SUFFIXES Flashcards

Question

-tus

Answer 1

Forms ACTION NOUNS "OF BEING" -tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension. (It does) - (it is being a) Forms action nouns from verbs. cadō + ‎-tus → ‎casus habeō (“I have, posses, have on, carry, wear”) + ‎-tus → ‎habitus (“a state or condition of being, physical character, demeanour, style of dress”) sūmō (“I spend [time, effort, money, etc.]”) + ‎-tus → ‎sumptus (“expenditure”)

Answer 2

ACTION NOUNS -τῡ́ς • (-tū́s) m (genitive -τῠ́ος); third declension Suffix forming nouns of action. Example From the root of ἔδω (édō), Epic form of ἐσθίω (esthíō, “eat”), +‎ -τύς (-tús, suffix for noun of action). ἐδητῡ́ς • (edētū́s) m (genitive ἐδητῠ́ος); third declension (Epic) EATING He is eating.

Answer 3

ABSTRACT NOUNS -σῠ́νη • (-súnē) m (genitive -σῠ́νης); first declension Forms abstract nouns from adjectives or nouns δῐ́καιος (díkaios, “just”) + ‎-σῠ́νη (-súnē) → ‎δῐκαιοσύνη (dikaiosúnē, “justice”) μᾰ́ντις (mántis, “diviner”) + ‎-οσῠ́νη (-osúnē) → ‎μαντοσύνη (mantosúnē, “divination”) μνήμων (mnḗmōn, “remembering”) + ‎-οσῠ́νη (-osúnē) → ‎μνημοσύνη (mnēmosúnē, “memory”) σώφρων (sṓphrōn, “prudent”) + ‎-σῠ́νη (-súnē) → ‎σωφροσύνη (sōphrosúnē, “prudence”)

Answer 4

ADJECTIVE - (of or pertaining to) -ānus m (feminine -āna, neuter -ānum); first/second declension Of or pertaining to; -ian; usually indicates a relationship of position, possession, or origin. Usage notes Edit The suffix -ānus is added to a noun stem (particularly proper nouns) to form an adjective. Examples: mōns (“mountain”) → montānus (“montane, of the mountains”) pāgus (“village”) → pāgānus (“rustic, of a village”) Rōma (“Rome”) → rōmānus (“Roman”) Christus (“Christ”) → christiānus (“christian”) It is frequently preceded by the noun stem followed by -i- except in the case of Latin nouns (typically borrowed from Greek) ending -e- or -ae-, where it is preceded by -e- instead.

Answer 5

AGENT NOUN Creates an agent noun, indicating a person who does something. (electrical science) Appended to the names of members of classes of components, especially those that have an extensive property name of the same root suffixed with -ance Resistors possess resistance and inductors possess inductance.

Answer 6

STATIVE CONDITION NOUN FROM VERB Added to the stem of a verb to form a noun indicating a state or condition, such as result or capacity, associated with the verb. A process or action. Utterance Disturbance Compliance Resistance

Answer 7

ABSTRACT NOUN Forms abstract nouns denoting a state or condition from adjectives or nouns. -ia f (plural -ie) allegro (“cheerful”, “happy”) + ‎-ia → ‎allegria (“joy”, “happiness”) tiranno (“tyrant”) + ‎-ia → ‎tirannia (“tyranny”) Derives abstract nouns denoting a collective group or a social condition compagno (“companion”) + ‎-ia → ‎compagnia (“company”) borghese (“bourgeois”) + ‎-ia → ‎borghesia (“bourgeoisie”) Added to ethnonyms to derive place names andaluso (“Andalusian”) + ‎-ia → ‎Andalusia (“Andalusia”) Used to derive technical and scientific terms, especially from Ancient Greek terms. -ia ``` Used to form an abstract noun, usually from an adjective or a present participle stem. ignāvus + ‎-ia → ‎ignāvia dēmens + ‎-ia → ‎dēmentia opulentus + ‎-ia → ‎opulentia fācundus + ‎-ia → ‎fācundia mīles + ‎-ia → ‎mīlitia custōs + ‎-ia → ‎custōdia ``` -ία • (-ía) f added to an adjective to create a noun denoting a country: Γάλλος (Gállos, “French”) + ‎-ία (-ía) → ‎Γαλλία (Gallía, “France”) Τούρκος (Toúrkos, “Turk”) + ‎-ία (-ía) → ‎Τουρκία (Tourkía, “Turkey”) Άγγλος (Ánglos, “English”) + ‎-ία (-ía) → ‎Αγγλία (Anglía, “England”)

Answer 8

FEMININE ABSTRACT NOUN Added to stems of adjectives, or rarely to the stems of verbs, to form feminine abstract nouns. -ῐ́ᾱ • (-íā) f (genitive -ῐ́ᾱς); first declension

Answer 9

NOUN OF ACTION - ONE WHO ACTS THE RESULT OF AN ACTION From Latin suffix -iō (genitive -iōnis), appended to a perfect passive participle to form a noun of action. ``` -ion (non-productive) an action or process, or the result of an action or process fermentation, indentation, consumption (non-productive) a state or condition intoxication ```

Answer 10

PROCESS NOUN ``` An action or process hibernation The result of an action or process accumulation A state or quality exhilaration ```

Answer 11

FORNS NOUNS OF ACTION OR RESULT (Vulgar Latin) Form of -tiō appended to nouns gradus + ‎-ātiō → ‎gradātiō cor + ‎-ātiō → ‎*corātiō -tiō f (genitive -tiōnis); third declension -tion, -ation, -ing; used to form a noun relating to some action or the result of an action. dictātiō (“a dictating, dictation”), from dictātum, supine of dictō (“I dictate”) quadripartītiō (“a division into four parts”), from quadripartītum, supine of quadripartiō (“I divide in four parts”)

Answer 12

capable of, fit for, fit to be

Answer 13

Originally from Old French en- (also an-), from Latin in- (“in, into”); but also from an alteration of in-, from Middle English in-, from Old English in- (“in, into”), from Proto-Germanic *in (“in”). Both the Latin and the Germanic forms are from Proto-Indo-European *en (“in, into”). Intensive use of Old French en-, an- is due to confluence with Frankish *an- (intensive prefix), related to Old English on- (intensive prefix). More at in-, on-. Prefix Edit en- in, into, on, onto covered caused as an intensifier

Answer 14

From Middle English un-, from Old English un-, from Proto-Germanic *un-, from Proto-Indo-European *n̥-. Cognate with Scots un-, on- (“un-”), North Frisian ün-, Saterland Frisian uun-, West Frisian ûn-, on-, Dutch on-, Low German un-, on-, German un-, Danish u-, Swedish o-, Norwegian u-, Icelandic ó-. More distant cognate with Latin in-, Ancient Greek ἀ- (a-) (whence English a-, modern Greek α- (a-)) and Sanskrit अ- (a-). Doublet of in- and a-. Prefix Edit un- ``` (added to adjectives or past participles) not unannounced — “not being announced” uneducated — “not educated” unattractive — “not attractive” unconstitutional — “not constitutional” (added to nouns) absent; lacking; not; negative ungrace (“lack of grace, gracelessness”) unrest (“a lack of rest (peace); war”) unhope (“despair”) unfriend (“enemy”) unrepair unluck (“misfortune”) unnova uncertainty (“lack or absence of certainty”) ```

Answer 15

Proto-Indo-European/ -st *(ḗ)-st Forms perfective verbs from roots.

Answer 16

Handsome - loathsome - worksome -sum From Proto-Germanic *-samaz (“same as”). Akin to Old Frisian -sum, Old High German -sam, Old Norse -samr, Gothic -sams, -sama ("same as"), Old English sam (“whether", "or”), Old English same.

Answer 17

SAME AS characterized by some specific condition or quality; same as

Answer 18

VERBS -ῐ́ζω • (-ízō) Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs. Used to form verbs from proper nouns of cities, demonyms, to denote: -ῐ́ζω • (-ízō) To be doing what the noun implies. Or to adopt the cultural behaviors of a city. Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs. καθαρός - Clean, pure. καθαρίζω - To be cleansing oneself.

Answer 19

RECIPIENT OF AN ACTION -ee word-forming element in legal English (and in imitation of it), representing the Anglo-French -é ending of past participles used as nouns (compare -y (3)). As these sometimes were coupled with agent nouns in -or, the two suffixes came to be used as a pair to denote the initiator and the recipient of an action.

Answer 20

PAST PARTICIPLE -y (1) noun suffix, in army, city, country, etc., from Old French -e, Latin -atus, -atum, past participle suffix of certain verbs, which in French came to be used to indicate "employment, office, dignity" (as in duché, clergié).

Answer 21

ADJECTIVE (characterized by) -y (2) adjective suffix, "full of or characterized by," from Old English -ig, from Proto-Germanic *-iga- source also of Dutch, Danish, German -ig, Gothic -egs), from PIE -(i)ko-, adjectival suffix, cognate with elements in Greek -ikos, Latin -icus (see -ic). Originally added to nouns in Old English; used from 13c. with verbs, and by 15c. even with other adjectives (for example crispy).

Answer 22

ABSTRACT NOUN (state, character, quality) -y (4) suffix indicating state, condition, or quality; also activity or the result of it (as in victory, history, etc.), via Anglo-French and Old French é, from Latin -ia, Greek -ia, from PIE *-a-, suffix forming abstract or collective nouns. It is etymologically identical with -ia and the second element in -cy, -ery, -logy, etc.

Answer 23

-ia word-forming element in names of countries, diseases, and flowers, from Latin and Greek -ia, noun ending, in Greek especially used in forming abstract nouns (typically of feminine gender); see -a (1). The classical suffix in its usual evolution (via French -ie) comes to Modern English as -y (as in familia/family, also -logy, -graphy). Compare -cy.

Answer 24

Used to form nouns of state, condition or quality. -cy abstract noun suffix of quality or rank, from Latin -cia, -tia, from Greek -kia, -tia, from abstract ending -ia (see -ia) + stem ending -c- or -t-. The native correspondents are -ship, -hood. -cy (non-productive) Used to form nouns of state, condition or quality e.g. obstinacy. (non-productive) Used to form nouns of rank or office e.g. abbacy. In sense of a state, a condition, often replaces a terminal -t, as in pregnancy (from pregnant). Exceptions include normalcy (no terminal -t in normal) and bankruptcy (terminal -t in bankrupt retained). -cy (non-productive) Used to form nouns of state, condition or quality e.g. obstinacy. (non-productive) Used to form nouns of rank or office e.g. abbacy.

Answer 25

ABSTRACT NOUN (quality or condition) -ship word-forming element meaning "quality, condition; act, power, skill; office, position; relation between," Middle English -schipe, from Old English -sciepe, Anglian -scip "state, condition of being," from Proto-Germanic *-skepi- (cognates: Old Norse -skapr, Danish -skab, Old Frisian -skip, Dutch -schap, German -schaft), from *skap- "to create, ordain, appoint," from PIE root *(s)kep-, forming words meaning "to cut, scrape, hack" (see shape (v.)).

Answer 26

-hood word-forming element meaning "state or condition of being," from Old English -had "condition, quality, position" (as in cildhad "childhood," preosthad "priesthood," werhad "manhood"), cognate with German -heit/-keit, Dutch -heid, Old Frisian and Old Saxon -hed, all from Proto-Germanic *haidus "manner, quality," literally "bright appearance," from PIE (s)kai- (1) "bright, shining" (Cognates: Sanskrit ketu "brightness, appearance"). Originally a free-standing word (see hade); in Modern English it survives only in this suffix.

Answer 27

-ery word-forming element making nouns meaning "place for, art of, condition of, quantity of," from Middle English -erie, from Latin -arius (see -ary). Also sometimes in modern colloquial use "the collectivity of" or "an example of."

Answer 28

-ary adjective and noun word-forming element, in most cases from Latin -arius, -aria, -arium "connected with, pertaining to; the man engaged in," from PIE relational adjective suffix *-yo- "of or belonging to." The neuter of the adjectives in Latin also were often used as nouns (solarium "sundial," vivarium, honorarium, etc.). It appears in words borrowed from Latin in Middle English. In later borrowings from Latin to French, it became -aire and passed into Middle English as -arie, subsequently -ary.

Answer 29

-μᾰ • (-ma) n (genitive -μᾰτος); third declension Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action. γράφω (gráphō, “write”) → γράμμα (grámma, “that which is written”) σχίζω (skhízō, “divide”) → σχίσμα (skhísma, “that which is divided”) ἀθλέω (athléō, “compete”) → ἄθλημα (áthlēma, “a contest”) ἀθύρω (athúrō, “play”) → ἄθυρμα (áthurma, “a toy”) -μα • (-ma) n added to a verb form to create gerund and action nouns: καπνίζω (kapnízo, “to smoke”) + ‎-μα (-ma) → ‎κάπνισμα (kápnisma, “smoking”) ζεσταίνω (zestaíno, “to heat up”) + ‎-μα (-ma) → ‎ζέσταμα (zéstama, “warming up”) τελειώνω (teleióno, “to end”) + ‎-μα (-ma) → ‎τελείωμα (teleíoma, “ending”) ανοίγω (anoígo, “to open”) + ‎-μα (-ma) → ‎άνοιγμα (ánoigma, “opening”)

Answer 30

GERUND -ιμο • (-imo) n added to a verb form to create gerund nouns: τρέχω (trécho, “to run”) + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎τρέξιμο (tréximo, “running”) φταίω (ftaío, “to be at fault”) + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎φταίξιμο (ftaíximo, “blame”) σφάζω (sfázo, “to slaughter”) + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎σφάξιμο (sfáximo, “slaughter”) ντύνω (dýno, “to dress”) + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎ντύσιμο (dýsimo, “dressing”) φτύνω (ftýno, “to spit”) + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎φτύσιμο (ftýsimo, “spitting”) γράφω (gráfo, “to write”) +‎ -ιμο (-imo) Noun Edit γράψιμο • (grápsimo) n (plural γραψίματα) writing (written letters or symbols that express some meaning) hand (style of penmanship), handwriting. ``` Etymology Edit κλάνω (kláno, “to fart”) +‎ -ιμο (-imo) Pronunciation Edit IPA(key): /ˈklasimo/ Hyphenation: κλά‧σι‧μο Noun Edit κλάσιμο • (klásimo) n (plural κλασίματα) (colloquial, vulgar) farting (the act of farting) Το κλάσιμο μπροστά στους άλλους είναι αγενές. ― To klásimo brostá stous állous eínai agenés. ― Farting in front of others is rude. ``` ``` Etymology Edit ντύνω (dýno, “to dress”) +‎ -ιμο (-imo) Noun Edit ντύσιμο • (dýsimo) n (plural ντυσίματα) outfit, clothing, rig out upholstery, covering ``` ``` πλέκω (pléko, “to knit”) +‎ -ιμο (-imo) Noun Edit πλέξιμο • (pléximo) n (plural πλεξίματα) knitting (the process and activity) της αρέσει το πλέξιμο (she likes knitting) ``` Etymology Edit πλένω (pléno, “to wash”) +‎ -ιμο (-imo) ``` Pronunciation Edit IPA(key): /ˈplisimo/ Hyphenation: πλύ‧σι‧μο Noun Edit πλύσιμο • (plýsimo) n (plural πλυσίματα) washing, cleaning (using water, etc to clean something) ``` Etymology Edit πρήζω (prízo, “to swell, to bloat”) +‎ -ιμο (-imo) Pronunciation Edit IPA(key): /ˈpɾiksimo/ Hyphenation: πρή‧ξι‧μο Noun Edit πρήξιμο • (príximo) n (plural πρηξίματα) swelling, edema (abnormally swollen part of the body) Έχει πρήξιμο στο πρόσωπο από τσίμπημα σφήκας. ― Échei príximo sto prósopo apó tsímpima sfíkas. ― He has a swelling on the face from a wasp sting. σφάζω (sfázo, “to slaughter”) +‎ -ιμο (-imo) Noun Edit σφάξιμο • (sfáximo) n (plural σφαξίματα) slaughter (of animal) Etymology Edit φέρομαι (féromai, “to behave a certain way”) +‎ -ιμο (-imo) Noun Edit φέρσιμο • (férsimo) n (plural φερσίματα) manner, behaviour (UK), behavior (US), demeanour (UK), demeanor (US)

Answer 31

FORMS ABSTRACT NOUNS FROM VERBS -σῐς (Abstract noun resulting from a previous action) Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process ``` -τις • (-tis) Earlier form of of -σις (Abstract noun resulting from a previous action) Retained after dentals δ, θ, σ, τ. *πιθ-τις > πῐ́στῐς (pístis) ______________________________ ``` -σῐς • (-sis) f (genitive -σεως or -σῐος or -σηος); third declension Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process. _______________________________ -σῐς Forms abstract Nouns from verbs. -τις Proto-Indo-European/-tis *(é)-tis f Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots. __________________________ θάλψις From θάλπω (thálpō, “to warm up, to heat”) +‎ -σῐς (-sis). θάλψῐς • (thálpsis) f (genitive θάλψεως); third declension A warming, a fomenting. A cherishing. σέβομαι • (sébomai) to feel awe or fear before God, especially when about to do something disgraceful; to feel shame, religious awe. σέβασῐς • (sébasis) f (genitive σεβάσεως); third declension reverence. μᾰσάομαι • (masáomai) to chew. μάσησις (másēsis, “chewing”) αἰνέω • (ainéō) (poetic, Ionic) (transitive) I tell of, speak of. αἴνεσῐς • (aínesis) f (genitive αἰνέσεως); third declension praise. ``` δάκνω • (dáknō) to bite. δῆξῐς • (dêxis) f (genitive δήξεως); third declension bite, biting mental anguish biting joke ```

Answer 32

-τις • (-tis) Earlier form of of -σις (-sis), retained after dentals δ, θ, σ, τ *πιθ-τις > πῐ́στῐς (pístis) From πείθω (peíthō, “I persuade”) +‎ -τις (-tis). πῐ́στῐς • (pístis) f (genitive πῐ́στεως or πῐ́στῐος); third declension trust in others, faith belief in a higher power, faith the state of being persuaded of something: belief, confidence, assurance trust in a commercial sense: credit faithfulness, honesty, trustworthiness, fidelity that which gives assurance: treaty, oath, guarantee means of persuasion: argument, proof that which is entrusted

Answer 33

-ate Characterized by the quality or property. (in adjectives) having the specified thing lobate — “having lobes” (in adjectives) characterized by the specified thing Italianate — “characterized by Italian features” (in adjectives) resembling the specified thing palmate — “resembling the palm” (in nouns) a thing characterised by the specified thing apostate — “one who is characterized by dissent” (in nouns) a rank or office rabbinate — “the office of a rabbi” (chemistry, in nouns) a derivative of a specified element or compound; especially a salt or ester of an acid whose name ends in -ic acetate — “a salt or ester of acetic acid” (in verbs) to act in the specified manner formulate — “to act by putting (something) in a formula” -ātus m (feminine -āta, neuter -ātum); first/second declension -ed, -ate, -like. Used to form adjectives from nouns indicating the possession of a thing or a quality. barba (“beard”) → barbātus (“bearded, having a beard”) rēticulum (“small net”) → rēticulātus (“reticulated, net-like”) albus (“white”) → albātus (“clothed in white”) ______________________________ -ate (1) word-forming element used in forming nouns from Latin words ending in -atus, -atum (such as estate, primate, senate). Those that came to English via Old and Middle French often arrived with -at, but an -e was added after c. 1400 to indicate the long vowel. The suffix also can mark adjectives formed from Latin past participals in -atus, -ata (such as desolate, moderate, separate); again, they often were adopted in Middle English as -at, with an -e appended after c. 1400. _____________________________________ -ate (2) verbal suffix for Latin verbs in -are, identical with -ate (1). Old English commonly made verbs from adjectives by adding a verbal ending to the word (such as gnornian "be sad, mourn," gnorn "sad, depressed"), but as the inflections wore off English words in late Old and early Middle English, there came to be no difference between the adjective and the verb in dry, empty, warm, etc. Thus accustomed to the identity of adjectival and verbal forms of a word, the English, when they began to expand their Latin-based vocabulary after c. 1500, simply made verbs from Latin past-participial adjectives without changing their form (such as aggravate, substantiate) and it became the custom that Latin verbs were Englished from their past participle stems. _____________________________________ -ate (3) in chemistry, word-forming element used to form the names of salts from acids in -ic; from Latin -atus, -atum, suffix used in forming adjectives and thence nouns; identical with -ate (1). The substance formed, for example, by the action of acetic acid (vinegar) on lead was described in the 18th century as plumbum acetatum, i.e. acetated lead. Acetatum was then taken as a noun meaning "the acetated (product)," i.e. acetate. [W.E. Flood, "The Origins of Chemical Names," London, 1963]

Answer 34

-ātus m (feminine -āta, neuter -ātum); first/second declension -ed, -ate, -like. Used to form adjectives from nouns indicating the possession of a thing or a quality. barba (“beard”) → barbātus (“bearded, having a beard”) rēticulum (“small net”) → rēticulātus (“reticulated, net-like”) albus (“white”) → albātus (“clothed in white”)

Answer 35

-tus m (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second declension Forms the past participle of verbs. Forms adjectives having the sense provided with. iūs (“law, legality; equity, the right, justice”) → iūstus (“lawful, legal; equitable, rightful, just”) onus (“a burden or load, especially one excessive in magnitude”) → onustus (“heavily laden”, “burdened”, “overencumbered by a load”) Usage notes Edit The stem may be modified in some unpredictable ways when this suffix is attached: A stem-final b or g is devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is lengthened. A stem-final qu is also delabialised, giving c. agō (“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus scrībō (“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus coquō (“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus The stem may be modified in some unpredictable ways when this suffix is attached: A stem-final b or g is devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is lengthened. A stem-final qu is also delabialised, giving c. agō (“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus scrībō (“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus coquō (“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus A stem-final v behaves differently depending on which Proto-Italic consonant it developed from. If it developed from Proto-Italic w, it becomes u (forming a diphthong or long ū), and if it developed from gʷ, it becomes c. A stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is then simplified to -sus when not preceded by a short vowel. cadō (“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus A stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus. mergō (“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus A stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively. currō (“run”) + ‎-tus → ‎cursus When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the final vowel of the stem may be retained or dropped. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes i for many 2nd conjugation verbs: errō (errā-) (“wander”) + ‎-tus → ‎errātus moneō (“warn”) + ‎-tus → ‎monitus. habitus m (feminine habita, neuter habitum); first/second declension retained, maintained, having been maintained (by extension) well-kept; stout, fleshy, burly Inflection. From Latin habitus (“habit”), from habeō (“have; maintain”). habitus m (plural habitussen) manner, behaviour. From Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots). Cognate with Latin -tus, as in habitus (“demeanor”).

Answer 36

*(é)-tus m Derives action nouns from verb roots.

Answer 37

-τῡ́ς • (-tū́s) m (genitive -τῠ́ος); third declension. Suffix forming nouns of action. Exp. (eat)= eating. From the root of ἔδω (édō), Epic form of ἐσθίω (esthíō, “eat”), +‎ -τύς (-tús, suffix for noun of action). ἐδητῡ́ς • (edētū́s) m (genitive ἐδητῠ́ος); third declension (Epic) food, or eating. Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂tos *-eh₂tos Forms adjectives from nouns, indicating the possession of a thing or a quality.

Answer 38

Creates verbal adjectives from verb stems. From *ǵenh₁- (“to beget, to give birth”) +‎ *-tós. *ǵn̥h₁tós (non-ablauting) begotten, produced. ``` Proto-Indo-European/h₁itós *h₁ey- (imperfective) to go *h₁itós (non-ablauting) passable. ``` From *bʰeyd- (“to split”) +‎ *-tós. *bʰidtós (non-ablauting) split, cloven. ``` Proto-Indo-European/ bʰudʰtós From *bʰewdʰ- (“to be awake”) +‎ *-tós. *bʰudʰtós (non-ablauting) aware. Proto-Indo-European/bʰewdʰ- to be awake, be aware. Compare Greek - πῠνθάνομαι • (punthánomai) I learn. ``` Proto-Indo-European/ dh₃tós *deh₃- (“give”) +‎ *-tós *dh₃tós given.

Answer 39

-τήρ was • (-tḗr) m (genitive -τῆρος); third declension Added to verb stems to form masculine agent nouns δίδωμι - give δωτήρ - giver καθίημι - descend ἵστημι - stand, in balance στατήρ - a weight δίδωμι (dídōmi, “(δω-, weak stem δο- to give”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎δωτήρ, δοτήρ (dōtḗr, dotḗr, “a giver”) καθίημι (kathíēmi, “to let down, descend”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎καθετήρ (kathetḗr, “anything let down into”) κλύζω (klúzō, “to wash, cleanse”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎κλυστήρ (klustḗr, “a clyster-pipe, syringe”) ἵστημι (hístēmi, “(weak stem στα- to stand”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎στατήρ (statḗr, “a weight”) χαράσσω (kharássō, “(χαράκ-j- to engrave”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎χαρακτήρ (kharaktḗr, “an engraver”)

Answer 40

the doing of the noun or adjective to which it is attached. word-forming element used to make verbs, Middle English -isen, from Old French -iser, from Late Latin -izare, from Greek -izein, a verb-forming element denoting the doing of the noun or adjective to which it is attached. ``` Cowardice Advertise Supervise Devise Chastise Jaundice ```

Answer 41

Added to stems of adjectives, or rarely to the stems of verbs, to form feminine abstract nouns. Example From ἐλεύθερος ("free”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (-dom) ἐλευθερία = Freedom, liberty -ία • (-ía) f added to an adjective to create a noun denoting a country: Γάλλος (Gállos, “French”) + ‎-ία (-ía) → ‎Γαλλία (Gallía, “France”) Τούρκος (Toúrkos, “Turk”) + ‎-ία (-ía) → ‎Τουρκία (Tourkía, “Turkey”) Άγγλος (Ánglos, “English”) + ‎-ία (-ía) → ‎Αγγλία (Anglía, “England”)

Answer 42

Forms Adjectives from Nouns -ālis m, f (neuter -āle); third declension Used to form adjectives of relationship from nouns or numerals. The suffix -ālis is added to a noun or numeral to form an adjective of relationship to that noun. Examples: duo (“two”) + ‎-alis → ‎duālis (“that contains two”) nātūra (“nature”) + ‎-alis → ‎nātūrālis (“natural”) rēx (“king, ruler”) + ‎-alis → ‎rēgālis (“regal, royal”)

Answer 43

Forms Adjectives from Nouns -āris m, f (neuter -āre); third declension Used to form an adjective, usually from a noun, indicating a relationship or a pertaining to. Usage notes Edit The suffix -āris is added to a noun to form an adjective of relationship to that noun. Examples: mīlitāris (“military, of a soldier”), from mīles (“soldier”) ``` oculāris (“ocular, of the eye”), from oculus (“eye”) ``` sōlāris (“solar, of the sun”), from sōl (“sun”) If the root word or its stem does not contain an l, then the form -ālis generally is used instead. Sometimes both forms are found, e.g. līneālis and līneāris, from līnea (“line”).

Answer 44

Forms verbal adjectives of possibility. -τος • (-tos) m, f (neuter -τον); second declension Creates verbal adjectives of possibility, either active or passive (accented on the ultima, -τός) -τος • (-tos) m, f (neuter -τον); second declension ``` Creates verbal adjectives of possibility, either active or passive (accented on the ultima, -τός) δύναμαι > δυνατός dúnamai > dunatós can > able (active), doable (passive) διαλῡ́ω > διαλυτός dialū́ō > dialutós dissolve > dissoluble Creates perfective passive verbal adjectives (usually accented recessively) διαλῡ́ω > διάλυτος dialū́ō > diálutos dissolve > dissolved Forms adjectives from nouns (accented recessively) δάκρυ > ἀ-δάκρυτος dákru > a-dákrutos tear > tearless ``` From θαυμάζω (thaumázō, “to admire, be surprised at”) +‎ -τος (-tos, adjective suffix). ``` δύναμαι > δυνατός dúnamai > dunatós can > able (active), doable (passive) διαλῡ́ω > διαλυτός dialū́ō > dialutós dissolve > dissoluble Creates perfective passive verbal adjectives (usually accented recessively) διαλῡ́ω > διάλυτος dialū́ō > diálutos dissolve > dissolvable Forms adjectives from nouns (accented recessively) δάκρυ > δάκρυτος dákru > a-dákrutos tear > tearable ```

Answer 45

FROM THERE - (ADVERB) -θεν • (-then) -θεν Added to nouns to form adverbs of place- "from which". "from" also used, like genitive, "with" ____________________________ ἄνωθεν From above ᾰ̓́λλοθεν • (állothen) from another place. ἐκεῖθεν From there from that place, thence. From ἐκεῖ (ekeî, “there”) +‎ -θεν (-then) νειόθεν • (neióthen) (Ionic) from the bottom οἴκοθεν • (oíkothen) from home ποθεν • (pothen) (enclitic) from where, from somewhere ἁμόθεν • (hamóthen) from some place or time _____________________________________ Ancient Greek words suffixed with -θεν ``` Recent additions to the category ἄλλοθεν πρόσθεν ἐγγύθεν ἑτέρωθεν ἀπάνευθε ὅθεν ποθεν ἁμόθεν νειόθεν πόθεν Oldest pages ordered by last edit νειόθεν πόθεν οἴκοθεν ὄπισθεν ἐκεῖθεν ἕωθεν ἁμόθεν ποθεν ὅθεν ἐγγύθεν ```

Answer 46

TO - TOWARDS Forms Adverbs of motion - to, towards. -δε • (-de) Added to a noun, usually in the accusative case, to form an adverb of motion towards: to, for ...; ...-wards ``` Ἀθήνας (Athḗnas), accusative of Ἀθῆναι (Athênai, “Athens”)... +‎ -δε (-de). Ἀθήναζε • (Athḗnaze) to Athens ``` Ἀθῆναι Ἀθήνασ > Athens Ἀθήναζε > to Athens φυγή > φύγᾰδε flight > to flight

Answer 47

IN - AT Forms Adverbs of place or position - (at, in) Ἀθήνησιν > at Athens, in Athens

Answer 48

SHE IS AN ATHENIAN Ἀθηναίᾱ είναι αθηναϊκή Forms - Female inhabitant of Athens. Forms Nominative or Vocative declension Ἀθηναίᾱ • (Athēnaíā) f (genitive Ἀθηναίᾱς); first declension Athena is a beautiful city. Athena! My homeland. Αθηναία • (Athinaía) f (plural Αθηναίες, masculine Αθηναίος or Αθηνιώτης) Athenian (female citizen or inhabitant of Athens) Ἀθηναῖος - "Athenian" of or relating to Athens. Ἀθῆναι - "Athens" Nominative 1st declension. τῶν Ἀθηνῶν - Genitive P. The Athenians' city. ____________________________ He came from Athens. ήρθε από την Αθήνα He went to Athens. πήγε στην Αθήνα.

Answer 49

HE IS AN ATHENIAN Αθηναίος είναι αθηναϊκός Forms - Male inhabitant of Athens. Forms Nominative or Vocative declension Αθηναίος • (Athinaíos) m (plural Αθηναίοι, feminine Αθηναία or Αθηνιώτισσα) Athenian (male citizen or inhabitant of Athens)

Answer 50

Forms - Masculine plural inhabitants of... Αθηναίοι • (Athinaíoi) m Nominative plural form of Αθηναίος (Athinaíos). Vocative plural form of Αθηναίος (Athinaíos).

Answer 51

Forms Dative declension τῇ Ἀθηναίᾳ John is a citizen of Athenia.

Answer 52

Forms Accusative declension τὴν Ἀθηναίᾱν John is an Athenian.

Answer 53

Of or pertaining to...(masculine) He is an Athenian alumni. αθηναϊκός • (athinaïkós) m (feminine αθηναϊκή, neuter αθηναϊκό) Athenian, pertaining to Athens, Greece Η παλιά αθηναϊκή σχολή The old Athenian School

Answer 54

Of or pertaining to... (feminine) She is an Athenian alumni. αθηναϊκή • (athinaïkí) Nominative singular feminine form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós). Accusative singular feminine form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós). Vocative singular feminine form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).

Answer 55

Of or pertaining to...(neuter) It was part of the Athenian school curriculum. αθηναϊκό • (athinaïkó) Accusative singular masculine form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós). Nominative singular neuter form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós). Accusative singular neuter form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós). Vocative singular neuter form of αθηναϊκός (athinaïkós).

Answer 56

TO DO (the noun) *(Ø)-sḱéti Forms durative or iterative imperfective verbs from roots. but with the inchoative suffix -σκω Inchoative suffix -σκω ``` Ongoing verb. Incomplete verb. Iterative verb. Durative verb. Repetitive verb. Habitual verb. Perpetual verb. Cyclic verb. ``` __________________________________________ εὕρηκᾰ - find βρίσκω - to search, to discover. εὑρίσκω - To find, to discover, To happen by chance. πᾰ́θη - suffering, misfortune, happens to... πᾰ́θος - pain, suffering, death, misery, calamity. πᾰ́σχω - to undergo a process of suffering. ἔπᾰθον - I or they suffered. πένθος - grief, sorrow, mourning, misery. ______________________________ Present Tense Incomplete Becoming Primitive suffix used to form present-tense stems, very rarely associated with the inchoative meaning of becoming. ἀρέσκω • (aréskō) to please, satisfy to make amends Possibly from αἴρω (aírō) with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō) αἴρω • (aírō) (Attic) Contracted form of ἀείρω (aeírō, “to lift, remove”) πᾰ́σχω • (páskhō) to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting) (with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner) (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands. (law) to suffer a punishment. (without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner) to feel an emotion or impulse (in negative sense) suffer to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected) εὑρίσκω • (heurískō) I happen upon by chance, find I find out, discover I acquire, fetch, obtain. θνῄσκω • (thnḗiskō) I die; (aorist and perfect) I am dead. χᾰ́σκω • (kháskō) to yawn, gape, open wide. τῐτρώσκω • (titrṓskō) to harm, hurt. μῐμνήσκω • (mimnḗskō) (active) (transitive) To remind [+accusative and genitive = someone of something], put in mind. ___________________________________ ἀρέσκω Upward, Lofty - (To please) ``` μῐμνήσκω Mind a (to mind, to remember) ``` ἁλίσκομαι From *welh₃- To hit, strike. - (to be captured) πάσχω From παθ- (patho- / -gen) πᾰ́θη (in neutral sense) what is done or what happens to a person. (in negative sense) suffering, misfortune. (Generally) All that had happened to him. From πᾰ́σχω (páskhō, “to undergo”) +‎ -η (-ē). From *bʰendʰ- to bind, bond From PIE Root *kʷendʰ- πᾰ́θη - a happening ("to suffer, to endure”)

Answer 57

TO SUFFER - UNDER GO TRIAL πᾰ́σχω • (páskhō) to undergo, experience (as opposed to acting) (with another person involved) have someone do something to oneself, to be treated a certain way by someone (with ὑπό (hupó) and genitive, sometimes with adverb of manner) (in a negative sense) suffer at someone's hands. (law) to suffer a punishment. (without a person involved) to experience something, have something happen to one, undergo something to be in a certain situation (with adverb of manner) to feel an emotion or impulse (in negative sense) suffer to be ill or injured in a certain way (with accusative of part affected)

Answer 58

REMIND - PUT IN MIND - CALL TO MIND μῐμνήσκω • (mimnḗskō) (active) (transitive) To remind [+accusative and genitive = someone of something], put in mind. ``` From Proto-Indo-European *mn̥-eh₂-sḱe-, from the root *men- with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō). Cognates include... μνάομαι (mnáomai, “to be mindful”), Sanskrit अम्नासिषु (amnāsiṣu), मम्नौ (mamnau). ``` *men-[1] to think, mind spiritual activity

Answer 59

TO BE MNDFUL μνάομαι • (mnáomai) to be mindful, remember, come (have) in remembrance to woo, court From Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”). Compare μαίνομαι (maínomai), μιμνήσκω (mimnḗskō), as well as Sanskrit मन्यते (mányate), Old Church Slavonic мьнѣти (mĭněti) and Lithuanian miniu.

Answer 60

TO MAKE AMENDS ἀρέσκω • (aréskō) to please, satisfy to make amends Possibly from αἴρω (aírō) with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō) αἴρω • (aírō) (Attic) Contracted form of ἀείρω (aeírō, “to lift, remove”)

Answer 61

TO BE CAPTURED ἁλίσκομαι • (halískomai) to be captured. From Proto-Indo-European *welh₃-.[1] Later came to have the inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō). *welh₃ to hit, to strike. Maybe from Proto-Indo-European *welh₃- (“to hit”). Cognate with Latin vellō. ``` vulnus n (genitive vulneris); third declension wound, injury. ``` Latin vellō (present infinitive vellere, perfect active vulsī or vellī, supine vulsum); third conjugation I pluck out (feathers etc) I depilate I pull or tear down; I demolish. From Late Latin vulnerābilis (“injurious, wounding”), from Latin vulnerō (“I wound”).

Answer 62

TO TRIAN - TEACH διδάσκω • (didáskō) I teach, instruct, train Synonym: παιδεύω (paideúō) Causative reduplication of ἐδάην (edáēn, “learned, taught”, aorist; not attested in the present) with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō), from Proto-Hellenic *di-dəs-skō, from Proto-Indo-European *dens- (“to use mental force”).

Answer 63

EDUCATE A CHILD παιδεύω • (paideúō) I raise, bring up a child. I train, teach, educate. I chasten, discipline, punish a child.

Answer 64

To do what (X) does. King + -εύω = To Rule. Pronounced - evo -εύω • (-eúō) Added to the stems of agent or other nouns in -εύς (-eús) to form a denominative verb of condition or activity: meaning "be x" or "do what x typically does" βᾰσῐλεύς (basileús, “king”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎βᾰσῐλεύω (basileúō, “to rule”) ᾰ̔λῐεύς (halieús, “fisherman”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎ᾰ̔λῐεύω (halieúō, “to fish”) Added to other nouns βουλή (boulḗ, “plan”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎βουλεύω (bouleúō, “to plan”) παῖς (paîs, “child”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎παιδεύω (paideúō, “to teach”) ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (agorā́, “assembly, marketplace”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎ᾰ̓γορεύω (agoreúō, “to talk”)

Answer 65

-εύς • (-eús) m (genitive -έως); third declension Pronounced - efs Added to noun or adjective stems to form a masculine noun of the person concerned with a thing Added to an ancestor's or place name to form a demonym: -ian Added to verbal stems to form a masculine agent noun: -er _________________________________________ Synonyms (person concerned): -ειᾰ (-eia) (feminine) , -ίς (-ís) (feminine) , -της (-tēs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine) , -ττᾰ (-tta) (feminine) , -σσᾰ (-ssa) (feminine) , -αινᾰ (-aina) (feminine) - (agent noun): -της (-tēs), -τής (-tḗs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine), -τήρ (-tḗr), -τειρᾰ (-teira) (feminine) , -τωρ (-tōr), -τρός (-trós), -τρίᾱ (-tríā) (feminine), -τρίς (-trís) (feminine) - (demonym): -ίς (-ís) (feminine) , -της (-tēs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine) , -ῐος (-ios), -κός (-kós), -ῐκός (-ikós), -ᾱνός (-ānós) -ηνός (-ēnós), -ῖνος (-înos) _________________________________ στείβω (steíbō, “to tread”) and +‎ -εύς (-eús, masculine agentive suffix). A walker, a traveller A fuller From κῆπος (kêpos, “garden”) and +‎ -εύς (-eús, masculine agentive suffix). A gardener

Answer 66

Forms abstract Nouns of resulting process. -σῐς • (-sis) f (genitive -σεως or -σῐος or -σηος); third declension Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process. ______________________________ θάλψῐς • (thálpsis) f (genitive θάλψεως); third declension. Warm - Warming From θάλπω (thálpō, “to warm up, to heat”) +‎ -σῐς (-sis). A warming, a fomenting A cherishing. ------------------- σέβασις Revere - Reverence. σέβομαι (sébomai) +‎ -σῐς (-sis) σέβομαι • (sébomai) to feel awe or fear before God, especially when about to do something disgraceful; to feel shame, religious awe. From Proto-Indo-European *tyegʷ- (“avoid, yield to”). Cognates include Sanskrit त्यक्त (tyaktá, “forsaken, abandoned”) and त्यजति (tyajati, “to forsake, abandon”) and Avestan 𐬌𐬚𐬀𐬌𐬌𐬀𐬘𐬀𐬵-‎ (iθaiiajah-), 𐬌𐬚𐬌𐬌𐬈𐬘𐬀𐬵-‎ (iθiiejah-). σέβασῐς • (sébasis) f (genitive σεβάσεως); third declension reverence. --------------------- ``` μᾰσάομαι • (masáomai) to chew. μᾰσάομαι - to chew μάσημα - something to chew μάσησις - chewing ```

Answer 67

γράφω - write γράμμα - that which is written σχίζω - divide σχίσμα - that which is divided ἀθύρω - play ἄθυρμα - that which is played with κλαίω - cry, weep κλαῦμᾰ - crying or weeping ὕω - I rain ὕσμᾰ - raining πλέκω - I plait, twine, twist, weave, braid, knit πλέγμᾰ - wickerwork, wreaths, anything twined. πλέκομαι - 'To Be' plaited. (passive voice) πλέξιμο - knitting (the process and activity) πλεκτός - "knitted” πλεκτά - n pl 'knitwear, knitted goods' τίλλω - to pluck τίλμᾰ - anything pulled, shredded, or plucked. ῥαντίζω - sprinkle, cleans ceremonially. ῥάντισμᾰ - that which is sprinkled or cleansed. ῥύπτω - to wash, to cleanse. ῥύμμᾰ - soap and water. Dirt from washing. ῥέζω - to dye with ink. ῥέγμᾰ - that which is stained, dyed. κᾰλῠ́πτω - to cover, to conceal, to seal. κάλυμμᾰ - that which does the covering, a hood. ἐνδῠ́ω - I put on (a garment) I wear, I enter. ἔνδυμᾰ - a garment, that which is put on. Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action.

Answer 68

Forms the past participle of verbs. Perfect passive participle of agō (“make, do”). āctus - made, done, having been done. agō (“lead”) + ‎-tus → ‎āctus - done scrībō (“write”) + ‎-tus → ‎scrīptus - written coquō (“cook”) + ‎-tus → ‎coctus - cooked cadō (“fall”) + ‎-tus → ‎cāsus - having fallen mergō (“plunge”) + ‎-tus → ‎mersus - plunged

Answer 69

added to a verb form to create gerund nouns: τρέχω - run + ‎-ιμο → ‎τρέξιμο - running is fun. φταίω - “to be at fault”) + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎φταίξιμο (ftaíximo, “blaming is justice”) σφάζω - “to slaughter” + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎σφάξιμο (sfáximo, “slaughtering is hard work" ντύνω (dýno, “to dress”) + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎ντύσιμο (dýsimo, “dresserer”) φτύνω (ftýno, “to spit”) + ‎-ιμο (-imo) → ‎φτύσιμο (ftýsimo, “spitting”)

Answer 70

STATE OF BEING τόξον (“arrow”) +‎ -της (masculine suffix for person concerned with something) - tās f (genitive -tātis); third declension - ty, -dom, -hood, -ness, -ship; Used to form nouns indicating a state of being. From Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts, Ancient Greek -της (-tēs) Sanskrit -ताति (-tāti). See also -tūs.

Answer 71

FORMS INSTRUMENTAL NOUNS -εῖον • (-eîon) n (genitive -είου); second declension Forms nouns, usually instruments or means of action, from noun-stems. Originally from adjectives in -εῖος (-eîos), formed through a union of a stem vowel ε and -ιος (-ios), usually from stems in -εύς (-eús) (originally *-εϝ-, whence the Ionic diaeresis), and sometimes applied to other stems. -εῖον • (-eîon) n (genitive -είου); second declension Forms nouns, usually instruments or means of action, from noun-stems. __________________________________ μίλτος (míltos, “ruddle”) +‎ -εῖον (-eîon) μιλτεῖον • (milteîon) n (genitive μιλτείου); second declension a vessel for storing ruddle. __________________________________ Hephaestus (Vulcan) (Greek mythology) The god of fire, smithwork, metallurgy, volcanoes, and artisans, who served as blacksmith of the gods. His Roman counterpart is Vulcan. From Ἥφαιστος (Hḗphaistos, “Hephaestus”) +‎ -εῖον (-eîon, “instruments or means of action”). ἡφαιστεῖον • (hēphaisteîon) n (genitive ἡφαιστείου); second declension a volcano. __________________________________ From πόρνη (pórnē, “prostitute”) +‎ -εῖον (-eîon). πορνεῖον • (porneîon) n (genitive πορνείου); second declension brothel. πόρνη • (pórnē) f (genitive πόρνης); first declension female prostitute. From the Proto-Indo-European root *per- (“sell”), which also gave the verb πέρνημι (pérnēmi, “to sell”). From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to sell”); cognate with Latin pars and portiō. πιπράσκω Shortened from πιπεράσκω (piperáskō), reduplicated form of περάω (peráō, “to export for sale”). From πέρα (péra, “beyond”) περᾰ́ω • (peráō) to go from one side to another to pass through over or traverse, cross, esp. over water (intransitive) to penetrate or pierce (of a pointed weapon) __________________________________ Μοῦσᾰ • (Moûsa) f (genitive Μούσης); first declension Muse = Mood = Music From Μοῦσᾰ (Moûsa, “Muse”) +‎ -εῖον (-eîon) From *Μονθια (*Monthia), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to think”) + *dʰeh₁-, whence μανθάνω (manthánō). From *Μοντια (*Montia), from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“to tower; mountain”). Since all the most important cult-centres of the Muses were on mountains or hills. [1] From Proto-Indo-European *mō-, *mē- (“endeavour, will, temper”). Cognate with μαίομαι (maíomai), Latin mōs, English mood. Otherwise, Beekes has Pre-Greek in his disposal. Μουσεῖον • (Mouseîon) n (genitive Μουσείου); second declension the shrine of the Muses, the seat or haunt of the Muses the Museum (a hill at Athens) as the title of a book __________________________________ πανδοκεῖον From πᾰν- (pan-, “all, every”) + δοκ- (dok-), o-grade of the stem of δέχομαι (dékhomai, “to receive”), + -εῖον (-eîon). πανδοκεῖον • (pandokeîon) n (genitive πανδοκείου); second declension inn __________________________________ μνημεῖον From μνήμη (mnḗmē, “memory”) +‎ -εῖον (-eîon), from μνᾰ́ομαι (mnáomai, “I am mindful of”) +‎ -μη (-mē). μνημεῖον • (mnēmeîon) n (genitive μνημείου); second declension. any memorial, remembrance, record of a person or thing. memorial of a dead person; a monument __________________________________ From ἰχθύς (ikhthús, “fish”) +‎ -εῖον (-eîon, “-shop, -market”) ἰχθυεῖον • (ikhthueîon) n (genitive ἰχθύδιον); second declension fish-market. ἰχθῡ́ς • (ikhthū́s) m (genitive ἰχθῠ́ος); third declension fish. (figuratively) stupid person. (plural) Pisces (constellation) ___________________________ βῐβλῐοπώλης (bibliopṓlēs, “bookseller”) +‎ -εῖον (-eîon) βῐβλῐοπωλεῖον • (bibliopōleîon) n (genitive βῐβλῐοπωλείου); second declension - (Koine) a bookseller’s shop, a bookshop. ___________________________ ζωγρᾰ́φος (zōgráphos, “a painter”) +‎ -εῖον (-eîon) ζωγρᾰφεῖον • (zōgrapheîon) n (genitive ζωγρᾰφείου); second declension a painter’s studio ζωός (zōós, “alive”, “living”) or ζωή (zōḗ, “living”, “life”) +‎ -γρᾰ́φος (-gráphos, “drawer”, “painter”, “writer”)

Answer 72

FEMININE SUFFIX -αινα • (-aina) f Used to form the feminine form of masculine nouns: λύκος (lýkos, “wolf”) + ‎-αινα (-aina) → ‎λύκαινα (lýkaina, “she-wolf”) Used to form the andronyms: Γεώργιος (Geórgios, “George”) + ‎-αινα (-aina) → ‎Γιώργαινα (Giórgaina, “Georgiana”)

Answer 73

TO + NOUN -εύω • (-eúō) Added to the stems of agent or other nouns in -εύς (-eús) to form a denominative verb of condition or activity: meaning "be x" or "do what x typically does" βᾰσῐλεύς (basileús, “king”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎βᾰσῐλεύω (basileúō, “to rule”) ᾰ̔λῐεύς (halieús, “fisherman”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎ᾰ̔λῐεύω (halieúō, “to fish”) Added to other nouns βουλή (boulḗ, “plan”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎βουλεύω (bouleúō, “to plan”) παῖς (paîs, “child”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎παιδεύω (paideúō, “to teach”) ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (agorā́, “assembly, marketplace”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎ᾰ̓γορεύω (agoreúō, “to talk”)

