Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Test reviews DEDICATED > Thurs July 9 > Flashcards

Thurs July 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what do neural crest cells give rise to in the intestines?

A

the submucosal (Meissners) and myenteric (Aurbachs plexus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the timeline of neural crest migration in the intestines, during embryo?

A

they present in the proximal colon at 8 weeks and are in the rectum by 12 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the treatment for an ACUTE episode of gout?

A

NSAIDS, but if contraindicated, colchicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what treatments are given for CHRONIC GOUT?

A

probenicid and allopurinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does probenecid work?

A

inhibits tubular reabsorption of uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is homocysteine broken down into?

A

Homocysteine -> cystathione -> cysteine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what condition results from a defect in cystathionine synthase?

A

homocystinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what cofactor is required for cystathionine synthase?

A

B6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does homocystinuria present?

A

hypercoagulability, ectopia lentis and intellectual disability, fair complexion and marfanoid habitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

why may obese women have increased estrogens after menopause?

A

small amounts of androgens are still produced from the ovaries (normal), and in obese women these are converted to estrogens in adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does peripheral resistance change in someone with hypovolemic shock?

A

it is high due to sympathetic activation to try to maintain blood pressure. It also shifts blood towards vital organs and helps blood return to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does a pineal gland tumour present?

A

Obstructive hydrocephalus and

Parinaud syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is parinaud syndrome?

A

Limited upward gaze (preferentially looks down), bilateral lid retraction, and light-near dissociation (pupils that accomodate but dont react to light)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

which zone in the liver is effected by viral hepatitis?

A

zone I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which zone in the liver is effected by yellow fever?

A

zone II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which zone in the liver is the first to be affected by ischemia?

A

zone III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which zone in the liver has the highest CYP450 concentration?

A

zone III

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

which enzyme converts tyrosine to DOPA?

A

tyrosine hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what enzyme converts DOPA to dopamine?

A

dopa decarboxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

which enzyme converts dopamine to NE?

A

dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what enzyme converts norepinephrine to epinephrine?

A

PNMT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

which hormone increases the enzyme PNMT?

A

cortisol (thus increases production of epinephrine)

23
Q

what is the most common type of thyroid cancer?

A

papillary

24
Q

how will papillary carcinoma appear on biospy?

A

cells with ‘orphan annie eyes’, cytoplasmic inclusions/grooves, and possibly psammoma bodies

25
Q

how does anaplastic thyroid cancer appear on biopsy?

A

Pleomorphic cells including irregular giant cells and biphasic spindle cells

26
Q

chronic pancreatitis can lead to a thombus is which vein?

A

the splenic vein - runs posteriorly to the pancreas

27
Q

if there is a thrombus in the splenic vein, the drainage of which other veins are compromised?

A

the short gastric veins which drain the fundus of the stomach and drain into the splenic vein

28
Q

side effects of nitrates?

A

headaches, cutaneous flushing, lightheadedness, hypotension and reflex tacycardia

29
Q

what is jervell and lange-nielson disorder?

A

autosomal recessive disorder characterized by sensorineural hearing loss and QT prolongation

30
Q

mutations in which channel can result to a prolonged QT?

A

voltage gated K channels

31
Q

what type of genetic material does zika virus have?

A

ss RNA

32
Q

what family does zika virus belong to?

A

flavivirus

33
Q

how is the zika virus spread?

A

via the bite of the aedes mosquito, but infected persons can spread it via genital secretions

34
Q

what cells does the zika virus target in a growing fetus?

A

neuroprogenitor cells

35
Q

presentation of congenital zika virus?

A

microcephaly
craniofacial disproportion
neurological abnormalities (calcification, ventriculomegaly, cortical thinning)
ocular abnormalities

36
Q

does rh disease occur in the first pregnancy?

A

no

37
Q

can hemolytic disease of the fetus or newborn occur in the first pregnancy?

A

yes - anti-A and anti-B are formed throughout life from exposure to antigens in food, from bacteria, etc.

38
Q

when a mother with blood type A or B forms anti B or A antibodies, what type of antibody are they?

A

ig-M

therefore do not cross the placenta

39
Q

when a mother with blood type O forms anti B or A antibodies, what type are they?

A

igM and igG - therefore can cross the placenta

40
Q

what is female sexual interest/arousal disorder?

A

a disorder characterized by a lack of or significantly reduced sexual interest/arousal, with normal lubrication/orgasm ability

Must rule out other physical and mental causes

41
Q

what are the two types of age-related macular degeneration?

A

dry and wet

42
Q

how does dry age-related macular degeneration present?

A

gradual vision loss in one or both eyes

43
Q

how does wet age-related macular degeneration present?

A

acute vision loss with metamorphopsia (distortion of straight lines)

44
Q

how to treat patients with age-related macular degeneration?

A

both dry and wet: antioxidants and smoking cessation

wet - VEGF inhibitors

45
Q

explain the pathway of golgi tendon organs when they sense too much muscle tension?

A

the golgi tendon organs, when sensing too much tension, are associated with Ib sensory axons, that then synapse in the spinal cord with interneurons, which synapse onto alpha motor neurons -> muscle relaxation

46
Q

what chromosomes are present in someone with klinefelters?

A

XXY

47
Q

what hormone changes are found in someone with klinefelters, as a result of hypogonadism?

A

increased FSH and LH (due to no negative feedback from inhibit/testostone), decreased testosterone and absent sperm count

48
Q

which bacteria is described as pear shaped?

A

trichomonas

49
Q

which bacteria is characterized by having clue cells on wet mount?

A

Gardnerella vaginosis

50
Q

what are clue cells?

A

epithelial cells covered with gram variable rods

51
Q

what is metaclopramide?

A

dopamine receptor blocker

52
Q

what is diphenhydramine?

A

an antihistamine that can be administered with dopamine blockers to prevent motor side effects

53
Q

what is canafligozin?

A

SGLT2 inhibitor

Test reviews DEDICATED (70 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions