphenhydramine?
a first gen antihistamine
pathophys of neuronal injury in diabetes mellitus
- non enzymatic glycosylation of tissue proteins leads to hyalinization of endoneurial arterioles -> narrowed lumen and ischemic nerve damage
- intracellular hyperglycemia leads to increased metabolism of glucose into sorbital in peripheral nerves which promotes oxidative stress