Answer 74

THEY WERE BEING ἐβαπτίζοντο . They were being baptized V-IIM/P-3P

Answer 75

(PERFECT PARTICIPLE (HAD BEEN DONE) βεβλημένος Had been cast Had been thrown V-RPM/P-NMS

Answer 76

ADJECTIVAL SUFFIX Suffix used in loanwords from French to form abstract nouns of quality or function. used to form feminine nouns, often denoting a state or quality franc + ‎-ise → ‎franchise Apologizes Apo-Logos-ise

Answer 77

-ῐ́ζω • (-ízō) Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs. Used to form verbs from proper nouns of cities, demonyms, to denote: adhere to the policy of the city mimicking the style and behaviour of the demonym -ίζω (-ízō) + ‎Λᾰ́κων (Lákōn, “Lacedaemonian”) → ‎λᾰκωνίζω (lakōnízō) _______________________________ WORDS SUFFIXED WITH ἀναποδίζω • (anapodízō) (transitive) make something turn backwards (intransitive) make steps backwards. From ᾰ̓νᾰ- (“backwords”) +‎ πούς (gentive: ποδός) (“foot”) +‎ -ίζω (“suffix for verbs”). __________________________________ ἁγίζω • (hagízō) (Attic, Doric) (transitive) To hallow, make sacred, especially by burning a sacrifice. From ἅγιος (hágios, “holy”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō, denominative verb suffix). __________________________________ ᾰ̔γνῐ́ζω • (hagnízō) (Attic, Koine) (transitive) To make pure, to purify, cleanse away, especially by water From ἁγνός (hagnós, “sacred, pure”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō, denominative verb suffix). __________________________________ βᾰπτῐ́ζω From βάπτω (báptō, “I dip”) +‎ -ῐ́ζω (-ízō). βᾰπτῐ́ζω • (baptízō) ``` to dip, plunge to immerse (passive) to drown, sink (of ships) to get wet, soak to wash, clean with water, clean by dipping or submerging (passive) to bathe to draw water (or other liquid) (Christianity) to baptize (passive) to perform ablutions. ``` βάπτω • (báptō) I dip, submerge I dye, colour I baptise. Ancient Greek βάπτισμα ("dipping, baptism”), from βαπτίζω ("I dip in liquid”). Borrowed from Latin submergere, from sub (“under”) + mergere (“to plunge”). mergō (present infinitive mergere, perfect active mersī, supine mersum); third conjugation I dip (in), immerse; plunge into water; overwhelm, cover, bury, drown. I sink down or in, plunge, thrust, drive or fix in. (of water) I engulf, flood, swallow up, overwhelm. (figuratively) I hide, conceal, suppress. *mesg- (imperfective) to dip, sink __________________________________ γνωρίζω • (gnōrízō) make known (in passive: become known) learn, discover. From γνῶσις (gnôsis, “known”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō). __________________________________ δειγματίζω • (deigmatízō) to make an example of, expose, disgrace (intransitive) to appear. From δεῖγμα (deîgma, “example”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō). __________________________________ ``` δῐᾰλογῐ́ζομαι • (dialogízomai) to balance accounts. to consider. to discuss, dispute, converse, argue. to hold a circuit court for (a district) ``` From δῐᾰ- (dia-, “through”) +‎ λογῐ́ζομαι (logízomai, “to count, reckon”), from λόγος (lógos, “word”) +‎ -ῐ́ζω (-ízō) From λόγος (lógos, “computation, reckoning”) +‎ -ῐ́ζω (-ízō, denominative verb suffix). ``` λογῐ́ζομαι • (logízomai) I count, reckon (mathematics) I calculate, compute I consider, ponder, take into account I count on, expect I think, believe. ``` -μαι (Middle Passive) I myself do..l __________________________________ ἐγγῐ́ζω • (engízō) to bring near, bring up to. From ἐγγῠ́ς (engús, “near”) +‎ -ῐ́ζω (-ízō). __________________________________ ἐλπίζω • (elpízō) to hope for, to look for, expect. From ἐλπίς (elpís, “hope”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō). ___________________________________ κᾰθᾰρῐ́ζω • (katharízō) to clean, cleanse, purge, purify. From κᾰθᾰρός (katharós, “clean, pure”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō) ___________________________________ νομίζω • (nomízō) I use customarily, practice. From νόμος (nómos, “custom”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō, denominative verb suffix). νόμος • (nómos) m (genitive νόμου); second declension custom law, ordinance ancient type of song. From νέμω (némō, “I distribute”) νέμω • (némō) to deal out, distribute, dispense (of herdsmen), to pasture or graze their flocks, drive to pasture, tend. ``` νομός • (nomós) m (genitive νομοῦ); second declension pasture, field herbage, food division, distribution dwelling, residence district, region, province. ``` From Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to assign, allot; take”). Personification of νέμεσις (némesis, “distribution”), from νέμω (némō, “to distribute”). From Ancient Greek Νέμεσις (Némesis, “Nemesis, goddess of retribution”). From Latin distributus, past participle of distribuere (“to divide, distribute”), from dis- (“apart”) + tribuere (“to give, impart”); see tribute. tribuō (present infinitive tribuere, perfect active tribuī, supine tribūtum); third conjugation, limited passive (transitive) I grant, bestow. (transitive) I yield, give up, concede, allow. tribus f (genitive tribūs); fourth declension One of the three original tribes of Rome: Ramnes, Tities, Luceres. A division of the Roman people. A tribe. The mob, the lower classes. Proto-Indo-European/ nem- *nem- to distribute to give, to take Maybe from the stem of trēs (“three”) + an element from Proto-Indo-European *bʰuH- (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”), originally referring to three divisions of the Roman people (cf. infra). ``` tribu f (plural tribus) tribe. ``` tribu a socially, ethnically, or politically cohesive group of people (anthropology) a society larger than a band but smaller than a state the collective noun for various animals (taxonomy) a hierarchal rank between family and genus a subculture; a portion of a culture distinguished by its customs or other features a dance troupe in festivals Alternative form of tribo. *bʰuH- (perfective) to become, grow, appear. TRIBUTE tribute (countable and uncountable, plural tributes) 1. An acknowledgment of gratitude, respect or admiration; an accompanying gift. 2. A payment made by one nation to another in submission. 3. Extortion; protection money. 4. A payment made by a feudal vassal to his lord. 5. (mining) A certain proportion of the mined ore, or of its value, given to the miner as payment. ___________________________________ ὁρίζω • (horízō) I divide, separate from. From ὅρος (hóros, “boundary, border”) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō). ___________________________________ πολεμίζω πολεμέω • (poleméō) (Attic, Ionic, Koine) to make war, be at war, fight, quarrel [+dative = with, against someone], [+ πρός (accusative) = with, against someone] πόλεμος (pólemos, “war”) +‎ -έω (-éō, “verbal suffix”) ___________________________________

Answer 78

up to, upwards, up (intensifier) thoroughly indicating repetition or improvement: re- (again) back, backwards ______________________________ ``` ἀναποδίζω ἀναρρίπτω ἀναπαίω ἀναλέγω ἀνάρρινον Ἀνακρέων ἄνωγα ἀνοίγνυμι ἀνοίγω ἀναμιμνήσκω ```

Answer 79

UP - (Preposition) ᾰ̓νᾰ́ • (aná) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative) ``` (+ genitive) (rare) on board (+ dative) (of location) on, upon (+ accusative) up, upwards, along in sequence, each, throughout up to (of amounts) at a rate, speed, or price of, for (of time) translatable with an adverbial noun phrase ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν anà pâsan hēméran every day ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος anà pân étos every year ```

Answer 80

NOT - (UN-) ἀν- • (an-) Alternative form of ἀ- (a-) used before a vowel. From Proto-Indo-European *n̥- (“not, un-”) when followed by laryngeal and a vowel: that is, in an open syllable of the n̥HV- form.

Answer 81

NOT - (UN-) opposite. NEGATION - ABSENCE ᾰ̓- • (a-) The alpha privativum, used to make words that have a sense opposite to the word (or stem) to which the prefix is attached. It is also known as privative a and alpha privative. alpha privative (plural alpha privatives) (grammar) The prefix a- (or an- when prefixing a root which begins with a vowel) found in some English words of Greek derivation. It expresses negation or absence. The prefix has cognates in other Indo-European languages, including in- in Latin and un- in English. (grammar) A word formed using such prefixes.

Answer 82

NOT - OPPOSITE νη- • (nē-) Alternative form of ἀ- (a-) __________________________ νηπενθής From νη- (nē-, “not-”) +‎ πένθος (pénthos, “grief”) +‎ -ής (-ḗs, adjective-forming suffix). νηπενθής • (nēpenthḗs) m, f (neuter νηπενθές); third declension That banishes pain and sorrow; nepenthean. Free from sorrow. Borrowed from Latin nēpenthes (“a drug bringing relief from grief”), from Ancient Greek νηπενθές (nēpenthés), neuter of νηπενθής (nēpenthḗs, “sorrow-banishing”), from νη- (nē-, “not”) + πένθος (pénthos, “grief”) (from πάσχειν (páskhein), present active infinitive of πάσχω (páskhō, “to be ill or injured in a certain way; to suffer”), from Proto-Indo-European *kʷendʰ- (“to endure, to suffer”)). Compare French népenthès (“a plant from which a drug supposedly bringing relief from grief may be obtained; such a drug”).

Answer 83

FORMS ADJECTIVES of 3rd declension -ης • (-ēs) m, f (neuter -ες); third declension Forms third-declension adjectives with stems in -εσ- (-es-); very common in compounds. -ης • (-ēs) m (genitive -ους or -εος); third declension. Forms third-declension proper nouns. κρᾰ́τος (krátos, “state”) + ‎-ης (-ēs) → ‎Κρᾰ́της (Krátēs, “Crates”) _________________________ EXAMPLE From κράτος (krátos, “power”) +‎ -ης (-ēs). κράτος = Power Κράτης = Power-(full) man. Powerful is an adjective modifying (man). _________________________ ``` The Ancient Greek third declension (also known as the consonant declension) comprises the most diverse and potentially confusing forms of nominal inflection. The third declension does not have a stem vowel, as... the first (α/η) and the second (ο) declensions do. ``` Since the stem vowels provide a sort of buffer between the stems and inflectional endings, the third declension is more prone to contractions and other irregularities than the other two. _______________________________ ἀ- (a-) + ληθ- (lēth-) + -ης (-ēs) → ᾰ̓ληθής (alēthḗs) λήθω • (lḗthō) Alternative form of λανθάνω (lanthánō) used especially in compounds. From Proto-Indo-European *lh₂-n-dʰ-, nasal infix present of *leh₂-dʰ-, dental extension of *leh₂- (“to be hidden, be covered”). λᾰνθᾰ́νω • (lanthánō) (active) to escape notice (transitive) escape a person's notice. (transitive) to do [+participle or rarely infinitive = something] without being noticed [+accusative = by someone] (intransitive) to do [+participle = something] without knowing it. (active) to cause to forget [+genitive = something, someone] (in compounds, ἐκληθάνω (eklēthánō), ἐπιλήθω (epilḗthō), ἐπιλανθάνομαι (epilanthánomai) (middle) to forget [+genitive = something, someone] Proto-Indo-European/ leh₂- To be hidden, covered, concealed. ________________________ WORDS SUFFIXED WITH ``` Θηραμένης Κλεομήδης Ἰσοκράτης Εὐρυσθεύς Κράτης Παυσανίας Κλεάνθης Εὐμένης Εὐθυμένης Φερεκύδης ``` ``` Πραξιτέλης Ξενοκράτης Κράτης Ἑρμογένης Καλλισθένης Ἀναξιμένης Ἀντικράτης Ἀναξικράτης Ναυσιφάνης Ἀμφικράτης ``` _________________________________________ -ης • (-ēs) m or f (neuter -ες); third declension Forms third-declension adjectives with stems in -εσ- (-es-); very common in compounds. ἀ- (a-) + ληθ- (lēth-) + -ης (-ēs) → ᾰ̓ληθής (alēthḗs) _________________________________________ -ης • (-is) (ending of masculine nouns) ending of parisyllabic masculine nouns, deriving from ancient 1st declension in -ης, -η, plural -ες, -ών, e.g. ναύτης (náftis, “sailor”) < ναύτης in -ής, -ή, plural -ές, -ών, e.g. μαθητής (mathitís, “student”) < μαθητής ending of parisyllabic masculine nouns deriving from ancient 3rd declension in -ης, -η, plural -εις, -εων e.g. λάτρης (látris, “worshipper”) < λάτρις (“servant -of god”), μάντης (mántis, “seer”) < μάντις, πρύτανης (prýtanis, “rector”) < πρύτανις (“ruler”) ending of imparisyllabic masculine nouns deriving from ancient -ιος, -ειος in -ης, plural -ηδες e.g. κύρης (kýris, “master”) < κύριος, Βασίλης (Vasílis, “Basel”) < Βασίλειος in -ής, plural -ήδες (rare) e.g. πεταλωτής (petalotís, “farrier”) < πεταλώνω from Hellenistic πεταλῶ < ancient πέταλον ending of imparisyllabic masculine nouns borrowed from Turkish -cı. in -τζής plural -τζήδες e.g. καφετζής (kafetzís, “café owner or waiter”) < Turkish kahveci Suffix Edit -ης • (-is) (ending of adjectives) ending of formal adjectives in -ης, -ης, -ες or -ής, -ής, -ές deriving from the corresponding ancient 3rd declension e.g. πλήρης (plíris, “full”) < πλήρης, αήθης (aḯthis, “immoral”) < ἀήθης ending of adjectives in -ης, -α, -ικο deriving from Medieval Greek e.g. ζηλιάρης (ziliáris, “jealous”) ending of adjectives in -άρης (-áris) plural -άρηδες borrowed from Latin -ārius. e.g. ταβερνιάρης (taverniáris, “taverna owner”) ending of adjectives in -ής, -ιά, -ί and indeclinable -ί, borrowed from Turkish -i (-ι, -u, -ü) mainly for names of colours e.g. καφετής (kafetís, “brownish”) Suffix Edit -ης • (-is) f (inflectional feminine form) -ης or -ής genitive singular ending of feminine nouns and adjectives deriving from ancient genitive -ης or -ῆς e.g. της φίλης f (fílis, “friend -female”) < τῆς φίλης e.g. της μουσικής f (mousikís, “value, honour”) < τῆς μουσικῆς Suffix Edit -ης • (-is) (ending of adverbs) adverbs in -ής deriving from genitive feminine ending, Hellenistic or Medieval -ῆς. e.g. επικεφαλής (epikefalís, “in charge”), καταγής (katagís, “down on the ground”) Suffix Edit -ης • (-is) (obsolete inflectional verb ending) ending of 2nd person, singular, subjunctive used until the 1960s, deriving from its ancient -ῃς (-ēis) equivalent να λύνεις (na lýneis, “to untie, solve”), or λύεις < να λύνης < ἵνα λύῃς Usage notes Edit The dated subjunctive endings -ης2nd singular, -η3rd singular, -ωμεν1st plural may be found in grammar books for Modern Greek published before 1976, when they were reedited to -εις, -ει, -ουμε/-ομε as Demotic Greek became the official language of education in Greece.

Answer 84

IMPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE (3P) THEY WERE BEING ἐβαπτίζοντο They were being baptized

Answer 85

FORMS ADJECTIVES -ic Middle English -ik, -ick, word-forming element making adjectives, "having to do with, having the nature of, being, made of, caused by, similar to," from French -ique and directly from Latin -icus or cognate Greek -ikos "in the manner of; pertaining to." From PIE adjective suffix *-(i)ko, which also yielded Slavic -isku, adjectival suffix indicating origin, the source of the -sky (Russian -skii) in many surnames. In chemistry, indicating a higher valence than names in -ous (first in benzoic, 1791). Variant forms in -ick (critick, ethick) survived in English dictionaries until early 19c.

Answer 86

-īnus m (feminine -īna, neuter -īnum); first/second declension Of or pertaining to; -ine; usually indicates a relationship of position, possession, or origin. The suffix -īnus is added to a noun base (especially a proper noun) to form an adjective. Examples: collis (“hill”) + ‎-inus → ‎collīnus (“of the hills, growing on a hill”) fungus (“mushroom, fungus”) + ‎-inus → ‎fungīnus (“of a mushroom”) Liguria (“Liguria”) + ‎-inus → ‎Ligurīnus (“Ligurian”) -īnus m (feminine -īna, neuter -īnum); first/second declension Of or pertaining to; -ine; usually indicates a relationship of position, possession, or origin.

Answer 87

-ine ``` (chiefly non-productive) Of or pertaining to. asinine, marine, bovine, cervine Used to form demonyms. Levantine, Byzantine, Argentine (chemistry) Used to form names of chemical substances, especially basic (alkaline) substances, alkaloidal substances, or halogens. amine, aniline, caffeine, iodine (non-productive) Used to form feminine nouns. hero + ‎-ine → ‎heroine speaker + ‎-ine → ‎speakerine (non-productive) Used to form female given names or names of titles. Clement + ‎-ine → ‎Clementine landgrave + ‎-ine → ‎landgravine Commercial materials glass + ‎-ine → ‎glassine Derived terms Edit ► English words suffixed with -ine ``` ``` caffîn insularine Earline rosmarinine colchicine caffeine dendropicine heterophylline suprapontine Brabantine Oldest pages ordered by last edit sendaline topazine polypine bronzine nanocrystalline Plasticine falconine cathartine conessine telepathine ``` Can be used to denote the plural form of a small number of English words: cow + ‎-ine → ‎kine sow + ‎-ine → ‎swine -ine (chiefly non-productive) Of or pertaining to. asinine, marine, bovine, cervine Used to form demonyms. Levantine, Byzantine, Argentine (chemistry) Used to form names of chemical substances, especially basic (alkaline) substances, alkaloidal substances, or halogens. amine, aniline, caffeine, iodine (non-productive) Used to form feminine nouns. hero + ‎-ine → ‎heroine speaker + ‎-ine → ‎speakerine (non-productive) Used to form female given names or names of titles. Clement + ‎-ine → ‎Clementine landgrave + ‎-ine → ‎landgravine Commercial materials glass + ‎-ine → ‎glassine Derived terms Edit

Answer 88

-en Can be used to denote the plural form of a small number of English words, the majority of whose etymology goes back to the n-stem (i.e. weak noun) declension of Germanic languages. Examples: aurochs, aurochsen[1]; bee, been; brother, brethren[1]; cheese, cheesen; child, children[1]; cow, kine; knee, kneen; ey, eyren; eye, eyen; hose, hosen; house, housen; ox, oxen[1]; pease, peasen; shoe, shoon; sister, sistren; tree, treen (dialectal or nonstandard, rare) Used to form the plural of nouns

Answer 89

-ῐνος • (-inos) m (feminine -ῐ́νη, neuter -ῐνον); first/second declension Added to nouns or adverbs to form adjectives relating to material, time, and so on: made of, during the time of (with long ῑ) Forms adjectives of place: -ine Βυζαντῖνος (Buzantînos, “Byzantine”) From Proto-Indo-European *-iHnos. Cognate with Latin -īnus and Proto-Germanic *-īnaz. *-iHnos Creates adjectives of materials. _________________________________ WORDS SUFFIXED WITH ``` Α ἀέρινος αἰγείρινος αἴρινος Ἀλεξανδρῖνος ἀληθινός ἀνήθινος ἀνθρώπινος Β βύβλινος βύρσινος Γ γήινος γύψινος Δ δονάκινος Ε ἐλεφάντινος Η ἡρωίνη Κ καρπάσινος κασσιτέρινος κέγχρινος κέδρινος κινναβάρινος κνήκινος κυάμινος Λ λίθινος λύγινος Μ μολύβδινος μυέλινος μύλινος Ν ναρθήκινος Ο ὄγκινος οἰσύινος ὀλύρινος Π παπύρινος πλίνθινος πράσινος πύρινος Ρ Ῥηγῖνος Σ σάρκινος σισύμβρινος σπάρτινος σταφυλῖνος στροβίλινος σχοίνινος Φ φέλλινος φήγινος Ω ὠκίμινος ```

Answer 90

-īnus m (feminine -īna, neuter -īnum); first/second declension Of or pertaining to; -ine; usually indicates a relationship of position, possession, or origin. Usage notes Edit The suffix -īnus is added to a noun base (especially a proper noun) to form an adjective.

Answer 91

-ηνός • (-ēnós) m (feminine -ηνή, neuter -ηνόν); first/second declension Added to place name to form an adjective: -ian, -ese. Pages in category "Ancient Greek words suffixed with -ηνός" The following 7 pages are in this category, out of 7 total. ``` Α Ἀβυδηνός Ἀτροπατηνή Γ Γαδαρηνός Ε Ἐμεσηνός Θ Θαψακηνός Κ Κυζικηνός Λ Λαμψακηνός ```

Answer 92

ALL - EVERYTHING - ENTIRETY Example... ξερόλας = (a know it all) ξέρω (to know) + όλα (everything, all) +‎ -ας (-as, “-er”). ___________________________________ όλα • (óla) n pl everything. ὅλος ὅλος (hólos, “whole, entire, complete”), from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós from *solh₂- (“whole”). όλος • (ólos) m (feminine όλη, neuter όλο) whole, entire. όλη η αλήθεια ― the whole truth. με όλη μου την καρδιά ― with my whole heart. όλα τα παιδιά ― all the children. ________________________________ ολάκερος ολόκληρος • (olókliros) m (feminine ολόκληρη, neuter ολόκληρο) whole, entire, complete. ________________________________ ``` Adjective ὅλος • (hólos) m (feminine ὅλη, neuter ὅλον); first/second declension whole, entire, perfect, complete complete, utter generally, on the whole (with negative): at all actually ________________________________ ``` ``` Latin sollus (feminine solla, neuter sollum); first/second declension whole, entire, unbroken ``` From Proto-Italic *solnos, from Proto-Indo-European *sol(h₂)nós, from *solh₂- (“whole”). ________________________________ Ancient Greek ὅλος - whole, entire, complete. from Proto-Indo-European *solh₂wós from *solh₂- (“whole”).

Answer 93

PERFECT MEDIO-PASSIVE PARTICIPLE I had thought. The book had been read. The dog had been walked. The car had been driven. The cheaper book was used. ________________________________ -μένος • (-ménos) m (feminine -μένη, neuter -μένον); first/second declension Alternative form of -μενος (-menos), added to tense stems of verbs to form perfect mediopassive participles.

Answer 94

FORMS AGENT NOUNS Procurator Testator Interrogator Innovator used to form agent nouns, usually from verbs that have the ending -ate _________________________ By rebracketing of words formed from first conjugation verbs, such as cūrātor (cūrāre + -tor), where -ā- is part of the stem. Suffix Edit -ātor Enlarged form of -tor, used to form agent nouns; -ator, -er gladius + ‎-ator → ‎gladiātor malleus + ‎-ator → ‎malleātor

Answer 95

FORMS ADJECTIVES OF RELATIONSHIP -ālis m, f (neuter -āle); third declension Used to form adjectives of relationship from nouns or numerals. Usage notes Edit The suffix -ālis is added to a noun or numeral to form an adjective of relationship to that noun. Examples: duo (“two”) + ‎-alis → ‎duālis (“that contains two”) nātūra (“nature”) + ‎-alis → ‎nātūrālis (“natural”) rēx (“king, ruler”) + ‎-alis → ‎rēgālis (“regal, royal”) ``` Recent additions to the category essentialis integralis abdominalis venalis magistralis decretalis animalis clericalis caelestialis caerimonialis Oldest pages ordered by last edit bracchialis partialis faecalis ruderalis animalis australis pluralis regalis radicalis digitalis ```

Answer 96

ADJECTIVAL SUFFIX -al Of or pertaining to. Adjectival suffix appended to various words, often nouns, to make an adjective form. Often added to words of Latin origin, but used with other words also. base + ‎-al → ‎basal cranium + ‎-al → ‎cranial Forming nouns, especially of verbal action. propose + ‎-al → ‎proposal deny + ‎-al → ‎denial (forming nouns, especially of verbal action.): arousal, arrival, bestowal, betrothal, denial, disposal, proposal, rival, reversal, removal, submittal, transmittal. ``` Recent additions to the category venereal characterizational putamenal polarisomal quintessential hydropical initiational componental trophesial gerundival Oldest pages ordered by last edit æternal cameral cutigeral polygonal betrayal abstractional internal accusal vivisectional chromosomal ```

Answer 97

SUFFIX FORMING ADJECTIVES -rnus suffix forming adjectives From earlier *-r̥inos < *-(o)sinos, from -nus or from some -r- or -s- stem + -nus. Metanalysis of this suffix led to its free use. ``` Recent additions to the category aeviternus caverna taberna sesquidiurnus veternus diurnus alternus fraternus maternus paternus Oldest pages ordered by last edit caverna diurnus paternus maternus alternus fraternus hodiernus veternus sesquidiurnus modernus ```

Answer 98

ADJECTIVAL SUFFIX From ἰσχύς (iskhús, “strength, power”) +‎ -ρός (-rós).

Answer 99

FORMS TRANSITIVE VERBS Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots. -νῡμῐ • (-nūmi) A suffix forming transitive verbs. Proto-Indo-European/ -néwti *(Ø)-néwti Forms transitive imperfective verbs from roots. ``` Words suffixed with -νῡμῐ -νυμι οἴγνυμι σβέννυμι ῥώννυμι ῥήγνυμι πτάρνυμαι πήγνυμι πετάννυμι ὄρνυμι ὄμνυμι Oldest pages ordered by last edit ῥήγνυμι ῥώννυμι δείκνυμι ἕννυμι ὄρνυμι πήγνυμι μίγνυμι πετάννυμι κεράννυμι ζώννυμι ```

Answer 100

Added to the stem of adjectives or pronouns to form adverbs

Answer 101

Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs. Often, not always, added to the stems of thematic nouns or adjectives in -ος (-os). ____________________________________ ἀγνοέω From ἀ- (a-, “not”) the root of γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “know”) +‎ -έω (-éō, verb-forming suffix). Compare ἀγνώς (agnṓs, “unknown”), ἄγνοια (ágnoia, “ignorance”). ἀγνοέω • (agnoéō) (transitive, intransitive) To not perceive or recognize, to not know, to fail to understand, to be ignorant, to forget. (transitive, intransitive, litotes, with negative) To not be ignorant, to know well (intransitive) To sin or act unethically out of ignorance. ᾰ̓γνώς From ἀ- (a-, “not”) + the root of γιγνώσκω (gignṓskō, “I know”). Compare ἄγνωτος (ágnōtos) and Latin īgnōtus. ``` ἄγνωτος • (ágnōtos) m, f (neuter ἄγνωτον); second declension unknown, unheard of, forgotten unknowable unintelligible not knowing, ignorant. ``` Latin ignosco From in- +‎ (g)nōscō. I forgive. FORGIVE for- (no longer productive) Meaning "far", "away"; "from", "out" e.g. forbid, forget, forsay; forbear, fordeem. (no longer productive) Meaning "completely", "to the fullest extent" Old English From fǣr (“sudden danger, peril”). for- (nonproductive) prefix used to express error, exclusion, or inadequacy. Late Latin foris facere (“to do wrong”) = Old High German firwirken (“to do wrong”), Late Latin forisfactus (“evil deed”) = Gothic 𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌷𐍄𐍃 (frawaurhts, “evil deed”), Late Latin foris consiliare (“to mislead”) = Old High German firleitan (“to mislead”) Old English forġiefan (West Saxon) to give (West Saxon) to forgive Old Saxon fargevan to forgive, grant. Proto-Germanic *fragebaną to give, grant to forgive. Proto-Germanic/ gebaną *gebaną to give. ``` Proto-Indo-European/ gʰebʰ- *gʰebʰ- to give. *gʰeh₁bʰ- or *ǵʰeh₁bʰ- to grab, take. ``` ``` Descendent of is *ǵʰeh₁bʰ Latin habeō Have, hold I own, have (possessions). I possess, have (qualities). I retain, maintain. I conduct, preside over. I regard, consider or account a person or thing as something. I accept, bear, endure. ``` From Proto-Indo-European *gʰebʰ-e-ti, from *gʰebʰ- (“to give, move”). Cognate with Sanskrit गभस्ति ("arm, hand”). gábhasti. ``` Proto-Germanic/ fragebaną *fragebaną to give, grant to forgive. From *fra- +‎ *gebaną. *fra- off, away completely, fully, up. From Proto-Indo-European *pro- (“before, in front of”). Cognate with Ancient Greek πρό- (pró-, “in front of”). ``` _____________________________________ There are five main sources: Primary verbs (present verbs of the simple thematic class in origin) from roots ending in *-w-, *-y-, *-s- with intervocalic loss of this consonant: e.g. ῥέω (rhéō), δέω (déō), ζέω (zéō) Denominative verbs with *-eyéti, from *-e- (noun thematic vowel) + *-yéti (denominative suffix), usually from nouns or adjectives in -ος (-os) or -ον (-on): e.g. οἰκέω (oikéō) from οἶκος (oîkos), μετρέω (metréō) from μέτρον (métron) Denominative verbs with *-esyéti, usually from adjectives in -ής (-ḗs) or neuter nouns in -ος (-os): e.g. τελέω (teléō) from τέλος (télos). These often have an alternative form in -είω (-eíō), for instance τελείω (teleíō). Stative verbs with *-éh₁yeti (stative suffix): e.g. φιλέω (philéō), ἀλγέω (algéō) Causative or frequentative verbs from o-grade of a root with *-éyeti (causative suffix): e.g. σοβέω (sobéō), φορέω (phoréō)

Answer 102

-η • (-ē) f (genitive -ης); first declension (Attic, Epic, Ionic, Koine) Added to verbal stems ending in a consonant to form an action noun. Added to o-grade of the verbal stem. τρέφω (“to nourish”) + ‎-η → ‎ τροφή (“nourishment”) Added to zero-grade of the verbal stem. φεύγω ("to flee”) + ‎-η → ‎ φυγή (“flight”) τυγχάνω (“to happen”) + ‎-η → ‎ τύχη (“fortune”) Added to e-grade of the verbal stem στέγω (“to shelter”) + ‎-η → ‎ στέγη ("roof that is providing shelter”)

Answer 103

-ῐος • (-ios) m (feminine -ῐ́ᾱ, neuter -ῐον); first/second declension. Suffix added to nouns or adjectives, forming adjectives: pertaining to, belonging to. -ιος • (-ios) m Used to form nouns and adjectives indicating origin: Ευρώπη (Evrópi, “Europe”) + ‎-ιος (-ios) → ‎Ευρωπαίος (Evropaíos, “European”) (noun) θάλασσα (thálassa, “sea”) + ‎-ιος (-ios) → ‎θαλάσσιος (thalássios, “marine”) (adjective)

Answer 104

FORMS ABSTRACT NOUNS Abstract nouns... -ity, -ty, -ness, -cy, -ion From Ancient Greek -τητᾰ (-tēta) accusative form of -της (-tēs). -ότητα • (-ótita) f _________________________________________ Added to an adjective or rarely, another noun, to create an abstract noun; -ity, -ty, -ness, -cy, -ion αυστηρός (“strict”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ αυστηρότητα (“strictness”) βέβαιος (“sure, certain”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ βεβαιότητα (“certainty”) εθνικός (“national”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ εθνικότητα (“nationality”) εχθρός (“enemy”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ εχθρότητα (“hostility”) πιθανός (“possible”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ πιθανότητα ("possibility”) ποιος (“who”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ ποιότητα (“quality”) πόσος (“how much”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ ποσότητα ("quantity”)

Answer 105

-σκω • (-skō) Primitive suffix used to form present-tense stems, very rarely associated with the inchoative meaning of becoming. From Proto-Indo-European *-sḱéti, inchoative or inceptive suffix.

Answer 106

-ᾰ́ζω • (-ázō) Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives, and other verbs. Added to verb stems to create a frequentative form. ῥῑ́πτω (“throw”) + ‎-άζω → ‎ ῥῑπτᾰ́ζω (“throw around”)

Answer 107

- ITY -NESS - ότητα (-ótita, “-ity, -ness”). ___________________________________________ πιθανότητα Noun From Ancient Greek πιθανότης equivalent to πιθανός (“likely”) +‎ -ότητα “-ity, -ness”). possibility (the quality of being possible) probability, likelihood (relative chance of an event happening) _________________________________________ ιδιότητα From Ancient Greek ἰδιότης (idiótēs), equivalent to ίδιος (ídios, “same, self”) +‎ -ότητα (-ótita, “-ity, -ness”). _____________________________________ θεότητα • (theótita) f (plural θεότητες) (religion) deity, divinity, godhead. From Byzantine Greek θεότης, equivalent to... θεός ("god”) +‎ -ότητα (“-ity, -ness”). _____________________________________ -ότητα • (-ótita) f Added to an adjective or rarely, another noun, to create an abstract noun; -ity, -ty, -ness, -cy, -ion: ‎αυστηρός (“strict”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎αυστηρότητα (“strictness”) ‎βέβαιος (“sure, certain”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ βεβαιότητα (“certainty”) ‎εθνικός (“national”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ εθνικότητα (“nationality”) ‎εχθρός (“enemy”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ εχθρότητα (“enmity” - "hostility") ‎πιθανός (“possible”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ πιθανότητα (“possibility”) ‎ποιος (“who”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ ποιότητα (“quality”) ‎πόσος (“how much”) + ‎-ότητα → ‎ ποσότητα ("quantity”)

Answer 108

- FULL - (ADJECTIVE) - νος • (-nos) m (feminine -νη, neuter -νον); first/second declension Added to roots or words to forms adjectives or nouns; often accented on ultima. Ancient Greek words suffixed with -nos. ``` Recent additions to the category ἱκανός πιθανός δεινός Oldest pages ordered by last edit πιθανός δεινός ἱκανός ``` _________________________________ δεινός • (deinós) m (feminine δεινή, neuter δεινόν); first/second declension ``` terrible, horrible, fearful, astounding (neuter substantive) danger marvelous, mighty, powerful wondrous, strange able, skillful, clever shamefully timid, cowardly. ``` From Proto-Indo-European *dweynós, from *dwey- (“fear”); equivalent to δει- (dei-), the root of δείδω (deídō), +‎ -νος (-nos). Compare δέος (déos). Cognate with Latin dirus, Old Armenian երկն (erkn). δείδω • (deídō) (transitive) to fear, to dread. ________________________________

Answer 109

-EOUS - (ADJECTIVE) Courage Courageous man. -ῐος • (-ios) m (feminine -ῐ́ᾱ, neuter -ῐον); first/second declension Suffix added to nouns or adjectives, forming adjectives: pertaining to, belonging to

Answer 110

FORMS NOUNS OF ACTION -ος Added to verbal roots to form an o-grade action noun. Added to verbal roots to form a noun of result or an abstract noun of action. Added to the zero-grade. ἔπᾰθον (“I experienced”, aorist) + ‎-ος → ‎ πᾰ́θος (“experience, emotion”) Added to the e-grade. μείρομαι (“to receive as one's portion”) + ‎-ος → ‎μέρος (méros, “part”) -ος • (-os) Nominative singular of masculine and feminine second-declension nouns ἄνθρωπος m, f (“person”) Masculine nominative singular of first- and second-declension adjectives ἄλλος m (“other”) Masculine and feminine nominative singular of second-declension adjectives ἄδικος m, f (ádikos, “unjust”) Nominative, accusative, and vocative singular of some neuter third-declension nouns γένος n (génos, “kind”) Genitive singular of consonant-stem or uncontracted third-declension nouns ὀνόματος n (onómatos, “of a name”) Genitive singular of consonant-stem or uncontracted third-declension masculine or neuter adjectives παντός m, n (pantós, “of the whole of”)

Answer 111

FORMS SUBSTANTIVES - GROUPS -ᾰ́ς • (-ás) f (genitive -ᾰ́δος); third declension Forms substantives from other words or roots. νιφάς (niphás, “snow”) φυγάς (phugás, “an exile”) λαμπάς (lampás, “torch”) Forms nouns denoting a group. δεκάς (dekás, “group of ten”) Forms abstract nouns of number from numerals. δεκάς (dekás, “the number ten”) __________________________________ sub·stan·tive Dictionary result for substantive adjective. 1. having a firm basis in reality and therefore important, meaningful, or considerable. "there is no substantive evidence for the efficacy of these drugs" 2. having a separate and independent existence. a word or word group functioning syntactically as a noun. being a totally independent entity. having the nature or function of a noun. belonging to the substance of a thing. real rather than apparent.

Answer 112

FORMS AN AGENT NOUN -ιάς • (-iás) m added to another noun, verb or adjective to create agent noun agent nouns: βάφω (váfo, “to paint”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎βαφιάς (vafiás, “painter”) χαλκός (chalkós, “copper”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎χαλκιάς (chalkiás, “copper worker”) γράφω (gráfo, “to write”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎γραφιάς (grafiás, “scribe”) added to another noun or adjective to denote winds from that direction: νότος (nótos, “south”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎νοτιάς (notiás, “south wind”) βόρειος (vóreios, “north”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎βοριάς (voriás, “south wind”) added to another plant/tree noun denote places with a lot of said plant/tree: πεύκο (péfko, “pine”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎πευκιάς (pefkiás, “place with a lot of pine trees”)

Answer 113

FORMS ABSTRACT NOUNS -ότητα • (-ótita) f Added to an adjective or rarely, another noun, to create an abstract noun; -ity, -ty, -ness, -cy, -ion: αυστηρός (afstirós, “strict”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎αυστηρότητα (afstirótita, “strictness”) βέβαιος (vévaios, “sure, certain”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎βεβαιότητα (vevaiótita, “certainty”) εθνικός (ethnikós, “national”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎εθνικότητα (ethnikótita, “nationality”) εχθρός (echthrós, “enemy”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎εχθρότητα (echthrótita, “hostility”) πιθανός (pithanós, “possible”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎πιθανότητα (pithanótita, “possibility”) ποιος (poios, “who”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎ποιότητα (poiótita, “quality”) πόσος (pósos, “how much”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎ποσότητα (posótita, “quantity”) _________________________________________ From Byzantine Greek θεότης (theótēs), equivalent to θεός (theós, “god”) +‎ -ότητα (-ótita, “-ity, -ness”). θεότητα • (theótita) f (plural θεότητες) (religion) deity, divinity, godhead.

Answer 114

-ης • (-is) (ending of masculine nouns) ending of parisyllabic masculine nouns, deriving from ancient 1st declension in -ης, -η, plural -ες, -ών, e.g. ναύτης (náftis, “sailor”) < ναύτης in -ής, -ή, plural -ές, -ών, e.g. μαθητής (mathitís, “student”) < μαθητής ending of parisyllabic masculine nouns deriving from ancient 3rd declension in -ης, -η, plural -εις, -εων e.g. λάτρης (látris, “worshipper”) < λάτρις (“servant -of god”), μάντης (mántis, “seer”) < μάντις, πρύτανης (prýtanis, “rector”) < πρύτανις (“ruler”) ending of imparisyllabic masculine nouns deriving from ancient -ιος, -ειος in -ης, plural -ηδες e.g. κύρης (kýris, “master”) < κύριος, Βασίλης (Vasílis, “Basel”) < Βασίλειος in -ής, plural -ήδες (rare) e.g. πεταλωτής (petalotís, “farrier”) < πεταλώνω from Hellenistic πεταλῶ < ancient πέταλον ending of imparisyllabic masculine nouns borrowed from Turkish -cı. in -τζής plural -τζήδες e.g. καφετζής (kafetzís, “café owner or waiter”) < Turkish kahveci Suffix Edit -ης • (-is) (ending of adjectives) ending of formal adjectives in -ης, -ης, -ες or -ής, -ής, -ές deriving from the corresponding ancient 3rd declension e.g. πλήρης (plíris, “full”) < πλήρης, αήθης (aḯthis, “immoral”) < ἀήθης ending of adjectives in -ης, -α, -ικο deriving from Medieval Greek e.g. ζηλιάρης (ziliáris, “jealous”) ending of adjectives in -άρης (-áris) plural -άρηδες borrowed from Latin -ārius. e.g. ταβερνιάρης (taverniáris, “taverna owner”) ending of adjectives in -ής, -ιά, -ί and indeclinable -ί, borrowed from Turkish -i (-ι, -u, -ü) mainly for names of colours e.g. καφετής (kafetís, “brownish”) Suffix Edit -ης • (-is) f (inflectional feminine form) -ης or -ής genitive singular ending of feminine nouns and adjectives deriving from ancient genitive -ης or -ῆς e.g. της φίλης f (fílis, “friend -female”) < τῆς φίλης e.g. της μουσικής f (mousikís, “value, honour”) < τῆς μουσικῆς Suffix Edit -ης • (-is) (ending of adverbs) adverbs in -ής deriving from genitive feminine ending, Hellenistic or Medieval -ῆς. e.g. επικεφαλής (epikefalís, “in charge”), καταγής (katagís, “down on the ground”) Suffix Edit -ης • (-is) (obsolete inflectional verb ending) ending of 2nd person, singular, subjunctive used until the 1960s, deriving from its ancient -ῃς (-ēis) equivalent να λύνεις (na lýneis, “to untie, solve”), or λύεις < να λύνης < ἵνα λύῃς

Answer 115

κατα- • (kata-) added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicates something that is down in a downward direction: ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎βάση (vási, “basis, base”) → ‎κατάβαση (katávasi, “descent”) ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎βρόχθος (vróchthos, “throat (Ancient Greek)”) → ‎καταβροχθίζω (katavrochthízo, “to gobble, to devour, to wolf down”) added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicates something to a great degree or intensity: ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎μαύρος (mávros, “black”) → ‎κατάμαυρος (katámavros, “jet-black”) ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎άσπρος (áspros, “white”) → ‎κάτασπρος (kátaspros, “snow white, completely white”) ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎φως (fos, “light”) → ‎κατάφωτος (katáfotos, “ablaze”) ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎ορίζω (orízo, “to set, to define”) → ‎καθορίζω (kathorízo, “to determine, to decide”) ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎πτύω (ptýo, “to spit (Ancient Greek)”) → ‎κατάπτυστος (katáptystos, “foul, villainous, worthy of spitting on”) ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎κλέβω (klévo, “to steal, to rob”) → ‎κατακλέβω (kataklévo, “to rob blind”) added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicates something is against a person to a great degree: ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎γελώ (geló, “to laugh”) → ‎καταγελώ (katageló, “to laugh at, to mock”) ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎δικάζω (dikázo, “to judge”) → ‎καταδικάζω (katadikázo, “to condemn, to convict”) ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎αναγκάζω (anagkázo, “to compel, to necessitate”) → ‎καταναγκάζω (katanagkázo, “to force someone”) (geology)added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicates something that is under or before: ‎κατα- (kata-) + ‎αρχαιοζωικός (archaiozoikós, “Archaean”) → ‎καταρχαιοζωικός (katarchaiozoikós, “Hadean, pre-Archaean”)

Answer 116

IN FRONT - FIRST - CHEIF - THROUGH per (prep.) 1580s (earlier in various Latin and French phrases), from Latin per "through, during, by means of, on account of, as in," from PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "through, in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, around, against." *per- (1) Proto-Indo-European root forming prepositions, etc., meaning "forward," and, by extension, "in front of, before, first, chief, toward, near, against," etc. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit pari "around, about, through," parah "farther, remote, ulterior," pura "formerly, before," pra- "before, forward, forth;" Avestan pairi- "around," paro "before;" Hittite para "outside of," Greek peri "around, about, near, beyond," pera "across, beyond," Greek paros "before," para "from beside, beyond," pro "before;" Latin pro "before, for, on behalf of, instead of," porro "forward," Latin prae "before," per "through;" Old Church Slavonic pra-dedu "great-grandfather;" Russian pere- "through;" Lithuanian per "through;" Old Irish ire "farther," roar "enough;" Gothic faura "before," Old English fore (prep.) "before, in front of," (adv.) "before, previously," Old English fram "forward, from," Old English feor "to a great distance, long ago;" German vor "for;" Old Irish air- Gothic fair-, German ver-, Old English fer-, intensive prefixes. *per- (2) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to lead, pass over." A verbal root associated with *per- (1), which forms prepositions and preverbs with the basic meaning "forward, through; in front of, before," etc. It forms all or part of: aporia; asportation; comport; deport; disport; emporium; Euphrates; export; fare; farewell; fartlek; Ferdinand; fere; fern; ferry; firth; fjord; ford; Fuhrer; gaberdine; import; important; importune; opportune; opportunity; passport; porch; pore (n.) "minute opening;" port (n.1) "harbor;" port (n.2) "gateway, entrance;" port (n.3) "bearing, mien;" port (v.) "to carry;" portable; portage; portal; portcullis; porter (n.1) "person who carries;" porter (n.2) "doorkeeper, janitor;" portfolio; portico; portiere; purport; rapport; report; sport; support; transport; warfare; wayfarer; welfare. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit parayati "carries over;" Greek poros "journey, passage, way," peirein "to pierce, pass through, run through;" Latin portare "to carry," porta "gate, door," portus "port, harbor," originally "entrance, passage," peritus "experienced;" Avestan peretush "passage, ford, bridge;" Armenian hordan "go forward;" Old Welsh rit, Welsh rhyd "ford;" Old Church Slavonic pariti "to fly;" Old English faran "to go, journey," Old Norse fjörðr "inlet, estuary." *per- (3) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to try, risk," an extended sense from root *per- (1) "forward," via the notion of "to lead across, press forward." It forms all or part of: empiric; empirical; experience; experiment; expert; fear; parlous; peril; perilous; pirate. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Latin experiri "to try," periculum "trial, risk, danger;" Greek peria "trial, attempt, experience," empeiros "experienced;" Old Irish aire "vigilance;" Old English fær "calamity, sudden danger, peril, sudden attack," German Gefahr "danger," Gothic ferja "watcher. *per- (4) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to strike," an extended sense from root *per- (1) "forward, through." It forms all or part of: compress; depress; espresso; express; impress (v.1) "have a strong effect on the mind or heart;" imprimatur; imprint; oppress; oppression; pregnant (adj.2) "convincing, weighty, pithy;" press (v.1) "push against;" pressure; print; repress; reprimand; suppress. *per- (5) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to traffic in, to sell," an extended sense from root *per- (1) "forward, through" via the notion of "to hand over" or "distribute." It forms all or part of: appraise; appreciate; depreciate; interpret; praise; precious; price; pornography. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit aprata "without recompense, gratuitously;" Greek porne "prostitute," originally "bought, purchased," pernanai "to sell;" Latin pretium "reward, prize, value, worth;" Lithuanian perku "I buy." Related Entries ``` for- fore- para- per- peri- prae- pre- presby- preter- pro- protero- proto- ver- afford aporia appraise appreciate approach appropriate approve See all related words (274) > Others Are Reading ``` Share Advertisement Alphabetical list ``` Pepsi-Cola pepsin peptic peptide peptone *per- per- per per annum per capita per diem ```

Answer 117

- κρᾰτῐ́ᾱ • (-kratíā) f (genitive -κρᾰτῐ́ᾱς); first declension - cracy (government, rule) Derived from κρᾰ́τος (krátos, “strength”, “power”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā, noun-forming suffix). ``` κρᾰ́τος • (krátos) n (genitive κρᾰ́τεος or κρᾰ́τους); third declension might, strength act of strength, act of valour (in the plural) acts of violence dominion, power. ``` *kret-[1] insight, intelligence strength

Answer 118

STATE OF BEING *-tāts f used to form nouns representing state of being * nogʷedos (“naked”) > *nogʷetāts (“nudity”) * weros (“true”) > *werotāts (“truth”) *-teh₂ts f Used to form nouns representing state of being. *-teh₂ f Used to form nouns representing state of being. _________________________________ *h₂yuh₁n̥téh₂ youth. From *h₂yuh₁en- +‎ *-teh₂. *h₂yuh₁en- young. ``` *h₁én In Cognates with Ancient Greek: εἰς *h₁(e)n-tér (“between”) (inter) *h₁én-teros (“inner, located inside”) (entero) *h₁(e)n-dó (“inside”) (endo) ```

Answer 119

FORMS ABSTRACT NOUNS FROM VERBS -þ f forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels fȳlþ "filth, foulness", from fūl "foul, polluted" iermþ (“poverty”), from earm (“poor”) þīefþ "theft", from þēof "thief" forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels fyrhþ *-þuz m Forms result nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.

Answer 120

HABITUAL - ITERATIVE - VERB SUFFIX ``` Ongoing. Habitual. Iterative. Continuous instances. Stative Action. ``` Alternative Form -είω (-eíō) – Epic (etymology #3: verbs that are derived from adjectives in -ής (-ḗs) or neuter nouns in -ος (-os)) _______________________________________ ῥέω • (rhéō) ``` I flow, stream, run, gush. From Proto-Indo-European *srew- (“to flow”). (of molten objects) I liquefy, run. I am in perpetual flux. (of persons) I am inclined to, given to. I leak. I have a flux (diarrhea-causing disease) (transitive, rare) I let flow, pour. (transitive, with cognate accusative) I let run. ``` _______________________________________ ``` δέω (déō), I bind, tie, fasten, fetter. (middle) I tie onto myself. (with genitive) I hinder from. (medicine) I brace. ``` From Proto-Indo-European *deh₁-. To bind. _______________________________________ ζέω (zéō) to boil, seethe, bubble to heat. Zealot Jealous. From Proto-Indo-European *yes-. Confer Sanskrit येषति (yeṣati, “to boil, bubble up”) यसति (yásati, “to froth up, foam”), Old High German jesan. *yes- to foam to boil Porto-Germanic *jesaną to ferment. _______________________________________ οἰκέω ``` I inhabit. I colonize, settle in. I manage, direct, govern. (Intransitive) I dwell, live. (of cities) I am situated. I am governed. ``` From οἶκος (oîkos, “house”) +‎ -έω (-éō, denominative verbal suffix). Alternative form οἰκείω (oikeíō) – Epic _______________________________________ τελέω ``` to bring about, complete, fulfill to perform, accomplish, do to keep my word to pay, present (especially pay taxes) to belong to a class to consecrate, initiate ``` From τέλος (télos, “end”) +‎ -έω (-éō, denominative verbal suffix). τελείω • (teleíō) alternative spelling of τελέω _______________________________________ φιλέω • (philéō) I love, like, regard highly. I treat kindly, welcome (post-Homeric) I show signs of affection, kiss (post-Homeric) I enjoy. From φίλος (phílos, “beloved”) +‎ -έω (-éō, stative suffix). _______________________________________ φορέω • (phoréō) to bear repeatedly or habitually to wear (clothing, armor, etc.) to bear, show, have (a certain feature or quality of mind or body) (passive) to be borne along, be stormtossed (passive) to be carried away, be shifted (middle) to fetch for oneself, fetch regularly. Frequentative of φέρω (phérō); from Proto-Hellenic *pʰoréyō, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoréyeti. Cognate with Sanskrit भारयति (bhāráyati). From φέρω • (phérō) to bring, bear, carry. Both φέρω (phérō) and ἄγω (ágō) mean “bring”, but φέρω (phérō) is used when the object is an inanimate object, while ἄγω (ágō) is used when the object is animate (a person or animal). From *bʰoréyeti (imperfective) to be carrying around to cause to carry From *bʰer- (“carry”) +‎ *-éyeti (iterative suffix). *-éyeti - expressing a habit, to do over and over. __________________________________________ *-éh₁yeti Stative verbs with *-éh₁yeti (stative suffix) From *-éh₁ti (stative suffix) +‎ *-yeti. ``` *(Ø)-éh₁ti (oblique stem *(Ø)-h₁-?) Creates stative (or durative) verbs from perfective roots. Creates stative (or durative) verbs from nominals. ``` *(é)-yeti Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots. _______________________________________ _______________________________________ _______________________________________

Answer 121

CREATES FEMININE FORM NOUNS -ινα • (-ina) f Added to masculine or neuter nouns to give a feminine form.

Answer 122

FORMS ABSTRACT NOUNS -σῠ́νη • (-súnē) m (genitive -σῠ́νης); first declension Forms abstract nouns from adjectives or nouns... ‎δῐ́καιος (“just”) + ‎-σῠ́νη → ‎ δῐκαιοσύνη (“justice”) ‎μᾰ́ντις (“diviner”) + ‎-οσῠ́νη → ‎ μαντοσύνη (“divination”) ‎μνήμων (“remembering”) + ‎-οσῠ́νη → ‎ μνημοσύνη (“memory”) ‎σώφρων (“prudent”) + ‎-σῠ́νη → ‎ σωφροσύνη (“prudence”) ________________________________________ ``` ᾰ̓φροσῠ́νη (aphrosúnē) ἄφρων ἀ- (“not”) +‎ -φρων (“mind”) Adjective senseless, crazed, frantic, silly, foolish. ``` -φρων A stem found in adjectives relating to the mind or emotions. From o-grade of φρήν (“heart, mind”). From Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰren- (“soul, mind”). Related to Old Norse grunr (“suspicious”). φρήν • (phrḗn) f (genitive φρενός); third declension (often in the plural) The midriff, stomach and lower chest or breast The seat of emotions, heart; seat of bodily appetites such as hunger The seat of intellect, wits, mind will, purpose. ________________________________________ δῐκαιοσῠ́νη (dikaiosúnē) From δῐ́καιος (“just”) +‎ -σῠ́νη From δῐ́κη (díkē, “custom, right”) +‎ -ῐος (-ios, adjective suffix). δῐκαιοσῠ́νη • (dikaiosúnē) f (genitive δῐκαιοσῠ́νης); first declension righteousness, justice fulfillment of the law Pythagorean name for four. ``` δῐ́καιος • (díkaios) m (feminine δῐκαίᾱ, neuter δῐ́καιον); first/second declension observant of custom, orderly, civilized righteous equal, even, balanced exact, specific lawful, just, right fitting, normal real, genuine ``` δῐ́κη • (díkē) f (genitive δῐ́κης); first declension custom, manner, fashion order, law, right judgment, justice lawsuit, trial punishment, penalty, vengeance, satisfaction. δίκη • (díki) f (plural δίκες) (law) trial. δίκαια (díkaia, “fairly, justly”) δίκαιο n (díkaio, “law”) δίκαιος (díkaios, “right, just”, adj) δίκιο n (díkio, “that which is right, just”) δικαίωμα n (dikaíoma, “right, power”) δικαίως (dikaíos, “fairly, justly”) δικαιοσύνη f (dikaiosýni, “judicial system”) δικαιούμαι (dikaioúmai, “be entitled to”) δικαιώνω (dikaióno, “to justify”) δικαιώνομαι (dikaiónomai, “to be vindicated”) δικανικός (dikanikós, “forensic”, adj) δικαστήριο n (dikastírio, “court”) δικαστίνα f (dikastína, “lawyer”, colloquial) δικαστικός m, f (dikastikós, “magistrate”) δικηγορικός (dikigorikós, “lawyer's”) δικηγόρος m, f (dikigóros, “lawyer”) ________________________________________ δουλοσῠ́νη (doulosúnē) ________________________________________ ἐλεημοσῠ́νη (eleēmosúnē) ________________________________________ εὐφροσῠ́νη (euphrosúnē) ________________________________________ ῐ̓ερωσῠ́νη (ierōsúnē) ________________________________________ μᾰντοσῠ́νη (mantosúnē) ________________________________________ μεγᾰλοφροσῠ́νη (megalophrosúnē) ________________________________________ σωφροσῠ́νη (sōphrosúnē) ________________________________________ φῐλοφροσῠ́νη (philophrosúnē)

Answer 123

FORMS ABSTRACT NOUNS OF PROCESS word-forming element attached to verbs to form abstract nouns of process or fact (convergence from converge), or of state or quality (absence from absent); ultimately from Latin -antia and -entia, which depended on the vowel in the stem word, from PIE *-nt-, adjectival suffix. As Old French evolved from Latin, these were leveled to -ance, but later French borrowings from Latin (some of them subsequently passed to English) used the appropriate Latin form of the ending, as did words borrowed by English directly from Latin (diligence, absence). English thus inherited a confused mass of words from French and further confused it since c. 1500 by restoring -ence selectively in some forms of these words to conform with Latin. Thus dependant, but independence, etc.

Answer 124

FORMING ABSTRACT NOUNS IN PROCESS (Quality or State) On past participle Adjectives. word-forming element denoting quality or state, from Latin -antia, forming abstract nouns on past-participle adjectives in -antem, appearing in English mostly in words borrowed directly from Latin (those passing through French usually have -ance or -ence; see -ance).

Answer 125

CHINESE - JAPANESE - VIENNESE -έζος • (-ézos) m (feminine -έζα) added to a country, region or city to create (proper) nouns denoting a male resident, citizen or native; -ese, -er: ‎Κίνα (Kína, “China”) + ‎-έζος (-ézos) → ‎Κινέζος (Kinézos, “Chinese”) ‎Ιαπωνία (Iaponía, “Japan”) + ‎-έζος (-ézos) → ‎Γιαπωνέζος (Giaponézos, “Japanese”) ‎Βιέννη (Viénni, “Vienna”) + ‎-έζος (-ézos) → ‎Βιεννέζος (Viennézos, “Viennese”)

Answer 126

FORMS ADJECTIVES OF POSSIBILITY -able, -ible, -like, -ed. γνώριμος • (gnórimos) m (feminine γνώριμη, neuter γνώριμο) Adjective familiar, known. -ῐμος • (-imos) m, f (neuter -ῐμον); second declension Added to the stems of verbs or verbal nouns in -σις (-sis) to form an adjective of possibility or capability: -able, -ible, -like, -ed. ‎δοκέω (dokéō, “seem good”) + ‎-ιμος (-imos) → ‎δόκιμος (dókimos, “approved”)

Answer 127

-IST From Ancient Greek -ιστής (-istḗs). When it is added to a verb, it is usually of the ending -ίζω (-ízo). -ιστής • (-istís) m (feminine -ίστρια) added to a noun or adjective to create words for a male person who is a follower or supporter of that notion; -ist: ‎κομμουνισμός (kommounismós, “Communism”) + ‎-ιστής (-istís) → ‎κομμουνιστής (kommounistís, “Communist”) ‎εθνικός (ethnikós, “ethnic, national”) + ‎-ιστής (-istís) → ‎εθνικιστής (ethnikistís, “nationalist”) ‎Ισλάμ (Islám, “Islam”) + ‎-ιστής (-istís) → ‎ισλαμιστής (islamistís, “Islamist”) added to a noun, adjective or verb to create words for a male person who behaves in a certain way; -ist, -er: ‎εγώ (egó, “I”) + ‎-ιστής (-istís) → ‎εγωιστής (egoistís, “egoist, selfish”) ‎υπερασπίζω (yperaspízo, “to defender”) + ‎-ιστής (-istís) → ‎υπερασπιστής (yperaspistís, “defender”) ‎έτσι θέλω (étsi thélo, “that's the way I want”) + ‎-ιστής (-istís) → ‎ετσιθελιστής (etsithelistís, “arbitrary person”) added to a noun or verb to create words for a male person who is a habitual doer of said action; -ist, -er: ‎ποδόσφαιρο (podósfairo, “football”) + ‎-ιστής (-istís) → ‎ποδοσφαιριστής (podosfairistís, “footballer”) ‎σκάκι (skáki, “chess”) + ‎-ιστής (-istís) → ‎σκακιστής (skakistís, “chess player”) _________________________________________ ``` Recent additions to the category ποδοσφαιριστής χειριστής φροντιστής φονταμενταλιστής φεμινιστής υπογραμμιστής υλιστής τροχιστής τραγουδιστής σφετεριστής Oldest pages ordered by last edit αριβιστής αλχημιστής διαχειριστής βομβιστής μετασχηματιστής αυνανιστής αντασφαλιστής συμπολεμιστής αγνωστικιστής ρατσιστής ```

Answer 128

- ISM - ισμός • (-ismós) m A suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine. -ισμός • (-ismós) m (genitive -ισμοῦ); second declension Forms abstract nouns. Rebracketing of the suffix -μός (-mós) appended to verbs in -ίζω (-ízō) / -ίζομαι (-ízomai), such as in λογισμός (logismós) (λογίζομαι (logízomai) + -μός (-mós)). _________________________________________ - ῐ́ζω • (-ízō) - IAN (Canada + ian = Canadian) Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs. Used to form verbs from proper nouns of cities, demonyms, to denote: adhere to the policy of the city mimicking the style and behaviour of the demonym ‎-ίζω (-ízō) + ‎Λᾰ́κων (Lákōn, “Lacedaemonian”) → ‎λᾰκωνίζω (lakōnízō) From Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti (verbal suffix), from *-id- + *-yéti. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-itjaną, *-atjaną. The suffix started in denominative verbs in *-id-yō (e.g. elpid-yō > ἐλπίζω (elpízō), cf. ἐλπίς (elpís)), but was later used on stems of all kinds to the number of many thousands. _________________________________________ ``` Recent additions to the category διεθνισμός υπερρεαλισμός παρεμβατισμός ναζισμός υπαρξισμός μαοϊσμός ωφελιμισμός τροτσκισμός φασισμός μηδενισμός Oldest pages ordered by last edit κομμουνισμός υπερρεαλισμός μηδενισμός φασισμός τροτσκισμός ωφελιμισμός μαοϊσμός υπαρξισμός ναζισμός πετραρχισμός ```

Answer 129

- IST (feminine) - ίστρια • (-ístria) f (masculine -ιστής) added to a noun or adjective to create words for a female person who is a follower or supporter of that notion; -ist: ‎κομμουνισμός (kommounismós, “Communism”) + ‎-ίστρια (-ístria) → ‎κομμουνίστρια (kommounístria, “Communist”) ‎εθνικός (ethnikós, “ethnic, national”) + ‎-ίστρια (-ístria) → ‎εθνικίστρια (ethnikístria, “nationalist”) ‎Ισλάμ (Islám, “Islam”) + ‎-ίστρια (-ístria) → ‎ισλαμίστρια (islamístria, “Islamist”) added to a noun, adjective or verb to create words for a male person who behaves in a certain way; -ist, -er: ‎εγώ (egó, “I”) + ‎-ίστρια (-ístria) → ‎εγωίστρια (egoístria, “egoist, selfish”) ‎υπερασπίζω (yperaspízo, “to defender”) + ‎-ίστρια (-ístria) → ‎υπερασπίστρια (yperaspístria, “defender”) ‎έτσι θέλω (étsi thélo, “that's the way I want”) + ‎-ίστρια (-ístria) → ‎ετσιθελίστρια (etsithelístria, “arbitrary person”) added to a noun or verb to create words for a male person who is a habitual doer of said action; -ist, -er: ‎ποδόσφαιρο (podósfairo, “football”) + ‎-ίστρια (-ístria) → ‎ποδοσφαιρίστρια (podosfairístria, “footballer”) ‎σκάκι (skáki, “chess”) + ‎-ίστρια (-ístria) → ‎σκακίστρια (skakístria, “chess player”) __________________________________________ ``` Recent additions to the category αγνωστικίστρια ποδοσφαιρίστρια βασανίστρια Oldest pages ordered by last edit αγνωστικίστρια ποδοσφαιρίστρια βασανίστρια ```

Answer 130

TURN - DIRECT • (stréfo) (simple past έστρεψα) turn, direct. ___________________________________ αντικειμενοστρεφής Object oriented. (computing) object-oriented From αντικείμενο (antikeímeno, “object”) +‎ στρέφω (stréfo, “to direct”) ``` αντικείμενο • (antikeímeno) n (plural αντικείμενα) object, subject (a physical thing) (grammar) object (of sentence) object (of desire, or affection, etc) (computing) object (of object-oriented) ``` αντικειμενικός (“objective”)

Answer 131

V-APA-GMS Simple Past - Participle (-ed) Mood - Active Genitive Masculine Singular _____________________________________ ὑστερήσαντος ``` HAD BEEN LACKING I Lack(ed) ``` John 2:3 V-APA-GMS GRK: καὶ ὑστερήσαντος οἴνου λέγει NAS: When the wine ran out, the mother KJV: And when they wanted wine, the mother INT: And having been deficient of wine says. ὑστερέω Definition: to come late, be behind, come short hýsteros, "last" At "the end," i.e. coming behind (to "be posterior, late"); (figuratively) coming behind and therefore left out; left wanting (falling short). 5302 /hysteréō ("failing to fulfill a goal") means to be in lack and hence, unable to meet the need at hand because depleted ("all run out"). This state of lack (insufficiency, privation) naturally results when a person misses out on what is vital.

Answer 132

FORMS INSTRUMENT NOUNS -τρον • (-tron) n (genitive -τρου); second declension Forms instrument nouns. From Proto-Indo-European *-trom. *(é)-trom n Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument. Originally the neuter gender of some adjective *-tros meaning "of the doer, of doing". Of note is the similar development later exercised by daughter languages (e.g. Latin -tor > -tōrius (“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium (“thing/ place of the doer”)). ``` Recent additions to the category σεῖστρον πλῆκτρον κίνητρον ἄγκιστρον μέτρον κάτοπτρον θέατρον λέκτρον ἄροτρον κέντρον Oldest pages ordered by last edit θέατρον μέτρον ἔλυτρον φίλτρον ἄροτρον φέρετρον ἄγκιστρον κάναστρον κάτοπτρον λέκτρον ```

Answer 133

-τερος • (-teros) Relative superlative -τερος -τερος (suffix for comparative degree) Added to many adjectives and some adverbs to form the comparative forms. ‎βαθύς (vathýs, “deep”) + ‎-τερος (-teros) → ‎βαθύτερος (vathýteros, “deeper”) ‎όμορφος (ómorfos, “beautiful”) + ‎-τερος (-teros) → ‎ομορφότερος (omorfóteros, “more beautiful”) Added to many adjectives and some adverbs to form the relative superlative forms. ‎βαθύς (vathýs, “deep”) + ‎-τερος (-teros) → ‎ο βαθύτερος (o vathýteros, “deepest”)

Answer 134

-τατος • (-tatos) Added to most adjectives to form the absolute superlative. ‎σοφός (sofós, “wise”) + ‎-τατος (-tatos) → ‎σοφότατος (sofótatos, “very wise”) ‎βαθύς (vathýs, “deep”) + ‎-τατος (-tatos) → ‎βαθύτατος (vathýtatos, “very deep”) Usage notes Edit For relative superlative see -τερος ανώτατος άριστος Greek has two superlative forms: The relative superlative - used when making a comparison, it is usually formed it two ways ο πιο πονηρός (the more cunning) and ο πονηρότερος (the cunninger). The absolute superlative - not used when making a direct comparison, but when stressing an exceptional property: πονηρότατος (most cunning). For example Odysseus is a most cunning man.

Answer 135

V-APA-GMS / V-APA-GMP ἀκολουθησάντων having followed V-APA-GMP ἀκουσάντων having heard V-APA-GMP ὑστερήσαντος having been deficient V-APA-GMS

Answer 136

V-PPM/P-NNS μεθερμηνευόμενον being translated V-PPM/P-NNS

Answer 137

μεθερμηνευόμενον translated V-PPM/P-NNS θεασάμενος having beheld V-APM-NMS γεγεννημένον having been born V-RPM/P-NNS

Answer 138

ἀκολουθοῦντας , following V-PPA-AMP ἠκολούθησαν followed V-AIA-3P Ἀκολούθει Follow V-PMA-2S _________________________ λαλοῦντος , speaking V-PPA-GMS ἤκουσαν heard V-AIA-3P

Answer 139

εὑρήκαμεν , we have found V-RIA-1P

Answer 140

ἐγέμισαν they filled V-AIA-3P ᾔδεισαν knew V-LIA-3P ἐπίστευσαν believed V-AIA-3P Ἀπεκρίθησαν Answered V-AIP-3P

Answer 141

Τεσσεράκοντα Forty Adj-DNP

Answer 142

PASSIVE SUFFIX ἠγέρθη He was raised up V-AIP-3S ἐμνήσθησαν - ( ἐμνήσ-θη-σαν ) remembered V-AIP-3P οἰκοδομήθη was built V-AIP-3S ἐκλήθη Was invited V-AIP-3S Ἀπεκρίθησαν - ( Ἀπεκρί-θη-σαν ) Answered V-AIP-3P γεννηθῇ be born V-ASP-3S γεννηθῆναι , to be born V-ANP

Answer 143

FORMS FEMININE NOUNS -αινα • (-aina) f Used to form the feminine form of masculine nouns: ‎λύκος (lýkos, “wolf”) + ‎-αινα (-aina) → ‎λύκαινα (lýkaina, “she-wolf”) Used to form the andronyms: ‎Γεώργιος (Geórgios, “George”) + ‎-αινα (-aina) → ‎Γιώργαινα (Giórgaina, “Georgiana”) ``` Recent additions to the category λύκαινα Γιώργαινα Oldest pages ordered by last edit λύκαινα Γιώργαινα ``` ὄζαινᾰ • (ózaina) f (genitive ὀζαίνᾱς); first declension (pathology) ozaena, a type of chronic rhinitis fetid kind of octopus. From ὄζω (ózō, “to smell”) +‎ -αινᾰ (-aina). _______________________

Answer 144

FORMS TRANSITIVE VERBS -νῡμῐ • (-nūmi) A suffix forming transitive verbs. ``` Recent additions to the category -νυμι οἴγνυμι σβέννυμι ῥώννυμι ῥήγνυμι πτάρνυμαι πήγνυμι πετάννυμι ὄρνυμι ὄμνυμι Oldest pages ordered by last edit ἕννυμι ὄρνυμι -νυμι πτάρνυμαι δείκνυμι οἴγνυμι ῥήγνυμι ῥώννυμι πήγνυμι πετάννυμι ```

Answer 145

aorist middle infinitive suffix γενέσθαι to have been done. what should be done? “that which should be done” ____________________________________ infinitive A non-finite verb form considered neutral with respect to inflection; depending on language variously found used with auxiliary verbs, in subordinate clauses, or acting as a gerund, and often as the dictionary form. In English, the infinitive is formed with the word to, e.g. to read. ____________________________________ middle voice The voice verb form in which the subject of a verb performs some action upon itself, it falls somewhere between the active and passive voices. Found in a few languages (e.g. Sanskrit, Ancient Greek, Icelandic). (see Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg Voice (grammar) on Wikipedia.)

Answer 146

-ος • (-os) n (genitive -εος or -ους); third declension Added to verbal roots to form a noun of result or an abstract noun of action. Added to the zero-grade. ‎ἔπᾰθον (épathon, “I experienced”, aorist) + ‎-ος (-os) → ‎πᾰ́θος (páthos, “experience, emotion”) Added to the e-grade. ‎μείρομαι (meíromai, “to receive as one's portion”) + ‎-ος (-os) → ‎μέρος (méros, “part”) Etymology 3 Edit Suffix Edit -ος • (-os) Nominative singular of masculine and feminine second-declension nouns ἄνθρωπος m or f (ánthrōpos, “person”) Masculine nominative singular of first- and second-declension adjectives ἄλλος m (állos, “other”) Masculine and feminine nominative singular of second-declension adjectives ἄδικος m or f (ádikos, “unjust”) Nominative, accusative, and vocative singular of some neuter third-declension nouns γένος n (génos, “kind”) Genitive singular of consonant-stem or uncontracted third-declension nouns ὀνόματος n (onómatos, “of a name”) Genitive singular of consonant-stem or uncontracted third-declension masculine or neuter adjectives παντός m or n (pantós, “of the whole of”)

Answer 147

TO BRING OUT - CAUSE TO BECOME δικαιόω - (dik-ah-yo'-o) ( -oō ) suffix which conveys "to bring to/out").

Answer 148

-εύς • (-eús) m (genitive -έως); third declension Added to noun or adjective stems to form a masculine noun of the person concerned with a thing Added to an ancestor's or place name to form a demonym: -ian Added to verbal stems to form a masculine agent noun: -er ________________________________________ demonym (plural demonyms) A name for an inhabitant or native of a specific place, usually derived from the name of the place. Why is it that people from the United States use American as their demonym? (obsolete) A pseudonym formed of an adjective. The Logophile has my favourite demonym; I would write under it if he didn't. Synonyms gentilic gentilic (not comparable) Tribal or national. Describing the inhabitants of a particular place; demonymic. From Latin gentilis (“of a clan or gens”) + English suffix -ic. gentilic (plural gentilics) A personal name derived from a place name. Vito Corleone? What kind of name is Corleone? A gentilic? A demonym. ________________________________________________ SYNONYM (person concerned): -ειᾰ (-eia) (feminine), -ίς (-ís) (feminine), -της (-tēs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine), -ττᾰ (-tta) (feminine), -σσᾰ (-ssa) (feminine), -αινᾰ (-aina) (feminine) (agent noun): -της (-tēs), -τής (-tḗs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine), -τήρ (-tḗr), -τειρᾰ (-teira) (feminine), -τωρ (-tōr), -τρός (-trós), -τρίᾱ (-tríā) (feminine), -τρίς (-trís) (feminine) (demonym): -ίς (-ís) (feminine), -της (-tēs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine), -ῐος (-ios), -κός (-kós), -ῐκός (-ikós), -ᾱνός (-ānós) -ηνός (-ēnós), -ῖνος (-înos) _____________________________________________ -ῐς • (-is) f (genitive -ῐδος); third declension Forms feminine nouns, or feminine forms of adjectives (often accented on the ultima) Ἕλλην > Ἑλληνίς Héllēn > Hellēnís Greek (man) > Greek woman. _____________________________________________ - τής (-tḗs) – agent noun - της • (-tēs) f (genitive -τητος); third declension Forms nouns representing a state of being. From Proto-Hellenic *-tāts, from Proto-Indo-European *-teh₂ts. Cognate with Sanskrit -ताति (-tāti), and Latin -tās, from which English -ity. Synonyms -ίᾰ (-ía), -ίᾱ (-íā), -σύνη (-súnē), -άς (-ás), -ος (-os) (neuter) -της • (-tēs) m (genitive -του); first declension Added to noun stems to form masculine nouns of the person concerned with a thing Added to verb stems to form masculine agent nouns: -er Added to place names to form masculine demonyms: -ian the suffix's narrowing to agentivity may be by analogy to -τήρ (-tḗr) and -τωρ (-tōr). _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________

Answer 149

Ancient Greek -ικός -ic Used to form adjectives from nouns with the meaning “of or pertaining to”. Cyrillic acidic (chemistry) Used to denote certain chemical compounds in which a specified chemical element has a higher oxidation number than in the equivalent compound whose name ends in the suffix -ous. For example sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄) has more oxygen atoms per molecule than sulphurous acid (H₂SO₃). _________________________________________ From Middle English -ik from Old French -ique from Latin -icus from Proto-Indo-European *-ikos, *-iḱos formed with the i-stem suffix *-i- and the adjectival suffix *-ko-. Compare Ancient Greek -ικός (-ikós) Sanskrit श (śa), क (ka) and Old Church Slavonic -ъкъ (-ŭkŭ). Doublet of -y.

Answer 150

-onym name word From Ancient Greek ὄνυμα (ónuma), Doric and Aeolic dialectal form of ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”). ______________________________________ EXAMPLE demonym (plural demonyms) A name for an inhabitant or native of a specific place, usually derived from the name of the place. Why is it that people from the United States use American as their demonym? (obsolete) A pseudonym formed of an adjective. The Logophile has my favourite demonym; I would write under it if he didn't. From Ancient Greek δῆμος (“people”) + ὄνυμα ( “name”).

Answer 151

-er ``` Giver Sender Receiver Planter Spacer ``` -τήρ • (-tḗr) m (genitive -τῆρος); third declension Added to verb stems to form masculine agent nouns ‎δίδωμι (dídōmi, “(δω-, weak stem δο- to give”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎δωτήρ, δοτήρ (dōtḗr, dotḗr, “a giver”) ‎καθίημι (kathíēmi, “to let down, descend”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎καθετήρ (kathetḗr, “anything let down into”) ‎κλύζω (klúzō, “to wash, cleanse”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎κλυστήρ (klustḗr, “a clyster-pipe, syringe”) ‎ἵστημι (hístēmi, “(weak stem στα- to stand”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎στατήρ (statḗr, “a weight”) ‎χαράσσω (kharássō, “(χαράκ-j- to engrave”) + ‎-τήρ (-tḗr) → ‎χαρακτήρ (kharaktḗr, “an engraver”) From Proto-Indo-European *-tḗr, with nominative η made common to all cases with original syncopation or ε; compare its use in ἀστήρ (astḗr) (always with ε) and γαστήρ (gastḗr) (either with oblique ε throughout or original syncopation).

Answer 152

-or ``` Investor Grantor Progenitor Obligor Monitor ``` -τωρ • (-tōr) m (genitive -τορος); third declension Used to form agent nouns δώτωρ (dṓtōr, “a giver”), from δίδωμι (dídōmi, “to give”) From Proto-Indo-European *-tōr. Cognate with Latin -tor.

Answer 153

ONE WHO HAS "X" - ABSTRACT NOUN ETYMOLOGY 1 -ος • (-os) m (genitive -ου); second declension Added to verbal roots to form an o-grade action noun. *(ó)-os m Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the one who performs the action of that verb. Greek words suffixed with Ᾰ̓ξῐ́οχος ᾰ̓ξῐ́ᾱ (“worth, value”) +‎ ἔχω (“to have”) +‎ -ος “one who has value”. Ἀστύοχος ἄστυ (ástu) +‎ ἔχω (ékhō) +‎ -ος (-os) ἄστῠ • (ástu) n (genitive ἄστεως); third declension a town, city; the inhabited part of a city in particular, rather than the citadel. One who inhabits the city. στόλος From στέλλω (stéllō, “to send”) +‎ -ος (-os). See also στολή (stolḗ). στόλος • (stólos) m (genitive στόλου); second declension expedition army, fleet, troop. One who is sent on an expedition. From στέλλω (stéllō, “to clothe”) +‎ -η (-ē). στολή • (stolḗ) f (genitive στολῆς); first declension equipment robe. πόκος From πέκω (pékō, “to comb, to card; to shear”) +‎ -ος (-os). One who is shorn or fleeced. πόκος • (pókos) m (genitive πόκου); second declension wool shorn wool, fleece. δρόμος • (drómos) m (genitive δρόμου); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Koine) race, running racetrack course, path. One who runs a race. From Proto-Indo-European *drem- (“to run”) + -ος πλόος • (plóos) m (genitive πλόου); second declension (Epic, Ionic, Doric) sailing, voyage. One who sets sail. πλέω (pléō, “to sail”) + -ος (-os). ___________________________________________ ETYMOLOGY 2 -ος • (-os) n (genitive -εος or -ους); third declension Added to verbal roots to form a noun of result or an abstract noun of action. Added to the zero-grade. ‎ἔπᾰθον (“I experienced”, aorist) + ‎-ος → ‎ πᾰ́θος (“the experience, emotion”) Added to the e-grade. ‎μείρομαι (“to receive as one's portion”) + ‎-ος → ‎μέρος ("the part received”) _________________________________________ ETYMOLOGY 3 -ος • (-os) Nominative singular of masculine and feminine second-declension nouns ἄνθρωπος m or f (ánthrōpos, “person”) Masculine nominative singular of first- and second-declension adjectives ἄλλος m (állos, “other”) Masculine and feminine nominative singular of second-declension adjectives ἄδικος m or f (ádikos, “unjust”) Nominative, accusative, and vocative singular of some neuter third-declension nouns γένος n (génos, “kind”) Genitive singular of consonant-stem or uncontracted third-declension nouns ὀνόματος n (onómatos, “of a name”) Genitive singular of consonant-stem or uncontracted third-declension masculine or neuter adjectives παντός m or n (pantós, “of the whole of”)

Answer 154

FORMS SUBSTANTIVES - AGENT NOUNS -ᾰ́ς • (-ás) f (genitive -ᾰ́δος); third declension Forms substantives from other words or roots. ‎λᾰ́μπω (“shine”) + ‎-άς → ‎λαμπάς (“torch”) ‎φεύγω (“to flee”) + ‎-άς → ‎φυγάς (“an exile”) ‎νείφω (“to snow”) + ‎-άς → ‎νιφάς (“the snow”) Forms nouns denoting a group. ‎δέκᾰ (“ten”) + ‎-άς → ‎δεκάς (“group of ten”) Forms abstract nouns of number from numerals. ‎δέκᾰ (“ten”) + ‎-άς → ‎δεκάς (“the number ten”) -ᾰ́ς • (-ás) f (genitive -ᾰ́δος); third declension Forms feminine adjectives or nouns. ἀγριάς (agriás, “wild”) Δηλιάς (Dēliás, “female Delian”) Forms female patronymics from name of father. Θεστιάς (Thestiás, “daughter of Thestius”) -άς • (-ás) m (feminine -ού) added to another noun to create agent nouns: μύλος ("mill") → μυλωνάς ("miller") γάλα ("milk") → γαλατάς ("milkman", "dairyman"") γυναίκα ("woman") → γυναικάς ("womaniser") φαγητό ("food") → φαγάς ("gourmand", "greedy guts")

Answer 155

AGENT NOUN -ιάς • (-iás) m added to another noun, verb or adjective to create agent noun agent nouns: ‎βάφω (váfo, “to paint”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎βαφιάς (vafiás, “painter”) ‎χαλκός (chalkós, “copper”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎χαλκιάς (chalkiás, “copper worker”) ‎γράφω (gráfo, “to write”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎γραφιάς (grafiás, “scribe”) added to another noun or adjective to denote winds from that direction: ‎νότος (nótos, “south”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎νοτιάς (notiás, “south wind”) ‎βόρειος (vóreios, “north”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎βοριάς (voriás, “south wind”) added to another plant/tree noun denote places with a lot of said plant/tree: ‎πεύκο (péfko, “pine”) + ‎-ιάς (-iás) → ‎πευκιάς (pefkiás, “place with a lot of pine trees”)

Answer 156

AGENT NOUN -έας • (-éas) m added to another noun, verb or adjective to create agent nouns: ‎κουρεύω (“to shave”) + ‎-έας → ‎κουρέας (“barber”) ‎ιερός (“holy”) + ‎-έας - → ιερέας (“religious minister, chaplain”) ‎ίππος (íppos, “horse”) + ‎-έας (-éas) → ‎ιππέας (ippéas, “horseman”) added to another noun, verb or adjective to denote an instrument or device: ‎προβάλλω (provállo, “to project”) + ‎-έας (-éas) → ‎προβολέας (provoléas, “projector”) surname suffix, mainly connected to those who originated in the Mani peninsula: ‎μαύρος (mávros, “black”) + ‎-έας (-éas) → ‎Μαυρέας (Mavréas) ‎Μανιάτης (Maniátis, “Maniot”) + ‎-έας (-éas) → ‎Μανιατέας (Maniatéas) ‎χαρίζω (charízo, “to give as a present”) + ‎-έας (-éas) → ‎Χαριστέας (Charistéas)

Answer 157

FEMININE FORM -αινα • (-aina) f Used to form the feminine form of masculine nouns: ‎λύκος (lýkos, “wolf”) + ‎-αινα (-aina) → ‎λύκαινα (lýkaina, “she-wolf”) Used to form the andronyms: ‎Γεώργιος (Geórgios, “George”) + ‎-αινα (-aina) → ‎Γιώργαινα (Giórgaina, “Georgiana”)

Answer 158

ADJECTIVE - (Having the quality of...) -ian -ine Constantine Byzantine -ηνός • (-ēnós) m (feminine -ηνή, neuter -ηνόν); first/second declension. Added to place name to form an adjective: -ian -ese Like, similar to, or of the kind or type. -ῐνος • (-inos) m (feminine -ῐ́νη, neuter -ῐνον); first/second declension Added to nouns or adverbs to form adjectives relating to material, time, and so on: made of, during the time of (with long ῑ) Forms adjectives of place: -ine Βυζαντῖνος (Buzantînos, “Byzantine”) ______________________________________ βαλαύστρῐνος of the color of pomegranate flowers. From βαλαύστιον (balaústion, “pomegranate flower”) +‎ -ινος (-inos). φῐλύρῐνος made of linden wood light as linden wood From φιλύρα (philúra, “linden”) +‎ -ινος (-inos).

Answer 159

CAUSE - PROMOTE - DO Causing, promoting, or doing a certain action Examples... absorbent, efficient One that causes, promotes, or does a certain action Examples... agent, deterrent

Answer 160

AGENT NOUN (now sciences, chiefly medicine) The agent noun derived from verb. serve → servant An adjective corresponding to a noun in -ance. defiance → defiant. (uncommon) An adjective derived from a verb. err → errant. Alternative form of -and blatant, blicant; flippant. -ant m (plural -anten, feminine -ante) appended to the stem of a verb, it yields a noun which signifies the subject who performs the action of that verb (see agent noun) agent noun A noun that denotes an agent who does the action denoted by the verb from which the noun is derived, such as "cutter" derived from "to cut". (grammar) A noun that denotes an agent that performs the action denoted by the verb from which the noun is derived, such as "rider" derived from "to ride", or "cutter" derived from "to cut". The agent noun 'cutter' means a person who cuts, or a thing that is made to or is able to cut something. ``` nomen agentis (plural nomina agenti or nomina agentium) (grammar) agent noun ```

Answer 161

COMPARATIVE *-teros Bigger (-er) Better (-er) More than... X Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix. In Proto-Indo-European, X-teros meant "one which is especially X", "one which is more X than other things", "one which is X as opposed to something else". Compare: Sanskrit: उद् (ud) → उत्तर (uttara, “upper”) Greek: δεξιός (“right”) → δεξιτερός (“more right”) (as opposed to "left") Latin: māter (“mother”) → mātertera (“maternal aunt”) (literally "the mother one"). In some daughters the suffix was grammaticalized as the marker of a comparative degree in adjectives: Greek: γλυκύς (glukús, “sweet”) → γλυκύτερος (glukúteros, “sweeter”) In some daughters it attracted various pronominal adjectives (determiners), i.e. words meaning "other": Sanskrit: अन्यतर (anyatara) Latin: al-ter Gothic: 𐌰𐌽-𐌸𐌰𐍂 (an-þar) or possessives: Greek: ἡμέ-τερος (hēmé-teros) Latin: nos-ter (“our”) Old Irish: náthar (“of us two”)

Answer 162

INSTRUMENTAL - MEDIUM - RESULT OF Form action nouns or result nouns. -mentum (plural -menta) instrument, medium, or result of e.g. monumentum. Derived from the Latin suffix -menta in collective nouns like armenta (“herd, flock”). Latin -menta Proto-Indo-European *-mn̥teh₂ (*-mn̥ + *-teh₂). *-mḗn (< **-mens) *(é)-mn̥ n Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs. e.g. Ancient Greek ποιμήν ("shepherd”) From Ancient Greek δαίμων guardian spirit (Latin genius), and so one's fate, destiny, fortune. Derived terms δαιμόνιος (daimónios) δεισιδαίμων (deisidaímōn) εὐδαίμων (eudaímōn) κακοδαίμων (kakodaímōn) Descendants → Coptic: ⲇⲁⲓⲙⲱⲛ (daimōn), ⲇⲉⲙⲱⲛ (demōn) → Latin: daemon → English: daimon a δαίμων is usually a lower god than a θεός. From δαίομαι (“to divide”) +‎ -μων Proto-Indo-European *deh₂-i- (“to divide, cut”). Sanskrit भग (bhága, “dispenser, patron”) compare Old Persian 𐎲𐎥 (baga, “god”) Sanskrit भजति (bhájati, “to divide, apportion”). Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬔𐬀-‎ (baga-, “part”) ___________________________________________ *bʰeh₂g- to divide, distribute, allot. ___________________________________________ Ancient Greek: ἔφαγον (éphagon, “I ate, devoured ← *I received a share”) Iranian: *báǰati (“to bestow, divide, have a share; to give, apportion”) ___________________________________________ ``` Old Persian 𐎲𐎥 𐎲𐎥 (baga) m (syllabary) Alternative form of 𐏎 (baga) 𐏎 (BG /baga-/) GOD ``` Literally, “given by God”, from 𐏎 (BG /baga/, “god”) +‎ 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (d-d-a-tu-u-v /dadātuv/, “to give”) 𐏎𐎭𐎠𐎫 (Bagadāta) m A male given name. ``` compare Ancient Greek Θεόδωρος . From θεός ("god”) +‎ δῶρον ("gift”) Θεόδωρος A male given name. Equivalent to English Theodore. ``` ``` δῶρον • (dôron) n (genitive δώρου); second declension gift hand's width. δίδωμι ("I give”) δώρο • (dóro) n (plural δώρα) gift, donation, present bonus. from Proto-Hellenic *dṓron gift from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃rom. *déh₃rom n (non-ablauting) gift. From *déh₃-r̥ +‎ *-om. *deh₃- (perfective) to give. *(é)-os n Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs. ``` ``` άδωρος (“useless”) δωροδοκώ f (“to bribe”) δωροληψία f (“the taking of bribes”) δωροδοκία f (“bribe, bribery”) φακελάκι n (“little envelope, bribe”) δωρίζω (“to donate”) επίδομα n (“benefit, subsidy, extra wages”) αδώρητος (“undonated”) δωρεά f (“gift”) δωρεάν (“free of charge”) δωρητής m (“donor”) δωρήτρια f ("donor”) ``` ``` επίδομα • (epídoma) n (plural επιδόματα) benefit, subsidy extra wages. Synonym (extra wages): δώρο n (dóro, “bonus”) ``` δωρεᾱ́ • (dōreā́) f (genitive δωρεᾶς); first declension a gift, a present, and especially bounty. an estate granted by a king, a fief. Particularly: “δῶρον +‎ -εᾱ́ ``` δωρεᾱ́ν • (dōreā́n) as a free gift, freely; also, by grant to no purpose, for naught. accusative singular of δωρεᾱ́ δωρεάν • (doreán) free, free of charge, gratis, as a gift. ``` δωρίζω (“to give”) δωρίζω • (dorízo) (simple past δώρισα, passive δωρίζομαι) give, donate. ``` αδώρητος (“undonated”) δωρεά f (“gift”) δωρεάν (“free of charge”) δωρητής m (“donor”) δωρήτρια f ("donor”) ``` δωρίζομαι To receive a gift. One who receives a gift. Endowment Something with which a person or thing is endowed. ``` Endow From Middle English endowen, endouen. from Anglo-Norman endouer, en- + Old French douer from Latin dōtāre (“to endow”) from dōs, dōtis (“gift; dowry”) ``` dower (plural dowers) (law) The part of or interest in a deceased husband's property provided to his widow, usually in the form of a life estate. (law) Property given by a groom directly to his bride at or before their wedding in order to legitimize the marriage; dowry. (obsolete) That with which one is gifted or endowed; endowment; gift. dower (plural dowers) A dower; a life estate of a male spouse's property. (rare) A gift given by the bride's family to the groom or his relatives; dowry. (rare, figuratively) A intrinsic or inherent property or attribute. (rare, astrology) A portion of the world under the domination of a particular star sign.

Answer 163

RESULTING NOUN resultative (not comparable) (grammar) Indicating the state of a noun resulting from the completion of the action expressed by a verb, as with "blue" in "Mary painted the fence blue". resultative (plural resultatives) (grammar) A grammatical construction that indicates the state of a noun resulting from the completion of the action expressed by a verb. - tiō - tiō f (genitive -tiōnis); third declension - tion, -ation, -ing; used to form a noun relating to some action or the result of an action. dictātiō (“a dictating, dictation”), from dictātum, supine of dictō (“I dictate”) quadripartītiō (“a division into four parts”), from quadripartītum, supine of quadripartiō (“I divide in four parts”)

Answer 164

FORMS ABSTRACT NOUNS - ice - tion - y - ence -σῠ́νη • m (genitive -σῠ́νης) Forms abstract nouns from adjectives or nouns. ‎δῐ́καιος (“just”) + ‎-σῠ́νη → ‎ δῐκαιοσύνη (“justice”) ‎μᾰ́ντις (“diviner”) + ‎-οσῠ́νη → ‎ μαντοσύνη (“divination”) ‎μνήμων (“remembering”) + ‎-οσῠ́νη → ‎ μνημοσύνη (“memory”) ‎σώφρων (“prudent”) + ‎-σῠ́νη → ‎ σωφροσύνη (“prudence”)

Answer 165

AGENT SUFFIXES *-yós Related to Ancient Greek: -εῖος -εῖος • (-eîos) m (feminine -είᾱ, neuter -εῖον); first/second declension Forms adjectives, usually with a meaning of "of" or "from". Latin -eus -eus m (feminine -ea, neuter -eum); first/second declension (with materials) Used to form adjectives from nouns, and so to nominally indicate the source of an attribute. ‎argentum (“silver”) + ‎-eus → ‎argenteus (“made of silver”) ‎ferrum (“iron”) + ‎-eus → ‎ferreus (“made of iron”) ‎marmor (“marble”) + ‎-eus → ‎marmoreus (“made of marble”) ‎pīnus (“pine tree”) + ‎-eus → ‎pīneus (“made of pine”) -εῖον • (-eîon) n (genitive -είου); second declension Forms nouns, usually instruments or means of action, from noun-stems. -εύς • (-eús) m (genitive -έως); third declension Added to noun or adjective stems to form a masculine noun of the person concerned with a thing Added to an ancestor's or place name to form a demonym: -ian Added to verbal stems to form a masculine agent noun: -er ``` Synonyms (person concerned) -ειᾰ (-eia) (feminine) -ίς (-ís) (feminine) -της (-tēs) -τίς (-tís) (feminine) -ττᾰ (-tta) (feminine) -σσᾰ (-ssa) (feminine) -αινᾰ (-aina) (feminine) ``` (agent noun) - της (-tēs) - τής (-tḗs) - τίς (-tís) (feminine) - τήρ (-tḗr) - τειρᾰ (-teira) (feminine) - τωρ (-tōr) - τρός (-trós) - τρίᾱ (-tríā) (feminine) - τρίς (-trís) (feminine) (demonym) - ίς (-ís) (feminine) - της (-tēs) - τίς (-tís) (feminine) - ῐος (-ios) - κός (-kós) - ῐκός (-ikós) - ᾱνός (-ānós) - ηνός (-ēnós) - ῖνος (-înos)

Answer 166

SUPERLATIVE ADVERB -ιστα (-ista, superlative adverb suffix).

Answer 167

-ότητα • (-ótita) f Added to an adjective or rarely, another noun, to create an abstract noun; -ity, -ty, -ness, -cy, -ion: ‎αυστηρός (afstirós, “strict”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎αυστηρότητα (afstirótita, “strictness”) ‎βέβαιος (vévaios, “sure, certain”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎βεβαιότητα (vevaiótita, “certainty”) ‎εθνικός (ethnikós, “national”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎εθνικότητα (ethnikótita, “nationality”) ‎εχθρός (echthrós, “enemy”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎εχθρότητα (echthrótita, “hostility”) ‎πιθανός (pithanós, “possible”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎πιθανότητα (pithanótita, “possibility”) ‎ποιος (poios, “who”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎ποιότητα (poiótita, “quality”) ‎πόσος (pósos, “how much”) + ‎-ότητα (-ótita) → ‎ποσότητα (posótita, “quantity”)

Answer 168

αλληλο- • (allilo-) added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate some form of reciprocity or mutuality; inter-: ‎αλληλο- (allilo-) + ‎γράφω (gráfo, “to write”) → ‎αλληλογραφία (allilografía, “correspondence”) ‎αλληλο- (allilo-) + ‎εγγύηση (engýisi, “guarantee, surety”) → ‎αλληλεγγύη (allilengýi, “solidarity”) ‎αλληλο- (allilo-) + ‎εξαρτώμαι (exartómai, “to depend on”) → ‎αλληλεξάρτηση (allilexártisi, “interdependency”) ‎αλληλο- (allilo-) + ‎επιδρώ (epidró, “to affect”) → ‎αλληλεπίδραση (allilepídrasi, “interaction”) ἀλλήλων • (allḗlōn) Pronoun referring back to a plural subject, and expressing an action done in two directions: of one another, to one another, one another, each other, mutually, reciprocally. From phrases such as ἄλλος ἄλλον (állos állon), ἄλλοι ἄλλους (álloi állous, “one another”), with loss of λ either by dissimilation or by the lengthening of α. ἄλλος • (állos) m (feminine ἄλλη, neuter ἄλλο); first/second declension Adjective other, another, different, else (with article) all others, all besides, the rest (with numerals) yet, still (in lists) as well, besides, too equivalent to ἀλλοῖος (alloîos) of another sort than (with genitive) (in phrases) in combination with τις (tis) any other; anyone else, anything else in the phrase ἄλλος τε καὶ (állos te kaì) especially, most of all in the phrase εἴ τις καὶ ἄλλος (eí tis kaì állos) or εἴ τι καὶ ἄλλο (eí ti kaì állo) if anyone, whoever else; if anything, whatever else. ἀλλά • (allá) Conjunction but, on the "other" hand... ``` From Old English elles (English else). Someone else... from *h₂el- (“other”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élios *h₂élyos other, another. From *h₂el- (“beyond, other”) Alternative form - *ályos ```

Answer 169

BOX - PLACE WHERE THINGS ARE STORED GALLERY -θήκη • (-thḗkē) f (genitive -θήκης); first declension Deverbal suffix from τίθημι (títhēmi), typically indicating a space in which things are put or stored. -θήκη • (-thíki) f Suffix added to words in order to indicate: storage, care of, exhibition. Derived from θήκη (thḗkē), from τίθημι (títhēmi, “I put, place, set”). _____________________________________ ᾰ̓ποθήκη • (apothḗkē) f (genitive ᾰ̓ποθήκης); first declension repository, storehouse. From ἀποτίθημι (apotíthēmi, “to put away”), from ἀπό (apó, “away”) + τίθημι (títhēmi, “to put”). _____________________________________ ῥαφιδοθήκη • (rhaphidothḗkē) f (genitive ῥαφιδοθήκης); first declension A needlecase. From ῥαφίς (rhaphís, “needle”) and -θήκη (-thḗkē, “case, box”). _____________________________________ ὀϊστοθήκη • (oïstothḗkē) f (genitive ὀϊστοθήκης); first declension A quiver. From ὀϊστός (oïstós, “arrow”) +‎ -θήκη (-thḗkē, “case, box”). _____________________________________ ὀστοθήκη • (ostothḗkē) f (genitive ὀστοθήκης); first declension A receptacle for bones, a sarcophagus. From ὀστέον (ostéon, “bone”) +‎ -θήκη (-thḗkē, “case, box”). χαράδρα • (charádra) f (plural χαράδρες) gorge, ravine _____________________________________ _____________________________________ χάσμα • (chásma) n chasm gap (figuratively) chasm, rift. χάσμα • (khásma) n (genitive χάσματος); third declension hollow, chasm, gulf open mouth space, expanse From χάσκω (kháskō, “I yawn, gape”) +‎ -μα (-ma, result noun suffix). _____________________________________ χᾰ́σκω • (kháskō) Verb to yawn, gape, open wide. (less common) to speak with open mouth, to utter. to open and swallow. from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰan- / *gʰan- (“to yawn, to gape”) with inchoative suffix -σκω (-skō). from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁y- (“to yawn, gape”) _____________________________________ χαίνω • (khaínō) Verb late present of χάσκω (kháskō) _____________________________________ ``` χᾰ́ος • (kháos) n (genitive χᾰ́εος or χᾰ́ους); third declension Noun the primordial state of existence space, air abyss, chasm infinite darkness. ``` Uncertain. Has traditionally been connected to χαίνω (khaínō), χάσκω (kháskō, “I gape, yawn”) (< Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂-) or χώρα (khṓra, “open space, place”). _____________________________________ ``` χώρᾱ • (khṓrā) f (genitive χώρᾱς); first declension Noun location, place, spot (see Latin locus) the proper place one's place in life piece of land: tract, land, field country (opposite town), countryside country, nation. ``` Unknown; possibly loaned from a Pre-Greek substrate or other regional language. Has been tentatively and inconclusively compared with χᾰ́ος (kháos, “empty space, abyss, chasm”) as well as χατέω (khatéō, “to lack, miss, need, desire”); _____________________________________ χήρα • (chíra) f (plural χήρες, masculine χήρος) Noun widow, relict. possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₁ro- (“derelict”), from the root *ǵʰeh₁- (“to leave behind, abandon”). _____________________________________ ``` χώρος χῶρος χωρώ χώροι χωράω χώρα χώρᾱ χᾰ́ος ``` _____________________________________ χώρα • (chóra) f (plural χώρες) Noun (geography) main town or village (geography) country, (especially) homeland, country of birth. ``` χώρᾱ • (khṓrā) f (genitive χώρᾱς); first declension Noun location, place, spot (see Latin locus) the proper place one's place in life piece of land: tract, land, field country (opposite town), countryside country, nation ``` From χᾰ́ος (kháos, “empty space, abyss, chasm”) simple past χώρεσα plural χώρες _____________________________________ ``` χωρώ • (choró) (simple past χώρεσα) Verb hold, contain fit (in) take, hold ``` _____________________________________ χωριό • (chorió) n (plural χωριά) Noun (geography) village (collectively) villagers _____________________________________ ``` πατρίδα f (patrída, “homeland”) πατρίδα • (patrída) f (plural πατρίδες) (geography) homeland, country of birth Synonym: χώρα (chóra) birthplace. ``` πατρικό n (patrikó, “family home”) πατρικός (patrikós, “paternal”) _____________________________________ κράτος • (krátos) n (plural κράτη) Noun state, sovereign country. πατρίδα f (patrída, “homeland”) χώρα f (chóra, “country, homeland”) κρατικός (kratikós, “state, government”, adjective) κρατιστής m (kratistís, “statist”) κρατούμενη f (kratoúmeni, “prisoner, detainee”) κρατούμενος m (kratoúmenos, “prisoner, detainee”) κρατώ (krató, “to detain, to hold”) κρατώ • (krató) (simple past κράτησα, passive κρατιέμαι) (transitive) hold, hold back, retain. From Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos, “might, power”), from Proto-Indo-European *kret-. *kret- Root insight, intelligence strength κρᾰτῠ́ς • (kratús) strong, mighty. ``` καρτερός • (karterós) m (feminine καρτερᾱ́, neuter καρτερόν); first/second declension Adjective strong, staunch, mighty steadfast obstinate violent _____________________________________ ``` ενδοχώρα f (endochóra, “hinterland”) χωράφι n (choráfi, “field”) κράτος f (krátos, “state”) ``` κρᾰ́τος • (krátos) n (genitive κρᾰ́τεος or κρᾰ́τους); third declension Noun might, strength act of strength, act of valour (in the plural) acts of violence dominion, power ``` ``` κρατέω • (kratéō) Verb to rule, command to conquer, prevail, gain the upper hand to seize, hold. From κράτος (krátos, “power, might”) +‎ -έω (-éō, denominative verbal suffix). ``` Κράτης • (Krátēs) m (genitive Κράτεος or Κράτους); third declension Noun A male given name: Crates. From κράτος (krátos, “power”) +‎ -ης (-ēs). -ης Forms third-declension proper nouns. _____________________________________ χωράφι • (choráfi) n (plural χωράφια) Noun (agriculture) field χωράω • (choráo) (simple past χώρεσα) Verb Alternative form of χωρώ (choró) Related terms χώρος m (chóros, “environment”) _____________________________________ ``` χώρος • (chóros) m (plural χώροι) Noun area, space, room ακάλυπτος χώρος ― akályptos chóros ― inner courtyard field ``` From Ancient Greek χῶρος (khôros) _____________________________________ ``` χῶρος • (khôros) m (genitive χώρου); second declension Noun space, room, place (in which a thing is) dwelling place locality station district, region, territory, country, land field, farm, estate northeast wind _____________________________________ ``` _____________________________________ ``` Recent additions to the category ῥαφιδοθήκη κοπροθήκη ἀχυροθήκη ὀσπριοθήκη ὀϊστοθήκη ὀστοθήκη παρενθήκη ὀψοθήκη ζωθήκη Κρονοθήκη Oldest pages ordered by last edit ἀποθήκη ἐνθήκη ὑποθήκη ἱεροθήκη νεκροθήκη οἰνοθήκη ξυλοθήκη ἐγγυθήκη ἀγγοθήκη φαρμακοθήκη ```

Answer 170

MIND ``` -μένος • (ménos) n (genitive μένεος or μένους); third declension mind desire, ardor, wish, purpose anger courage, spirit, vigor power, strength, force violence ``` From Proto-Hellenic *ménos from Proto-Indo-European *ménos (“mind”) from *men- (“to think”). Cognates include Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬋‎ (manō) Sanskrit मनस् (mánas). ``` *ménos n (oblique stem *ménes-) mind, thought. From *men- (“think, mind”) +‎ *-os. *men- to think, mind spiritual activity. *men- to stay, remain. Ancient Greek: μένω (“to stay, remain”) *(ó)-os m Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or action of that verb. ``` Sanskrit- मनस् • (mánas) n mind (in its widest sense as applied to all the mental powers), intellect, intelligence, understanding, perception, sense, conscience, will the spirit or spiritual principle, the breath or living soul which escapes from the body at death thought, imagination, excogitation, invention, reflection, opinion, intention, inclination, affection, desire, mood, temper, spirit name of the 26th kalpa (कल्प) ‎ From Proto-Indo-Aryan *mánas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *mánas, from Proto-Indo-European *ménos, from *men- (“to think”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬨𐬀𐬥𐬀𐬵‎‎ (manah‎), Ancient Greek μένος (ménos), Latin mēns. मन्यते • (mányate) (cl.8.4. A1. root √man) (Vedic mányatai) to think, believe, imagine, suppose, conjecture to regard or consider anyone or anything (accusative) as to think oneself or be thought to be, appear as, pass for to be of opinion, think fit or right to agree or be of the same opinion with to set the heart or mind on, honour, esteem, hope or wish for to think of (in prayer etc., either "to remember, meditate on", or "mention, declare", or "excogitate, invent") to perceive, observe, learn, know, understand, comprehend to offer, present (causative) to honour, esteem, value highly (desiderative) to reflect upon, consider, examine, investigate (desiderative) to cali in question, doubt ("with regard to" +locative) Latin - mēns f (genitive mentis); third declension mind intellect reasoning, judgement. Greek - From Proto-Indo-European *méntis (“thought”). ``` Cognates include Sanskrit मति (matí), αὐτόματος (autómatos), μάντις (mántis), Russian мнить (mnitʹ, “to think”), and Old English ġemynd (English mind). μᾰ́ντῐς • (mántis) m (genitive μᾰ́ντεως); third declension seer, prophet, soothsayer mantis. From μαίνομαι ( “I am mad, raving”) μαίνομαι • (maínomai) I am mad, angry, I rage I am mad, raving, out of my mind. From Proto-Hellenic *məňňómai, ``` from Proto-Indo-European *mn̥yétor (“to think”) from *men-. Cognates include Sanskrit मन्यते (manyate), Old Church Slavonic мьнѣти (mĭněti), Old Irish ·muinethar, and Lithuanian miniu. Old Irish - ·muinethar unattested by itself; takes various preverbs to form verbs with meanings relating to various mental states. ad·muinethar (“remember”) ar·muinethar (“honour, venerate”) do·muinethar (“think, suppose, opine, conjecture”) fo·muinethar (“take heed, beware”) for·muinethar (“envy”) _______________________________________ αὐτόμᾰτος • (autómatos) m (feminine αὐτομᾰ́τη, neuter αὐτόμᾰτον); first/second declension αὐτόμᾰτος • (autómatos) m or f (neuter αὐτόμᾰτον); second declension (Epic, Attic) ``` self-willed, unbidden self-moving, self-propelled (of plants) growing wild, unsown without external cause or support without cause, accidental, by chance ``` From αὐτός (“self”) + Proto-Indo-European *méntis ~ *mn̥téys (“thought”). Cognates include Latin mēns, Sanskrit मति (matí), Old English ġemynd (English mind). _____________________________________ ``` μέμονᾰ • (mémona) Verb to be minded or inclined to be eager to hasten ``` From Proto-Indo-European *memóne. From *men- (“to think”); cognate with Latin meminī (“to remember”) and Gothic 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌰𐌽 (munan, “to think, reckon”). From Proto-Indo-European *memóne *memóne (stative) to think, to be mindful to remember. Cognate with Latin meminī (“to remember”) meminī (present infinitive meminisse); third conjugation, defectiv. Verb I remember; am mindful of 405 CE, Jerome, Vulgate Exodus.20.8: Mementō ut diem sabbatī sānctificēs. Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy. Cognates include Greek μῐμνήσκω • (mimnḗskō) (transitive) To recall something to memory, to make famous (active) (transitive) To remind [+accusative and genitive = someone of something], put in mind. (middle and passive voices) (transitive) To call to mind, remember. (intransitive) To bear in mind, to not forget. (transitive) To remember aloud, to mention. ``` ᾰ̓νᾰμῐμνήσκω • (anamimnḗskō) Verb (active) to remind (passive) to remember ἀνα- (ana-) +‎ μιμνήσκω (mimnḗskō) ᾰ̓νᾰ- • (ana-) up to, upwards, up (intensifier) thoroughly indicating repetition or improvement: re-, again back, backwards. ``` _______________________________________ ``` μᾰνθᾰ́νω • (manthánō) Verb I learn Antonym: παιδεύω (paideúō) (aorist) I know, understand I seek, ask, inquire I have a habit of, am accustomed to I notice, perceive (in questions) Τί μαθών; "What were you thinking?" "Why on earth?" ``` from Proto-Indo-European *mn̥(s)-dʰh₁-, from *men- + *dʰeh₁-, thus "to put one's mind". _______________________________________ μάθημα • (máthēma) n (genitive μαθήματος); third declension Noun something that is learned: a lesson learning, knowledge (often in the plural) the mathematical sciences in particular: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, harmonic astrology a creed. From the root of μανθάνω (manthánō, “to learn”) +‎ -μα (-ma, result noun suffix). ________________________________________

Answer 171

UP - INTENSIFIER - AGAIN - BACK ᾰ̓νᾰ- • (ana-) up to, upwards, up (intensifier) thoroughly indicating repetition or improvement: re-, again back, backwards. ``` ᾰ̓νᾰ́ • (aná) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative) Preposition (+ genitive) (rare) on board (+ dative) (of location) on, upon (+ accusative) up, upwards, along in sequence, each, throughout up to (of amounts) at a rate, speed, or price of, for (of time) translatable with an adverbial noun phrase ἀνὰ πᾶσαν ἡμέραν anà pâsan hēméran every day ἀνὰ πᾶν ἔτος anà pân étos every year. ``` From Proto-Indo-European *h₂en-. *h₂en- Adverb on, onto. *h₂ent- face forehead front

Answer 172

PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE -μένος • (-ménos) The ending for all perfect passive participles. -μένος • (-ménos) m (feminine -μένη, neuter -μένον); first/second declension Suffix Alternative form of -μενος (-menos), added to tense stems of verbs to form perfect mediopassive participles. -μενος • (-menos) m (feminine -μένη, neuter -μενον); first/second declension Suffix Added to tense stems of verbs to form middle, passive, and mediopassive participles present mediopassive future middle and passive aorist middle perfect mediopassive. From Proto-Indo-European *-mh₁nos (“mediopassive participle”). *-mh₁nos forms the middle participle. _____________________________________ NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH... ``` μένος • (ménos) n (genitive μένεος or μένους); third declension mind desire, ardor, wish, purpose anger courage, spirit, vigor power, strength, force violence ```

Answer 173

FEMININE SUFFIX -ῐς • (-is) f (genitive -ῐδος); third declension Forms feminine nouns, or feminine forms of adjectives (often accented on the ultima) Ἕλλην > Ἑλληνίς Héllēn > Hellēnís Greek (man) > Greek woman. _______________________________________ πᾰτρῐ́ς • (patrís) f (genitive πᾰτρῐ́δος); third declension From πᾰτήρ (patḗr, “father”) +‎ -ίς (-ís). The place of one's father/ancestors: fatherland, hometown, native city, native country. πᾰτήρ • (patḗr) m (genitive πᾰτρός or πᾰτέρος); third declension father Synonym: φύτωρ (phútōr) epithet of Zeus 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 1.544: Τὴν δ’ ἠμείβετ’ ἔπειτα πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε· Tḕn d’ ēmeíbet’ épeita patḕr andrôn te theôn te; Then the father of men and gods answered her: respectful address of an older man (figuratively) author (in the plural) forefathers, ancestors. ``` From Proto-Hellenic *patḗr compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀞𐀳 (pa-te) from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. Cognates include Old English fæder (English father) Phrygian πατερης (pateres) Latin pater Sanskrit पितृ (pitṛ) ``` ``` birth-place idem, page 79. country idem, page 178. cradle idem, page 181. fatherland idem, page 310. land idem, page 475. native land idem, page 551. ``` πατρικό • (patrikó) n (plural πατρικά) Noun family home πατρικός • (patrikós) m (feminine πατρική, neuter πατρικό) Adjective fatherly, paternal. ``` πατρίδα • (patrída) f (plural πατρίδες) Noun (geography) homeland, country of birth Synonym: χώρα (chóra) birthplace. ``` πατρικό n (patrikó, “family home”) πατρικός (patrikós, “paternal”)

Answer 174

FORM ADVERBS OF PLACE - OR WITH -θεν Added to nouns to form adverbs of place- "from which". "from" also used, like genitive, "with"

Answer 175

FREQUENTATIVE SUFFIX -ᾰ́ζω (-ázō, frequentative . ῥῑπτᾰ́ζω • (rhīptázō) (transitive) To throw to and fro, toss about or around, move back and forth or up and down. From ῥῑ́πτω (“throw”) +‎ -ᾰ́ζω (frequentative suffix). -ᾰ́ζω • (-ázō) Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives, and other verbs. Added to verb stems to create a frequentative form. ‎ῥῑ́πτω (rhī́ptō, “throw”) + ‎-άζω (-ázō) → ‎ῥῑπτᾰ́ζω (rhīptázō, “throw around”) ``` Recent additions to the category πλησιάζω κοιτάζω ἡσυχάζω ἀτιμάζω παρασκευάζω πειράζω φαντάζω ἀκμάζω δικάζω ῥιπτάζω Oldest pages ordered by last edit στοχάζομαι παρασκευάζω φαντάζω ἐργάζομαι δοξάζω ἑτοιμάζω πλεονάζω θειάζω πειράζω ἁγιάζω ```

Answer 176

Used to form agent nouns ‎Βακχεύω (Bakkheúō, “to keep the feast of Bacchus”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎Βακχευτής (Bakkheutḗs, “a Bacchanal”) ‎ἀγρεύω (agreúō, “to take by hunting”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎ἀγρευτής (agreutḗs, “a hunter”) ‎αἰχμή (aikhmḗ, “a spear”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎αἰχμητής (aikhmētḗs, “a spearman”) ‎αὐλέω (auléō, “to play on the flute”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎αὐλητής (aulētḗs, “a flute-player”) ‎πειράω (peiráō, “to make an attempt on something”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎πειρατής (peiratḗs, “a pirate, one who attacks ships”) ‎ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎ποιητής (poiētḗs, “a maker”) With -ίζω (-ízō) verbs: ‎ἑλληνίζω (hellēnízō, “to speak the Greek language”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎Ἑλληνιστής (Hellēnistḗs, “one who uses the Greek language”) ‎Ἡρακλειτίζω (Hērakleitízō, “to be a follower of Heraclitus”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎Ἡρακλειτιστής (Hērakleitistḗs, “follower of Heraclitus”) ‎ἀγωνίζομαι (agōnízomai, “to compete for a prize”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎ἀγωνιστής (agōnistḗs, “a competitor”) ‎βαπτίζω (baptízō, “to dip in or under water”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎βαπτιστής (baptistḗs, “one that dips, a baptizer”) ‎κιθαρίζω (kitharízō, “to play the cithara”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎κιθαριστής (kitharistḗs, “a player on the cithara”) (compare with the analogous recent guitarist) With -άζω (-ázō) verbs: ‎ἀγοράζω (agorázō, “to buy in the agora”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎ἀγοραστής (agorastḗs, “the slave who bought provisions for the house”) ‎βιάζω (biázō, “to use force”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎βιαστής (biastḗs, “one who uses force”) ‎δικάζω (dikázō, “to judge”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎δικαστής (dikastḗs, “a judge”) ‎ἐνθουσιάζω (enthousiázō, “to be inspired by god”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎ἐνθουσιαστής (enthousiastḗs, “one inspired by god”) ‎πελτάζω (peltázō, “to serve as a targeteer”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎πελταστής (peltastḗs, “one who bears a light shield, a targeteer”) With -όζω (-ózō) verbs: ‎ἁρμόζω (harmózō, “to fit together”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎ἁρμοστής (harmostḗs, “one who arranges or governs, a harmost”) With -ύζω (-úzō) verbs: ‎γογγύζω (gongúzō, “to murmur”) + ‎-τής (-tḗs) → ‎γογγυστής (gongustḗs, “a murmurer”)

Answer 177

FORMING A PLACE OF ORIGIN or... FORMS NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES -ιος • (-ios) m Used to form nouns and adjectives indicating origin: ‎Ευρώπη (“Europe”) + ‎-ιος → ‎ Ευρωπαίος (“European”) Indicating a property associated with... ‎θάλασσα (“sea”) + ‎-ιος → ‎ θαλάσσιος ("marine attribute”) (adjective) ______________________________ Recent additions to the category... πελώριος (adj.) huge, massive, enormous, gigantic, vast. From πέλωρ (“supernatural monster”) +‎ -ιος (attribute of a...) ἅλιος (adj.) of the sea, marine. ἅλς (“salt”) +‎ -ιος (attribute of the...) Ὀλύμπιος (adj.) Ὄλῠμπος (“Olympus”) +‎ -ιος (attribute of...) Olympian. Ὄλυμπος (The highest mountain in Greece) ``` Μυτιληναῖος Χῖος αἰδοῖος ἀχρεῖος γυναικεῖος γελοῖος τελευταῖος Oldest pages ordered by last edit Κύνθιος ὅμοιος ἀρχαῖος ἴδιος ἄγριος πλούσιος βέβαιος ἐπιθανάτιος ὑποχόνδριος Ἀχαιός ```

Answer 178

TO CHANGE αλλαξο- • (allaxo-) PREFIX added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicate some form of change or altering: ‎αλλαξο- (allaxo-) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra, “noun ending”) → ‎αλλαξιέρα (allaxiéra, “(baby) changing table”) ‎αλλαξο- (allaxo-) + ‎δρόμος (drómos, “road, street”) → ‎αλλαξοδρομώ (allaxodromó, “to change direction”) ‎αλλαξο- (allaxo-) + ‎πίστη (písti, “faith”) → ‎αλλαξοπιστώ (allaxopistó, “to change religion”) ‎αλλαξο- (allaxo-) + ‎κώλος (kólos, “arse”) → ‎αλλαξοκωλιά (allaxokoliá, “versatility between passive (bottom) and active (top) in gay sex”) (vulgar) ``` αλλαξιέρα • (allaxiéra) f (plural αλλαξιέρες) changing table (small raised platform designed to allow a person to change an infant's nappy/diaper) ```

Answer 179

CONTAINER - HOLDER - GROUPING -ιέρα • (-iéra) f added to a noun to denote a collection, container, holder or grouping: ‎αλάτι (aláti, “salt”) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra) → ‎αλατιέρα (alatiéra, “salt shaker”) ‎καπέλο (kapélo, “hat”) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra) → ‎καπελιέρα (kapeliéra, “hat box”) ‎φρούτο (froúto, “fruit”) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra) → ‎φρουτιέρα (froutiéra, “fruit bowl”) ‎σκάκι (skáki, “chess”) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra) → ‎σκακιέρα (skakiéra, “chessboard”) added to a noun to denote a maker or cooker of the first noun: ‎τοστ (tost, “toasted sandwich”) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra) → ‎τοστιέρα (tostiéra, “toasted sandwich maker”) ‎ψήστης (psístis, “turnspit”) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra) → ‎ψηστιέρα (psistiéra, “grill”) added to certain nouns to denote a female worker: ‎κάμαρα (kámara, “chamber”) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra) → ‎καμαριέρα (kamariéra, “chambermaid”) ‎τραπέζι (trapézi, “table”) + ‎-ιέρα (-iéra) → ‎τραπεζιέρα (trapeziéra, “waitress”) Declension Edit [show ▼]declension of -ιέρα Derived terms Edit συρταριέρα f (syrtariéra, “chest of drawers”) αλατιέρα f (alatiéra, “salt shaker”) ζαχαριέρα f (zachariéra, “sugar bowl”) καμαριέρα f (kamariéra, “chambermaid”) ► ``` Recent additions to the category βαφλιέρα πουδριέρα μπανιέρα παγωτιέρα αλλαξιέρα τοστιέρα ψωμιέρα αβγουλιέρα αλατιέρα συρταριέρα Oldest pages ordered by last edit συρταριέρα αβγουλιέρα αλατιέρα τοστιέρα ψωμιέρα αλλαξιέρα παγωτιέρα μπανιέρα πουδριέρα βαφλιέρα ```

Answer 180

POSITIVE - COMPARATIVE - SUPERLATIVE θετικός m (thetikós, “positive”) συγκριτικός m (sygkritikós, “comparative”) υπερθετικός m (yperthetikós, “superlative”) BIG - BIGGER - BIGGEST _________________________________ POSITIVE θετικός • (thetikós) m (plural θετικοί) (grammar) positive ο θετικός, ο συγκριτικός και ο υπερθετικός (the positive, the comparative and superlative) From θέσῐς +‎ -τῐκός , from τίθημι (“I place”) θέσῐς • (thésis) f (genitive θέσεως); third declension Noun a setting, placement, arrangement deposit adoption (of a child) adoption (in the more general sense of accepting as one's own) (philosophy) position, conclusion, thesis (dancing) putting down the foot (metre) the last half of the foot (rhetoric) affirmation (grammar) stop -τῐκός • (-tikós) m (feminine -τῐκή, neuter -τῐκόν); first/second declension Suffix Added to verbal stems to form adjectives: relating to, suited to, skilled in, able to, -ive ‎ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ποιητικός (poiētikós, “creative”) Added to other stems to form adjectives, particularly those ending in vowels ‎ἔξω (éxō, “outside”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ἐξωτικός (exōtikós, “foreign”) ‎ναυ-ς (nau-s, “ship”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ναυτικός (nautikós, “seafaring”) From -σις (verbal noun suffix) or - τος (verbal adjective suffix) + - ικός (adjective suffix) τῐ́θημῐ • (títhēmi) Verb. I put, place, set. in phrases (with πόδα) I plant the foot, i.e. walk, run. (with ἐν χειρί, ἐν χερσίν (en kheirí, en khersín)) I put something into someone's hands. (with παῖδα (paîda), υἱὸν (huiòn), etc. ὑπὸ ζώνῃ (hupò zṓnēi)) I have a child put under my girdle, i.e. I concieve. (with ἐν ὄμμασι (en ómmasi)) I set before one's eyes. (with ἐν στήθεσσι (en stḗthessi), ἐν φρεσί (en phresí), etc.) I put or plant in one's heart. _________________________________ COMPARATIVE συγκριτικός • (sygkritikós) m (feminine συγκριτική, neuter συγκριτικό) Adjective (grammar) comparative συγκριτικός βαθμός του επιθέτου (the comparative degree of the adjective) συγκριτικός • (sygkritikós) m (plural συγκριτικοί) Adjective (grammar) comparative ο θετικός, ο συγκριτικός και ο υπερθετικός (the positive, the comparative and superlative) _________________________________ SUPERLATIVE υπερθετικός • (yperthetikós) m (feminine υπερθετική, neuter υπερθετικό) Noun or adjective (grammar) superlative υπερθετικός βαθμός του επιθέτου (the superlative degree of the adjective) υπερθετικός • (yperthetikós) m (plural υπερθετικοί) Noun superlative ο θετικός, ο συγκριτικός και ο υπερθετικός (the positive, the comparative and superlative) υπερθετικός • Nominative Singular υπερθετικοί • Nominative Plural υπερθετικού • Genitive Singular υπερθετικών • Genitive Plural υπερθετικό • Accusative Singular υπερθετικούς • Accusative Plural υπερθετικέ • Vocative Singular υπερθετικοί • Vocative Plural

Answer 181

- ISM - ism Used to form nouns of action or process or result based on the accompanying verb in -ise or -ize. baptism (1300), aphorism (1528), criticism (1607), magnetism (1616) Used to form the name of a system, school of thought or theory based on the name of its subject or object or alternatively on the name of its founder ((when de-capitalized, these overlap with the generic "doctrines" sense below, e.g. Liberalism vs. liberalism):). Lutheranism (1560), Calvinism (1570), Protestantism (1606), Congregationalism (1716), Mohammedanism (1815),: Palamism (1949) Used to form names of a tendency of behaviour, action, state, condition or opinion belonging to a class or group of persons, or the result of a doctrine, ideology or principle or lack thereof. atheism (1587), ruffianism (1589), giantism (1639), fanaticism (1652), theism (1678), religionism (1706), patriotism (1716), heroism (1717), despotism (1728), old-maidism (1776), capitalism (1792), nationism (1798), romanticism (1803), conservatism (1832), sexualism (1842), vegetarianism (1848), externalism (1856), young-ladyism (1869), opportunism (1870), blackguardism (1875), jingoism (1878), feminism (1895), dwarfism (1895) Used to form nouns indicating a peculiarity or characteristic of language Atticism (1612), Gallicism (1656), archaism (1709), Americanism (1781), colloquialism (1834), newspaperism (1838), Shakespearianism (1886) Used to form names of ideologies expressing belief in the superiority of a certain class within the concept expressed by the root word, or a pattern of behavior or a social norm that benefits members of the group indicated by the root word. ((based on a late 20th-century narrowing of the "terms for a doctrine" sense):) racism (1932), sexism (1936), classism (1971), speciesism (1975), heterosexism (1979), ableism (1981) (medicine) Used to form names of conditions or syndromes crotalism, daturism, latrodectism, loxoscelism, cocainism, rheumatism

Answer 182

-IZE -ize Used to form verbs from nouns or adjectives to make what is denoted by the noun/adjective pixel - pixelize to do what is denoted by the noun/adjective cannibal - cannibalise -ίζειν • (-ízein) present active infinitive of -ίζω (-ízō) -ῐ́ζω • (-ízō) Used to form verbs from nouns, adjectives and other verbs. Used to form verbs from proper nouns of cities, demonyms, to denote: adhere to the policy of the city mimicking the style and behaviour of the demonym ‎-ίζω (-ízō) + ‎Λᾰ́κων (Lákōn, “Lacedaemonian”) → ‎λᾰκωνίζω (lakōnízō) From Proto-Indo-European *-idyéti (verbal suffix), from *-id- + *-yéti. Cognate with Proto-Germanic *-itjaną, *-atjaną. The suffix started in denominative verbs in *-id-yō (e.g. elpid-yō > ἐλπίζω (elpízō), cf. ἐλπίς (elpís)), but was later used on stems of all kinds to the number of many thousands. From Middle English -isen (“-ise, -ize”), from Old French -iser (“-ize”), from Latin -izāre (“-ize”), from Ancient Greek -ίζειν (-ízein), from Proto-Indo-European *-idyé- (verbal suffix). Cognate with Gothic -𐌹𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽 (-itjan, verbal suffix), Old High German -izzen (verbal suffix), Old English -ettan (verbal suffix). Also see notes. -ization A suffix forming nouns denoting the act, process, or result of doing something, or of making something. 2012, Susanna Rostas, Carrying the Word: The Concheros Dance in Mexico City, page 218: The Mexica do not sing alabanzas, thus any recent Mexica-ization, or rather Aztecization, of existing alabanzas (or the newly written) is the result of the Concheros' increased interest in the Aztec past and their desire to celebrate it. 2010, David Jenkins, Suharto and His Generals: Indonesian Military Politics, 1975-1983, page 201: In the view of such officers as Dharsono, the disproportionate number of Siliwangi officers was both a result of, and a protest against, a “de-Siliwangi-ization” process instigated by Suharto. 2003, Kevin Featherstone, Claudio Maria Radaelli, The Politics of Europeanization, p. 27: The chapter covers the domestic impact of the public policy of the European Union (EU), hence one could use the term 'EU-ization’ in this context.

Answer 183

-αρία • (-aría) f (colloquial) used to indicate the sum of a particular quality or type of people: ‎αλήτης (alítis, “bum, hobo”) + ‎-αρία (-aría) → ‎αληταρία (alitaría, “riff-raff”) ‎πιτσιρίκι (pitsiríki, “kid, small fry”) + ‎-αρία (-aría) → ‎πιτσιρικαρία (pitsirikaría, “gang of kids”) (colloquial) used to indicate a particular quality: ‎σνομπ (snomp, “snob”) + ‎-αρία (-aría) → ‎σνομπαρία (snomparía, “snobbery”) ‎κοκέτα (kokéta, “coquette”) + ‎-αρία (-aría) → ‎κοκεταρία (koketaría, “coquetry”) (colloquial) used to indicate something made from a particular other thing ‎τζάμι (tzámi, “window pane”) + ‎-αρία (-aría) → ‎τζαμαρία (tzamaría, “glass panelling”) (colloquial) used to indicate a place where something is served or sold ‎πίτσα (pítsa, “pizza”) + ‎-αρία (-aría) → ‎πιτσαρία (pitsaría, “pizzeria”) ‎μπίρα (bíra, “beer”) + ‎-αρία (-aría) → ‎μπιραρία (biraría, “beerhouse, pub, bar”) _______________________________________ πιτσαρία • (pitsaría) f (plural πιτσαρίες) pizzeria. From Italian pizzeria, equivalent to πίτσα +‎ -αρία αληταρία • (alitaría) f (uncountable) hooliganism, delinquency (behaviour) riffraff

Answer 184

UNDER - BELOW From Ancient Greek ὑπο- (hupo-), combining form of ὑπό (hupó, “under”). Compare sub-. _________________________________ From Proto-Indo-European *n̥dʰér (“under”) *h₁n̥dʰí Adverb under, below. from *h₁ní (“down, downwards”) +‎ *dʰe (locative particle). ``` *h₁én Adverb in From Ancient Greek: εἰς *h₁(e)n-tér (“between”) - ("inter-") *h₁én-teros (“inner, located inside”) - ("enter-") *h₁(e)n-dó (“inside”) - ("endo-") ``` *-dʰe ~ *-dʰi Locative particle ("where") Derived term - Ancient Greek: -θεν -θεν • Added to nouns to form adverbs of place from which: from; also used, like genitive, with prepositions. Alternatively derived from *dʰeh₁- (“to place”) ______________________________________ LATIN From Latin infrā (“below, beneath”) and inter (“between, among”). ______________________________________ OLD ENGLISH / GERMAN untar (first-person singular present unto, first-person singular preterite unté, past participle untado) to anoint to bribe to smear. From Proto-Indo-European *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”) From Latin ungō (through its perfect passive participle unctus), from earlier unguō. Latin ungō (present infinitive ungere, perfect active ūnxī, supine ūnctum) I anoint, smear with oil. from Proto-Indo-European *ongw- (“to salve”) From Proto-Germanic *ankwô. *ankwô m ointment, butter. from Proto-Indo-European *h₃éngʷō, collective of *h₃éngʷn̥ (“fat, oil, ointment”), from *h₃engʷ- (“anoint”) From Proto-Indo-European - *h₃éngʷn̥ *h₃éngʷn̥ Noun fat, butter. _______________________________________ CREAM cream (n.) early 14c., creyme, "the rich and buttery part of milk," from Old French cresme, craime, creme "chrism, holy oil" (13c., Modern French crème). This word is a blend of Late Latin chrisma "ointment" (from Greek khrisma "unguent;" from PIE root *ghrei- "to rub") and Late Latin cramum "cream," which is of uncertain origin, perhaps from Gaulish. The French word replaced Old English ream; it was re-borrowed 19c. as creme. From early 15c. as "dish or confection made from or resembling cream." The figurative sense of "most excellent element or part" is from 1580s. It is attested from 1660s as "any part that separates from the rest and rises to the surface" and also in its application to substances resembling cream. Cream-cheese is from 1580s. Cream-soda is attested by from 1854. Cream-colored (also cream-coloured) "having the pale, yellowish-white color of cream," is from 1707. cream (v.) mid-15c., "to foam, to froth," from cream (n.). From 1610s in figurative sense of "remove the best part of." Meaning "to beat, thrash, wreck" is 1929. ointment (n.) late 13c., from Old French oignement "ointment, salve, unguent," from Vulgar Latin *unguimentum, from Latin unguentum (see unguent). The first -t- emerged in Old French from oint, past participle of verb oindre "to anoint." unguent (n.) "ointment," early 15c., from Latin unguentem "ointment," from stem of unguere "to anoint or smear with ointment," from PIE root *ongw- "to salve, anoint" (source also of Sanskrit anakti "anoints, smears," Armenian aucanem "I anoint," Old Prussian anctan "butter," Old High German ancho, German anke "butter," Old Irish imb, Welsh ymenyn "butter"). __________________________________ HEBREW - YIDDISH אונטער • (unter) (contracted dem-form אונטערן‎ (untern)) Preposition under. From Old High German untar, from Proto-Germanic *under.

Answer 185

OF A PLACE - OF A LOCATION Added to nouns to form adverbs of place from which: from; also used, like genitive, with prepositions. Ancient Greek words suffixed with -θεν ἐκεῖθεν - (from that place, thence) From ἐκεῖ (“there”) +‎ -θεν ``` ἕθεν • (héthen) Pronoun Him there in that place. (Epic) genitive singular of οὗ (hoû): his, her From ἕ (hé) +‎ -θεν (-then) ἕ • (hé) accusative of οὗ (hoû): him οὗ • (hoû) of him, her, it. ``` ``` καθύπερθεν • (kathúperthen) Adverb down from above. κατα- (kata-) +‎ ὕπερθεν (húperthen) ὕπερθεν • (húperthen) from above. From ὑπέρ (hupér) +‎ -θεν (-then) ῠ̔πέρ • (hupér) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative) Preposition (+ genitive) over, above. ``` ``` πάροιθεν • (pároithen) (governs the genitive) in the presence of, before, in front of that position. πάροιθεν • (pároithen) Adverb in front heretofore, beforehand. From the root of πάρος (páros) with the suffix -θεν (-then). πάρος • (páros) (poetic) Adverb formerly, up to now too soon rather, sooner. πάρος • (páros) (poetic) Preposition or conjunction. before. ``` ``` ἄνευθεν ἄνευθεν • (áneuthen) Adverb away, far away ἄνευθεν • (áneuthen) (governs the genitive) As a preposition without, away from From ἄνευ (áneu) +‎ -θεν (-then) ᾰ̓́νευ • (áneu) (governs the genitive) Preposition without. ``` ``` ἔντοσθεν ὕπερθεν τηλόθεν ἑκατέρωθεν ἄνωθεν νειόθεν πόθεν ὄπισθεν οἴκοθεν ἕωθεν ἐκεῖθεν ἁμόθεν ποθεν ὅθεν πρόσθεν ```

Answer 186

-al (masculine and feminine plural -als) In adjectives, indicating relation. estructura (“structure”) → estructural (“structural”).

Answer 187

-ālis m or f (neuter -āle); third declension Used to form adjectives of relationship from nouns or numerals. From Proto-Indo-European *-li-, which later dissimilated into an early version of -aris. Perhaps connected to *h₂el- (“to grow”) Examples ‎anima (“life”) + ‎-alis → ‎animālis (“living”) ‎duo (“two”) + ‎-alis → ‎duālis (“that contains two”) ‎nātūra (“nature”) + ‎-alis → ‎nātūrālis (“natural”) ‎rēx (“king, ruler”) + ‎-alis → ‎rēgālis (“regal, royal”) __________________________________ ``` Recent additions to the category primordialis gingivalis fluminalis adiectivalis feminal cursualis coronalis moralis corporalis intestinalis Oldest pages ordered by last edit partialis mentalis mineralis nominalis integralis seminalis pyramidalis animalis cubitalis australis ``` ____________________________________ original (comparative more original, superlative most original) (not comparable) relating to the origin or beginning; preceding all others. (not comparable) first in a series or copies/versions. (not comparable) newly created. original (plural originals) Noun an object or other creation (e.g. narrative work) from which all later copies and variations are derived This manuscript is the original. a person with a unique and interesting personality and/or creative talent You’re a real original. ``` prīmordium n (genitive prīmordiī); second declension Noun beginning origin commencement. ``` From prīmus + root of ōrdior + -ium. prīmus (feminine prīma, neuter prīmum); first/second declension Adjective first. related to prae (“before”) (see -issimus for the superlative). Compare prior (“earlier, in front”) ōrdior (present infinitive ōrdīrī, perfect active ōrsus sum); fourth conjugation, deponent Verb I begin. (weaving) I begin to weave, lay the warp.

Answer 188

-issimus m (feminine -issima, neuter -issimum); first/second declension added to an adjective noun to form its superlative grade ‎altus (“high”) + ‎-issimus → ‎altissimus (“highest”) ‎fortis (“strong”) + ‎-issimus → ‎fortissimus (“most strong”) Some adjective nouns have irregular superlative grades form other roots or compositions (e.g. bonus – optimus, malus – pessimus, magnus – maximus). Via Proto-Italic *-isemos, from Proto-Indo-European *-is- (zero-grade of *-yōs (“intensive/comparative suffix”)) + *-(t)m̥mo- (“absolutive suffix”). The latter is seen whole in -timus (e.g. intimus – extimus, citimus – ultimus, dissimilated pessimus – optimus). ______________________________________ Examples extimus (feminine extima, neuter extimum); first/second declension (superlative degree of exter) outermost, furthest. ---------------- ultimus (feminine ultima, neuter ultimum); first/second declension Adjective last, furthest, farthest, final. Superlative of ulter. ulter (feminine ultra, neuter ultrum); first/second declension, nominative masculine singular in -er that is beyond. From Latin - uls (+ accusative) beyond From Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). ``` Related to the determiner - ("ille") ille m (feminine illa, neuter illud) ``` "That", in the plural: "those" (referring to a person or thing away from both speaker and listener); he, she, it 4th century, St Jerome, Vulgate, Tobit 3:24 in illo tempore exauditae sunt preces amborum in conspectu gloriae summi Dei (At that time the prayers of them both were heard in the sight of the glory of the most high God:) "That (renowned person)" (used to cast the referent in a positive light). ille m (demonstrative), illa f, illud n Pronoun That, those, used to refer to (a) person(s) or thing(s) not close to the speaker, in contrast to hic, meaning this. (Vulgar Latin) (Third-person personal pronoun) he, she, it -------------------- priimus Highest, best, top, most superior achievement. best student, valedictorian, head of the class (individual who gets the highest grades in a class) -------------------- citimus (feminine citima, neuter citimum); first/second declension Adjective nearest or very near. From citer +‎ -imus. citer (feminine citra, neuter citrum); first/second declension, nominative masculine singular in -er Adjective on this side, near. From Latin cis. cis (+ accusative) on or to this or the near side of; short of, before. From Proto-Indo-European *ḱe (“here”). Related to Ancient Greek ἐκεῖνος (ekeînos, “that”)

Answer 189

-ium n (genitive -iī or -ī); second declension Suffix used to form abstract nouns, sometimes denoting offices and groups. May no longer be productive. ‎auspex + ‎-ium → ‎auspicium ‎dēsīderō + ‎-ium → ‎dēsīderium ‎castellum (“castle”) + ‎-ium → ‎castilium (“fortified city”) (New Latin) Suffix appended to form names of chemical elements.

Answer 190

-τῐκός • (-tikós) m (feminine -τῐκή, neuter -τῐκόν); first/second declension Added to verbal stems to form adjectives: relating to, suited to, skilled in, able to, -ive ‎ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ποιητικός (poiētikós, “creative”) Added to other stems to form adjectives, particularly those ending in vowels ‎ἔξω (éxō, “outside”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ἐξωτικός (exōtikós, “foreign”) ‎ναυ-ς (nau-s, “ship”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ναυτικός (nautikós, “seafaring”) ‎βλαβ- (blab-, “harm”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎βλαβ-τικός → βλαπτικός (blab-tikós → blaptikós, “harmful”) ‎πείθω (peíthō, “persuade”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎πειθ-τικός → πειστικός (peith-tikós → peistikós, “persuasive”) ‎πρᾱγ- (prāg-, “do”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎πρᾱγ-τικός → πρᾱκτικός (prāg-tikós → prāktikós, “pertaining to action”) ``` Recent additions to the category ἐκλεκτικός Ξενοφωντικός τακτικός κυβερνητικός κυνηγετικός ὑβριστικός ὀνομαστικός ἀποπληκτικός ἡστικός καθαρτικός Oldest pages ordered by last edit ταπεινωτικός ἡστικός ζητητικός ὀπτικός εἰδητικός ἐφελκυστικός ἀλλοιωτικός σιωπητικός δεικτικός πλαστικός ```

Answer 191

- ειδής - ειδής • (-eidḗs) m or f (neuter -ειδές); third declension Forms adjectives: like, connected to, from the nature of, full of; -id Originally *-ϝειδής (*-weidḗs) from εἶδος ( “form, appearance”) +‎ -ής (adjective suffix). -ής Forms third-declension adjectives, or... -ης • (-ēs) m (genitive -ους or -εος); third declension Forms third-declension proper nouns.

Answer 192

UPON - ON ἐπὶ upon Prep ``` ἐπί Part of Speech: Preposition Transliteration: epi Phonetic Spelling: (ep-ee') Definition: on, upon Usage: on, to, against, on the basis of, at. HELPS Word-studies 1909 epí (a preposition) – properly, on (upon), implying what "fits" given the "apt contact," building on the verbal idea. 1909 /epí ("upon") naturally looks to the response (effect) that goes with the envisioned contact, i.e. its apt result ("spin-offs," effects). The precise nuance of 1909 (epí) is only determined by the context, and by the grammatical case following it – i.e. genitive, dative, or accusative case. ```

Answer 193

GOOD - WELL εὐ- • (eu-) Prefix good, well. Prefix form of εὖ (eû, “well”). εὖ • (eû) (indeclinable) Adverb "well" Adverbial use of neuter accusative singular of ἐΰς (eǘs, “good”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁su- (“good”), probably ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (“to be”). Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀁𐀄- (e-u-). Has been connected with Sanskrit सु- (su-) and Hittite [script needed] (āššu-), which would point to Proto-Indo-European *h₁su-; this may itself derive from *h₁es- (“to be”). ἐῠ̈́ς • (eǘs) Adjective (poetic) good, brave, noble. ______________________________________ Synonyms ἀγαθός ``` ᾰ̓γᾰθός • (agathós) m (feminine ᾰ̓γᾰθή, neuter ᾰ̓γᾰθόν); first/second declension Adjective good, brave, noble, moral "fortunate, lucky" "useful" ``` Ᾰ̓γᾰθή • (Agathḗ) f (genitive Ᾰ̓γᾰθῆς); first declension Proper Noun A female given name, equivalent to English Agatha. From ᾰ̓γᾰθός (agathós, “good”) Ἀγαθοκλῆς • (Agathoklês) m (genitive Ἀγαθοκλέους); third declension Proper Noun A male given name, equivalent to English Agathocles. From ἀγαθός ("good”) +‎ -κλῆς (“fame”). SUFFIX -κλῆς • (-klês) m (genitive -κλέους); third declension Suffix An element found in given names. From κλέος (kléos, “fame”) +‎ -ης (-ēs). κλέος • (kléos) n (genitive *κλέεος); third declension Noun rumour, report good report, fame, glory (rare) bad report, disrepute. Compare κλύω (klúō, “I hear”) and κλέω (kléō).

Answer 194

FORMS TRANSITIVE VERBS ``` SUFFIX -νῡμῐ • (-nūmi) A suffix forming transitive verbs. Greek words suffixed with -νυμι οἴγνυμι σβέννυμι ῥώννυμι ῥήγνυμι πτάρνυμαι πήγνυμι πετάννυμι ὄρνυμι ὄμνυμι ``` ``` ῥώννυμι οἴγνυμι ῥήγνυμι δείκνυμι ἕννυμι πήγνυμι πετάννυμι σβέννυμι μίγνυμι κεράννυμι ```

Answer 195

INSTRUMENTAL CASE w/ DATIVE CASE σῠ́ν • (sún) (governs the dative) beside, with. INSTRUMENTAL CASE Sam writes a book 'with a pen' Sam writes a book 'using a pen' "I write using a pen" Modern English expresses the instrumental meaning by use of adverbial phrases that begin with the words with, by, or using then followed by the noun indicating the instrument: I wrote the note with a pen. I wrote the note (by) using a pen. Technical descriptions often use the phrase "by means of", which is similar to "by use of", as in: I wrote the note by means of a pen. I wrote the note by use of a pen. This can be replaced by "via", which is a Latin ablative of the nominative (viā) via, meaning road, route, or way. In the Latin ablative case this means "by way of". In English the preposition "with" can express instrumental ("using, by means of"), comitative ("in the company of"), and a number of other semantic relations. __________________________________ OTHER EXAMPLES ("The book was written by Mark Twain"). ("Mark Twain") is in the instrumental case. The instrumental case in this example is constructed by the agent in a passive voice construction. ("I want to be a doctor") "I want to be a doctor", with the noun "doctor" following and coupled with the verb "to be" results in this sentence construction being in the instrumental case because of word order rather that using suffixes to accomplish this transformation. In this construction, the predicate being in the infinitive future tense "to be" constructs the instrumental case, where the verb "to be" is instrumental in the formation of becoming a doctor. The non-articulated actions implied by "to be" are the instrumental actions that lead to acquiring the skills of a doctor. The future tense sense of "to be" implies the resulting doctoral skill set has not been acquired yet, but will be if the actor studies and learns the medical craft, whence he will become a doctor someday in the future. Therefore, the implied present tense "I am studying" is coupled with the future tense "to be" and therefore in this grammatical construction the noun "doctor" is used as a resulting noun "doctor" by using (word order) in English to give the meaning, "I want to become a doctor someday, therefore I am studying now "to be" a doctor, so that some day "I am" a doctor. In conclusion, the sentence "I want to be a doctor" is shorthand for the instrumentality of "I am currently studying to become" a doctor. Therefore the predicate "to be" is "instrumental" to becoming a doctor someday. The verb "to be" contains the non-articulated but implied "studying" which is the instrument that results in the acquisition of the skill set that is associated with being a doctor. The context of this sentence requires the reader to render what is implied but not written, which can only be known in the context of culture.

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

SUFFIXES Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM