PERSONS (Law) Flashcards

Question

Ontology

Answer 1

Ontology is the philosophical study of being. More broadly, it studies concepts that directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.[1] Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences. The compound word ontology ("study of being") combines onto- (Gr. ὄν, on,[2] gen. ὄντος, ontos, "being; that which is") and -logia (Gr. -λογία, "logical discourse"). See classical compounds for this type of word formation.[3][4]

Answer 2

In ontology, the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being; or simply categories. To investigate the categories of being is to determine the most fundamental and the broadest classes of entities.[citation needed] A distinction between such categories, in making the categories or applying them, is called an ontological distinction. Primary categories: Substance, Relation, Quantity and Quality. Secondary categories: Place, Time, Situation, Condition, Action, Passion. Substance could be divided into Genus and Species, and Quality could be subdivided into Property and Accident, depending on whether the property was necessary or contingent. Immanuel Kant who realised that we can say nothing about Substance except through the relation of the subject to other things.

Answer 3

``` A being who is aware. A unique point of view. A being that conceives. A being the perceives. A being that feels emotions. A being the feels autonomic function feedback. ``` The source of an intention. The source or cause of an at action. The source of a promise. The source of a delict, transgression, Infraction. A prescribed will. (Laws, rights, obligations) The host of a prescribed will. The knowledge itself. ``` A preconceived and prescribed legal fiction. A legal fiction. A group as a legal personal fiction. The body of a society. The organs of society. Departments. ```

Answer 4

PERSON πρόσωπο • (prósopo) n (plural πρόσωπα) Noun face character, person νομικό πρόσωπο n (“legal person”) φυσικό πρόσωπο n (“natural person”) ``` πρόσωπον • (prósōpon) n (genitive προσώπου); second declension Noun face, visage, countenance front mask character, part in a drama appearance. ``` From πρός (“towards”) +‎ ὤψ (“eye”). The existence of Sanskrit प्रतीक (prátīka) indicates that this compound goes back to Proto-Indo-European *prétih₃kʷo-. person ὤψ • (ṓps) f (genitive ὠπός); third declension Noun (the phrase εἰς ὦπα, in Homer and Hesiod) to the eye; (possibly) in the face. (rarely in other forms) eye. Identity Characteristics Properties. Attributes. Adjective that form a predicate “arguments” that describe the subject. Words that symbolize the referents being legal identity attributes. Words that “conceptually” describe unique legal attributes. Register serial numbers. *h₃ókʷs n ("eye") From Proto-Indo-European/ *h₃ekʷ- *h₃ekʷ- ("to see, eye") ὄψῐς • (ópsis) f ὄψεως - genitive ("view") From ὄψ (“eye”) +‎ -σῐς (-abstract noun). ἔποψῐς • (épopsis) f (genitive ἐπόψεως); third declension a view over, as far as the view from the temple reached. oversight, supervision. From ἐπ- (ep-, “over”) +‎ ὄψῐς (ópsis, “view”) ``` ἐφορᾰ́ω • (ephoráō) Verb to oversee, watch over to look upon, behold. From ἐπι- (over-) +‎ ὁράω (watch, guard) ``` ὀπτῐκός • (optikós) m (feminine ὀπτῐκή, neuter ὀπτῐκόν); first/second declension Adjective ("of or relating to seeing, sight or vision") From ὄψ (óps, “eye”) +‎ -τῐκός (-tikós). σῠ́νοψῐς • (súnopsis) f (genitive σῠνόψῐος or σῠνόψεως); third declension Noun (both literally and figuratively) a seeing all together, general view, shared view. epitome. recapitulation. estimate. expense. σῠν- (“with”) +‎ ὄψῐς (“aspect, appearance”). όψη • (ópsi) f (plural όψεις) Noun appearance, look, aspect εξ όψεως (ex ópseos, “by sight”) εν όψει (en ópsei, “in sight”) εκ πρώτης όψεως (ek prótis ópseos, “at first glance”) __________________________________________ -τῐκός • (-tikós) m (feminine -τῐκή, neuter -τῐκόν); first/second declension Added to verbal stems to form adjectives: relating to, suited to, skilled in, able to, -ive ‎ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ποιητικός (poiētikós, “creative”) Added to other stems to form adjectives, particularly those ending in vowels ‎ἔξω (éxō, “outside”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ἐξωτικός (exōtikós, “foreign”) ‎ναυ-ς (nau-s, “ship”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ναυτικός (nautikós, “seafaring”) From -σις (verbal noun suffix) From -τος (verbal adjective suffix) +‎ -ικός (adjective suffix)

Answer 5

ANONYMOUS - NAMELESS ἀνώνῠμος • (anṓnumos) m or f (neuter ἀνώνῠμον); second declension anonymous, nameless From ἀν- (an-, “without”) +‎ ὄνυμα (ónuma) +‎ -ος (-os), Aeolic dialectal form of ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”). ὄνῠμᾰ • (ónuma) n (genitive ὀνῠ́μᾰτος); third declension Doric and Aeolic form of ὄνομᾰ (ónoma) ὄνομᾰ • (ónoma) n (genitive ὀνόμᾰτος); third declension name fame (compare English make a name for oneself) (grammar) noun, in the wide sense: referring to most word classes that are declined for case and number – a substantive (English noun), an adjective, or a pronoun – but excluding the relative pronoun ὅς (hós) and the article ὁ (ho) quotations ▼ (grammar) phrase Inflection Edit From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nómn̥ (“name”). Cognate with Phrygian ονομαν (onoman), Old English nama (English name), Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man), Latin nōmen, Old Armenian անուն (anun), Old Irish ainm, and Old Church Slavonic имѧ (imę). Latin by the analogy co-gnōscō (“to know”) : cōg-nōmen (“surname”) = nōscō (“to know”) : nōmen, with the other forms from PIE *ǵneh₃-). *h₁nómn̥ n name *h₁nómn̥ dʰéh₁t ― he gave a name *(é)-mn̥ n Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.

Answer 6

``` Person Legal person born from a statute Countenance / όψη Face / όψη Garment / ένδυμα Vestment / άμφια Suit / Incumbent / αξιωματούχος Avatar Straw-man Appearance Ghost Geist Host Spirit Pneuma Breath Ruach Office / γραφείο ``` λειτουργός m or f (leitourgós, “public official”) στέλεχος n (stélechos, “official, counterfoil”) αξιωματικός m (axiomatikós, “officer”) ``` Serpent / φίδι Diminutive of ὄφις Snake • ( Fidi ) n ( plural snakes ) snake , serpent ( figuratively ) snake in the grass , devious person ```

Answer 7

OFFICE - SNAKE - DEVIL - DEMON - DRAGON ``` ὄφῐς • (óphis) m (genitive ὄφεως or ὄφιος); third declension Noun a serpent, snake serpentine bracelet (astronomy) the constellation Serpens a type of creeping plant ``` From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ógʷʰis, *h₃égʷʰis (“snake”). *h₁ógʷʰis f snake a mythic serpent or dragon that is slain by a great hero in Indo-European mythology *(ís) h₁ógʷʰim gʷʰent ― he killed the serpent (literally, “(he) [the] serpent [he] killed”) *h₂éngʷʰis (“snake”) has replaced this word in most of the Western and Central Indo-European dialects. —————————————- Sanskrit ``` अहि • (áhi) m snake, serpent Synonyms: सर्प (sarpa), भुजङ्ग (bhujaṅga) the serpent of the sky, the demon Vritra cloud water (arithmetic) the number eight ``` Vritra (Hinduism) An Asura and also a serpent or dragon, the personification of drought and enemy of Indra. Vritra was also known in the Vedas as Ahi ("snake"), and he is said to have had three heads. ``` वृत्र • (vṛtrá) m a thunder-cloud darkness a wheel a mountain name of a particular mountain a stone name of Indra (?) ``` वृत्र • (vṛtrá) m or n "coverer, investor, restrainer", an enemy, foe, hostile host. coverer (plural coverers) Agent noun of cover; one who covers. One who conceals. A deceiver. restrainer (plural restrainers) Something that restrains restrain (third-person singular simple present restrains, present participle restraining, simple past and past participle restrained) (transitive) To control or keep in check. (transitive) To deprive of liberty. (transitive) To restrict or limit. Latin: restringō (present infinitive restringere, perfect active restrīnxī, supine restrictum); third conjugation I draw back tightly, bind back or fast, tighten. I unfasten, unclose, open. (figuratively) I restrain, confine, restrict. From re- +‎ stringō (“press, tighten, compress”). stringō (present infinitive stringere, perfect active strīnxī, supine strictum); third conjugation I press, tighten, compress. I unsheath ``` from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“line”). English - streak *streyg- to strike to shear ``` Germanic: *strikiz m line From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“line, stroke, dash”). *strīkaną to stroke, to rub From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to stroke, rub, press”). वृत्र • (vṛtrá) n wealth sound, noise ———————————————- SERPENT serpent (plural serpents) A snake. (music) An obsolete wind instrument in the brass family, whose shape is suggestive of a snake (Wikipedia article). (figuratively) A subtle, treacherous, malicious person. A kind of firework with a serpentine motion. Borrowed from Old French serpent (“snake, serpent”) from Latin serpēns (“snake”) from the verb serpō (“I creep, crawl”) from Proto-Indo-European *serp- ``` serpēns m or f (genitive serpentis); third declension A serpent, snake (astronomy) either Draco or Serpens A louse Any creeping animal ``` Serpens (astronomy) A large summer constellation of the northern sky said to resemble a snake. It is the only constellation consisting of two parts (Serpens Caput and Serpens Cauda) separated by the constellation Ophiuchus, representing the snake handler Asclepius. serpō (present infinitive serpere, perfect active serpsī, supine serptum); third conjugation, no passive I creep, crawl, move slowly. Ancient Greek ἕρπω (hérpō) ἕρπω • (hérpō) to move slowly, walk; crawl, creep, slink (Doric) I go or come (of things, events, etc.) to come, happen ἑρπετόν • (herpetón) n (genitive ἑρπετοῦ); second declension Any animal which walks on four legs. creeping animal, reptile, especially a snake living being Compare Sanskrit सर्प (sarpá, “snake, serpent”) ἕρπης • (hérpēs) m (genitive ἕρπητος); third declension herpes, shingles shingles (uncountable) (pathology, informal) Herpes zoster, caused by Human herpes virus 3, in genus Varicellovirus. ζωστήρ • (zōstḗr) m (genitive ζωστῆρος); third declension warrior's belt girdle Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s- (“gird”) +‎ -τήρ (agent noun). ζώνη • (zṓnē) f (genitive ζώνης); first declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Koine) belt, sash ζώνη • (zóni) f (plural ζώνες) belt, sash, seat belt zone From Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē, “belt; loins, waist”) εύρος ζώνης n (évros zónis, “bandwidth”) ``` ζώννῡμι • (zṓnnūmi) to gird; especially to gird round the loins in wrestling (in the mediopassive) to gird oneself, especially of athletes (generally) to gird up one's loins for battle (passive) to be fastened by means of girths to be formed in belts and seams ``` Asclepius (Greek mythology) A Greek mythological deity, the god of doctors, medicine and healing; a son of Apollo and the Thessalian princess Coronis, husband to the goddess Epione and father of the Asclepiades; identified with the Roman god Aesculapius. The rod of Asclepius (symbol: ⚕) ⚕ (“Rod of Asclepius”) (a symbol associated with astrology, the Ancient Greek god Asclepius, and medicine) This symbol for the rod of Asclepius should not be confused with ☤ (“the caduceus”). ☤ caduceus (a symbol associated with peace, commerce, diplomacy, and occasionally death, as well as with travellers and messengers) ☤ Caduceus (plural caducei) The official wand carried by a herald in ancient Greece and Rome, specifically the one carried in mythology by Hermes, the messenger of the gods, usually represented with two snakes twined around it. A symbol (☤) representing a staff with two snakes wrapped around it, used to indicate merchants and messengers. It is also sometimes incorrectly used as a symbol of medicine. Via Latin cādūceus, cādūceum, adaptation of Doric Ancient Greek καρύκειον (karúkeion, “herald’s wand or staff”). This and Attic Greek κηρύκειον (kērúkeion) are derived from κῆρυξ (kêrux, “herald, public messenger”). Related to κηρύσσω (kērússō, “I announce”). cādūceum n (genitive cādūceī); second declension a herald's staff the staff of Mercury as herald of the gods, the caduceus ``` Angel Messenger Announce Herald Nuncio Post man ``` ``` κῆρῠξ • (kêrux) m (genitive κήρῡκος); third declension Noun herald, pursuivant public messenger, envoy Synonym: ἀπόστολος (apóstolos) crier, who made proclamation and kept order in assemblies auctioneer trumpet shell (Charonia lampas) Synonym: στρόμβος (strómbos) ``` ἱεροκῆρῠξ • (hierokêrux) m (genitive ἱεροκήρῡκος); third declension herald or attendant at a sacrifice. From ἱερός (hierós, “holy”) +‎ κῆρυξ (kêrux, “herald”). ψευδοκῆρῠξ • (pseudokêrux) m (genitive ψευδοκήρῡκος); third declension false, lying herald From ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false”) +‎ κῆρυξ (kêrux, “herald”). κηρῡ́κῐνος • (kērū́kinos) m (feminine κηρῡκῐ́νη, neuter κηρῡ́κῐνον); first/second declension of a herald SUFFIX -ῐνος • (-inos) m (feminine -ῐ́νη, neuter -ῐνον); first/second declension Added to nouns or adverbs to form adjectives relating to material, time, and so on: made of, during the time of (with long ῑ) Forms adjectives of place: -ine PIE *-iHnos Creates adjectives of materials. ``` κηρύσσω • (kērússō) Verb To be a herald or auctioneer To make a proclamation as herald (transitive) To summon by herald (transitive) To proclaim, announce (transitive) To command someone publicly to do something (with infinitive or dative of thing) (New Testament) To preach the gospel ``` ——————————————- HERALD herald (plural heralds) A messenger, especially one bringing important news. The herald blew his trumpet and shouted that the King was dead. A harbinger, giving signs of things to come. Daffodils are heralds of Spring. (heraldry) An official whose speciality is heraldry, especially one between the ranks of pursuivant and king-of-arms. Rouge Dragon is a herald at the College of Arms. (entomology) A moth of the species Scoliopteryx libatrix. Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁- compound consisting of Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“army”) + *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong”). Root *h₂welh₁- to rule strong, powerful ``` Proto-Indo-European: *welh₁- Root *welh₁- (imperfective) to choose to want ``` Ancient Greek: ἔλπω (wish) Latin: volō (wish, want, mean, intend) Hail herald (third-person singular simple present heralds, present participle heralding, simple past and past participle heralded) (transitive) To proclaim or announce an event. Daffodils herald the Spring. (transitive, usually passive) To greet something with excitement; to hail. The film was heralded by critics. hail (third-person singular simple present hails, present participle hailing, simple past and past participle hailed) (transitive) to greet; give salutation to; salute. (transitive) To name; to designate; to call. He was hailed as a hero. (transitive) to call out loudly in order to gain the attention of Hail a taxi. (transitive) To signal in order to initiate communication with. from Old English hæġl, hæġel hæġl m hail the runic character ᚻ (/h/) ᚻ A letter of the Runic alphabet, with the reconstructed name *haglaz (“hail”), representing /x/ or /h/. ᚼ A letter of the Runic alphabet, present in the Younger Futhark (called hagall), representing /h/ ᚺ A letter of the Runic alphabet, with the reconstructed name *haglaz (“hail”), representing /x/ or /h/. *haglaz m hail (the precipitation) (Runic alphabet) name of the H-rune (ᚺ, ᚻ) Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”). from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰlos (“pebble”). ————————————————— DRAGON from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn, “a serpent of huge size, a python, a dragon”), probably from δέρκομαι (dérkomai, “I see clearly”). ``` δέρκομαι • (dérkomai) to see, see clearly to watch to live to flash, gleam ``` ``` δέργμα (dérgma, “look, glance”) δέργμᾰ • (dérgma) n (genitive δέργμᾰτος); third declension Result noun A look, a glance A sight ``` From δέρκομαι (dérkomai, “I see clearly”) and the suffix -μα (-ma). -μᾰ • (-ma) n (genitive -μᾰτος); third declension Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action. See Latin: -mentūm -mentum (plural -menta) instrument, medium, or result of; e.g. Suffix *(é)-mn̥ n Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs. *-teh₂ f Used to form nouns representing state of being From Proto-Indo-European *derḱ- Root *derḱ- (perfective) to see Sanskrit दृश् • (dṛś) see, look ``` δρᾰ́κων • (drákōn) m (genitive δρᾰ́κοντος); third declension dragon, serpent a serpent-shaped bracelet Traditionally related to δέρκομαι (“to see”) δέρκομαι • (dérkomai) to see, see clearly to watch to live to flash, gleam Cognates δέργμα (a look, or a glance”) ``` DEAMŌN Cognates A borrowing of Latin daemon (“tutelary deity”) from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “dispenser, tutelary deity”). From δαίομαι (‘to divide”) +‎ -μων (-mōn) from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂-i- (“to divide, cut”). While δαίμων was sometimes used interchangeably with θεός (theós), when used together in a context, a δαίμων is usually a lower god than a θεός (theós). compare Old Persian 𐎲𐎥 (b-g /baga/, “god”) Sanskrit भग (bhága, “dispenser, patron”) (usually applied to gods) beside Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬔𐬀-‎ (baga-, “part”) Sanskrit भजति (bhájati, “to divide, apportion”). δεισιδαίμων • (deisidaímōn) superstitious (Koine) god-fearing: pious or superstitious. From δείδω (to fear, to dread) + δαίμων (tutor). δράκος • (drákos) m (plural δράκοι, feminine δράκαινα or δρακόντισσα or δράκισσα) dragon (legendary serpentine or reptilian creature) ``` δαίμων, ονος, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: daimón Phonetic Spelling: (dah'-ee-mown) Definition: a demon Usage: an evil-spirit, demon. ``` perhaps from daió (to distribute destinies) δαιμονίζομαι Coming under the power of a demon (fallen angel). Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: daimonizomai Phonetic Spelling: (dahee-mon-id'-zom-ahee) Definition: to be possessed by a demon Usage: I am possessed, am under the power of an evil-spirit or demon. Middle voice from daimon; to be exercised by a d? Mon -- have a (be vexed with, be possessed with) devil(-s). 1140 (daimónion) emphasizes the evil nature of fallen angels. δαιμόνιον, ου, τό Part of Speech: Noun, Neuter Transliteration: daimonion Phonetic Spelling: (dahee-mon'-ee-on) Definition: an evil spirit, a demon Usage: an evil-spirit, demon; a heathen deity. ("demon"), the diminutive form of 1142 /daímōn ("demon"), conveys how utterly powerless demons (fallen angels) are against Christ (His plan). a spirit, a being inferior to God, superior to men. evil spirits or the messengers and ministers of the devil According to a Jewish opinion which passed over to the Christians, the demons are the gods of the Gentiles and the authors of idolatry 1140 /daimónion ("little demon"). ``` Matthew 8:31 N-NMP GRK: οἱ δὲ δαίμονες παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν NAS: The demons [began] to entreat KJV: So the devils besought him, INT: and [the] demons begged him ``` From Proto-Indo-European *dedwóye from *dwey- (“to fear”) *dedwóye (stative) to be afraid Cognates Ancient Greek: δέδοικα (dédoika) *dwey- to fear Cognates Ancient Greek: δεινός (fear, awe, dread) δέος • (déos) n (genitive δέους); third declension fear, alarm reason for fear δειμός • (deimós) m (genitive δειμοῦ); second declension fear, terror δειμᾰτόω • (deimatóō) to frighten Ο Άγιος Γεώργιος σκότωσε τον δράκο. ― O Ágios Geórgios skótose ton dráko. ― St George killed the dragon. (figuratively) beast, monster (a serial rapist and/or murderer) ο δράκος των βορείων προαστίων ― o drákos ton voreíon proastíon ― the beast of the northern suburbs. (colloquial, archaic) A male baby born with a lot of hair (especially on the back), who in older times was thought to grow up to be brave and courageous. δρᾰ́κος • (drákos) n (genitive δρᾰ́κεος); third declension (“eye”) From δέρκομαι (dérkomai, “I see”) BEAST beast A person who behaves in a violent, antisocial or uncivilized manner. from Latin bēstia (“animal, beast”) A Proto-Indo-European preform *dʰwēstiā has been proposed, from the root dʰwēs- (“to breathe”) (compare Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius) from *dʰews- (“to breathe”) ``` From Old English: betst (“Bested”) Old English Adjective betst (positive gōd) Alternative form of betest ``` —————————————- FEAR - AFRIAD - FREE From Middle English affrayed, affraied, past participle of afraien (“to affray”), from Anglo-Norman afrayer (“to terrify, disquiet, disturb”), from Old French effreer, esfreer (“to disturb, remove the peace from”), from es- (“out”) +‎ freer (“to secure, secure the peace”), from Frankish *friþu (“security, peace”), from Proto-Germanic *friþuz (“peace”), from Proto-Germanic *frijōną (“to free; to love”), from Proto-Indo-European *prāy-, *prēy- (“to like, love”). Synchronically analyzable as affray +‎ -ed. Compare also afeard. More at free, friend. afraien To frighten, terrify Proto-Germanic/friþuz *friþuz m peace, tranquility sanctuary, refuge From *frijaz +‎ *-þuz. *frijaz free From Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“beloved”). The original meaning was probably something like “from one's own clan”, from which a meaning “being a free man, not a serf” developed. *priHós dear, beloved happy, free Celtic: *ɸriyos (“free”) *rrɨð (feminine *rreð) free ``` Proto-Indo-European Root *preyH- to love, to please Cognates Sanskrit: प्रीणाति (prīṇā́ti, “to please, to love”) ``` —————————————- SERF serf (plural serfs) a partially free peasant of a low hereditary class, attached like a slave to the land owned by a feudal lord and required to perform labour, enjoying minimal legal or customary rights a similar agricultural labourer in 18th and 19th century Europe (strategy games) a worker unit Synonyms: peasant, peon, villager from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”) peasant (plural peasants) A member of the lowly social class that toils on the land, constituted by small farmers and tenants, sharecroppers, farmhands and other laborers on the land where they form the main labor force in agriculture and horticulture. A country person. (derogatory) An uncouth, crude or ill-bred person. (strategy games) A worker unit. From Late Middle English paissaunt, from Anglo-Norman paisant, from Middle French païsant (“païsant”), from Old French païsan (“countryman, peasant”), from païs (“country”), from Late Latin pāgēnsis (“inhabitant of a district”), from Latin pāgus (“district”) + Old French -enc (“member of”), from Frankish -inc, -ing "-ing". More at -ing. Doublet of paisano. (lowly social class) peon, serf churl (country person) rustic, villager (crude person) boor peon (plural peons) A lowly person; a peasant or serf; a labourer who is obliged to do menial work. (figuratively) A person of low rank or importance. (India, historical) A messenger, foot soldier, or native policeman. from Late Latin pedō, pedōnem (“footsoldier”). Doublet of pawn. pawn (plural pawns) (chess) The most common chess piece, or a similar piece in a similar game. In chess each side has eight; moves are only forward, and attacks are only forward diagonally or en passant. (figuratively) Someone who is being manipulated or used to some end. Though a pawn of the gods, her departure is the precipitating cause of the Trojan War. From Middle English pown, pawn, from Anglo-Norman paun, poun (“pawn, pedestrian”) ( = Old French poon, päon, pëon), from Late Latin pedō, pedōnis (“footsoldier”), from Latin pēs, pēd- (“foot”). Doublet of peon. pawn (third-person singular simple present pawns, present participle pawning, simple past and past participle pawned) To pledge; to stake or wager. To give as security on a loan of money; especially, to deposit (something) at a pawn shop. From Middle French pan (“pledge, security”) pawn (countable and uncountable, plural pawns) (uncountable) The state of being held as security for a loan, or as a pledge. All our jewellery was in pawn by this stage. An instance of pawning something. (now rare) An item given as security on a loan, or as a pledge. (rare) A pawnshop; pawnbroker. pedō (present infinitive pedāre, perfect active pedāvī, supine pedātum); first conjugation I furnish with feet, foot; prop up trees or vines. Borrowed from English pedal pedo (plural pedi) (anatomy and figuratively) foot paw (of an animal) foot (of a verse) peonage (plural peonages) The state of being a peon; the system of paying back debt through servitude and labour; loosely, any system of involuntary servitude. debt (countable and uncountable, plural debts) An action, state of mind, or object one has an obligation to perform for another, adopt toward another, or give to another. The state or condition of owing something to another. I am in your debt. (finance) Money that one person or entity owes or is required to pay to another, generally as a result of a loan or other financial transaction. (law) An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due. From Middle English dette, dett, borrowed from Old French dete (French dette), from Medieval Latin dēbita, from Latin dēbitum (“what is owed, a debt, a duty”) neuter of dēbitus perfect passive participle of dēbeō (“I owe”) contraction of *dehibeō (“I have from”) from de (“from”) + habeō (“I have”). ``` English: boor boor (plural boors) A peasant. A Boer, white South African of Dutch or Huguenot descent. A yokel, country bumpkin. An uncultured person. ``` Borrowed from Dutch boer (“peasant”) ultimately from Proto-Germanic *būraz (“dweller, inhabitant”) ``` boor (plural boors) A peasant. A Boer, white South African of Dutch or Huguenot descent. A yokel, country bumpkin. An uncultured person. ``` boorish (comparative more boorish, superlative most boorish) Behaving as a boor; rough in manners. Synonyms: rude, uncultured —————————————- GOD Old English: gōd god n or m (“a god”) From Old Norse góðr from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz]from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to join, to unite”). Akin to English good. ``` góðr (comparative betri, superlative beztr) good, righteous, morally commendable good, honest, true góðir vinir — good friends kind, friendly góð orð — good, kind words good, gifted gott skáld — a good poet goodly, fine ``` ``` Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- Root *gʰedʰ- to join to unite to suit ``` West Germanic: *gad *gad m A union, assembly, joining, fellowship Suitable GATHER - TOGETHER Old English: gæd gæd n (nominative plural gædas) union, assembly, joining, fellowship Nolde gæd geador in Godes rīce, ēadiges engles and ðæs ofermōdan There would not (be) a union together in God's kingdom, of the blessed angel and the proud one collection, congregation From Proto-West Germanic *gad from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to unite, assemble, keep”). Related to gaderian, gaderung, geador, gadere. More at gather and together. Old High German: gigat (“suitable”) Gothic Adjective 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 • (gōþs) (comparative 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌶𐌰 / 𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌶𐌰, superlative 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃) 𐌲𐍉𐌸 • (gōþ) Nominative and accusative singular neuter strong form of 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs). 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 • (þiuþeigs) good good Synonym: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (þiuþeigs) goodness Antonym: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils) evil 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 • (þiuþeigs) good - 𐌲𐍃 • (-gs) - y, -ic; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of 'being, having or doing'. 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 • (gastigōþs) hospitable, welcoming From 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gasts, “guest”) +‎ 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs, “good”). 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 • (gasts) m guest From Proto-Germanic *gastiz (“guest, stranger”) ``` GHOST / HOST From Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis. Ghost *gʰóstis m stranger, host guest enemy ``` Possibly from *gʰes- (“to eat”) +‎ *-tis (abstract action noun) *(é)-tis f Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots. ``` Germanic: *gōdaz *gōdaz (adverb *wela, comparative *batizô, superlative *batistaz) good Synonym: *bataz Antonym: *ubilaz ``` *bataz (adverb *wela, comparative *batizô, superlative *batistaz) good From Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (“good”). Cognate with Sanskrit भद्र (bhadrá). SANSKRIT भद्र • (bhadrá) Adjective blessed, auspicious, fortunate, prosperous, happy good, gracious, friendly, kind excellent, fair, beautiful, lovely, pleasant, dear भद्र • (bhadrá) n Noun prosperity, happiness, health, welfare, good fortune. from Proto-Indo-European *bʰn̥d-ró-s, from *bʰend- (“to be happy”). ————————————— EVIL *ubilaz (adverb *wirsiz, comparative *wirsizô, superlative *wirsistaz) bad, evil Synonym: *ilhilaz From Proto-Indo-European *h₂upélos from *h₂wep-, *h₂wap- (“bad”). Cognate with Old Irish fel (“bad”), Hittite [script needed] (huwap(p)-/hup(p)-, “to mistreat”). Alternative etymology traces *ubilaz to Proto-Indo-European *upélos (“evil”, literally “going over or beyond (acceptable limits)”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo, *up, *eup (“down, up, over”). Old English: yfel, efel, eofel Middle English: yvel, uvel, evel English: evil Scots: evil, ewil Gothic: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils) 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 • (ubils) (comparative 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌹𐌶𐌰, superlative 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃) bad, evil Antonym: 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs) ————————————————- STRANGER stranger (plural strangers) A person whom one does not know; a person who is neither a friend nor an acquaintance. That gentleman is a stranger to me. Children are taught not to talk to strangers. An outsider or foreigner. One not admitted to communion or fellowship. A newcomer. (humorous) One who has not been seen for a long time. Hello, stranger! (obsolete) One not belonging to the family or household; a guest; a visitor. (law) One not privy or party to an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right. Actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title. (obsolete) A superstitious premonition of the coming of a visitor by a bit of stalk in a cup of tea, the guttering of a candle, etc. From Middle English straunger straunger (plural straungers or straungeres) foreigner, alien from Old French estrangier (“foreign, alien”) from estrange from Latin extraneus (“foreign, external”) whence also English estrange), from extra (“outside of”). Displaced native Old English eldritch. Cognate with French étranger (“foreigner, stranger”) stranger (plural strangers) A person whom one does not know; a person who is neither a friend nor an acquaintance. That gentleman is a stranger to me. Children are taught not to talk to strangers. An outsider or foreigner. One not admitted to communion or fellowship. A newcomer. (humorous) One who has not been seen for a long time. Hello, stranger! (obsolete) One not belonging to the family or household; a guest; a visitor. (law) One not privy or party to an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right. Actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title. (obsolete) A superstitious premonition of the coming of a visitor by a bit of stalk in a cup of tea, the guttering of a candle, etc. Displaced native Old English eldritch. eldritch (comparative more eldritch, superlative most eldritch) Unearthly, supernatural, eerie. From eld + ritch The second element, -ritch, is generally taken to be Old English rīċe (“realm, kingdom”) ``` rīċe n kingdom, empire Rōmāna rīċe the Roman Empire Godes rīċe the Kingdom of God authority, dominion ``` rīċe rich powerful From Proto-Germanic *rīkiją from Proto-Celtic *rīgiom (“kingdom”) derived from *rīxs (“king”). Cognate with Old Frisian rīke, Old Saxon rīki, Old Dutch rīki, Old High German rīhhi, Old Norse ríki, Gothic 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 (reiki). The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin rēx. Latin: rēx m (genitive rēgis); third declension king, ruler (derogatory) despot, tyrant (during the time of the Republic when there were no kings and executive power was usually divided) (Late Latin, chess) king From Proto-Italic *rēks from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”). Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”) and Old Irish rí (“king”). ``` Proto-Indo-European Root *h₃reǵ- to straighten, to right oneself right just ``` * h₃rḗǵ-s (“king”) * h₃reǵ-tó-s (“straightened, right”) Celtic: *rextus *rextus m rule, law from Old English rǣċan (“to reach”) from the Proto-Indo-European *reyǵ- (“to bind, reach”) Proto-Indo-European: *reyǵ- Root *reyǵ- to reach, stretch out English: reach (intransitive) To extend, stretch, or thrust out (for example a limb or object held in the hand). (transitive) Hence, to extend an action, effort, or influence to; to penetrate to; to pierce, or cut. (transitive) To arrive at (a place) by effort of any kind. (transitive, figuratively) To connect with (someone) on an emotional level, making them receptive of (one); to get through to (someone). (transitive, figuratively) To make contact with. Synonyms: contact, get hold of, get in touch (obsolete) To understand; to comprehend. (reach a conclusion) From Old English: rǣċan to reach, attain From Proto-Indo-European *reyǵ- (“to bind; reach”). Cognate with Old Irish rigim (“I stretch”). *raikijaną To stretch out; reach See Tendon and Ligament (“To bind, tie or fasten”) ————————————- ALIEN alien (plural aliens) Any life form of extraterrestrial or extradimensional origin. A person, animal, plant, or other thing which is from outside the family, group, organization, or territory under consideration. A foreigner residing in a country. One excluded from certain privileges; one alienated or estranged. alien (comparative more alien, superlative most alien) Not belonging to the same country, land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign. alien subjects, enemies, property, or shores Very unfamiliar, strange, or removed. principles alien to our religion Pertaining to extraterrestrial life. from Latin aliēnus (“belonging to someone else, later exotic, foreign”), from Latin alius (“other”) ``` from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos. *h₂élyos other, another From *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). *h₂el- (imperfective) to grow, nourish ``` Latin: alumnus m (genitive alumnī); second declension Nursling, pupil foster son. from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-o-mh₁no- (“being nourished”) mediopassive participle (see *-mh₁nos) of *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”) (whence alō) alō (present infinitive alere, perfect active aluī, supine altum or alitum); third conjugation I foster, I nourish I raise (as a child, an animal, etc.) I feed, I maintain, I develop Hominum gratia generatur, aluntur bestiae. It is for the sake of man that beasts are bred. Latin: aliēnus (feminine aliēna, neuter aliēnum, comparative aliēnior, superlative aliēnissimus); first/second-declension adjective Of that which belongs to another person, place, or object—of another, alien, foreign unfriendly, inimical, hostile, suspicious unfamiliar with something or a stranger to something unsuitable, incongruous, inconsistent, strange (of the body) dead; corrupted; paralyzed (of the mind) insane, mad. ``` From alius (“other, another”). alius (feminine alia, neuter aliud); first/second-declension adjective (pronominal) other, another, any other else different ``` Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos) ἄλλος • (állos) m (feminine ἄλλη, neuter ἄλλο); first/second declension other, another, different, else ————————————- ELSE Related to English else. from Old English elles (“other, otherwise, different”) from Proto-West Germanic *alljas from Proto-Germanic *aljas (“of another, of something else”) genitive of *aljaz (“other”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos, from *h₂el- (“other”) Cognates Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”) Latin: alius (“other, another”) ``` from Proto-Germanic *aljas (“of another, of something else”) genitive of *aljaz (“other”) Determiner *aljaz other, another, else Synonym: *anþeraz ``` *anþeraz Adjective (“second”) other (of two) From Proto-Indo-European *ályos *h₂élyos other, another From *h₂el- (“beyond, other”) Cognates Latin: alius Hellenic: *áľľos *áľľos other, another ``` Old English: ōþer; ander- (prefix) ōþer other second one of two next ``` Hē hrædlīċe his sealmas ġeleornode and ēac fela ōðerra bōca. He quickly learned his psalms and many other books too. Lēofre mē is þæt iċ hīe selle þē þonne ōðrum menn. Wuna mid mē! I'd rather give her to you than to someone else. Stay with me! ōþer second (“2nd person? = you”) (“Dopple ganger”) dop·pel·gäng·er /ˈdäpəlˌɡaNGər/ noun noun: doppelgänger; plural noun: doppelgängers an apparition or double of a living person. Description DescriptionA doppelgänger is a biologically unrelated look-alike, or a double, of a living person. In fiction and mythology, a doppelgänger is often portrayed as a ghostly or paranormal phenomenon and usually seen as a harbinger of bad luck. Other traditions and stories equate a doppelgänger with an evil twin. However, the concept of alter egos and double spirits has appeared in the folklore, myths, religious concepts, and traditions of many cultures throughout human history. In Ancient Egyptian mythology, a ka was a tangible "spirit double" having the same memories and feelings as the person to whom the counterpart belongs. The Greek Princess presents an Egyptian view of the Trojan War in which a ka of Helen misleads Paris, helping to stop the war. This memic sense also appears in Euripides' play Helen, and in Norse mythology, a vardøger is a ghostly double who is seen performing the person's actions in advance. In Finnish mythology, this pattern is described as having an etiäinen, “a firstcomer". The doppelgänger is a version of the Ankou, which is a personification of death that appears in Breton, Cornish, and Norman folklore. Ankou Ankou (Breton: /ɑːnkuː/ an Ankoù) is a servant of Death commonly mistaken for a personification of death in Breton mythology as well as in Cornish (an Ankow in Cornish), Welsh (yr Angau in Welsh) and Norman French folklore. Ankou is reported by Anatole Le Braz—a 19th-century writer and collector of legends. In his work, The Legend of Death, he wrote: The Ankou is the henchman of Death (oberour ar maro) and he is also known as the grave yard watcher, they said that he protects the graveyard and the souls around it for some unknown reason and he collects the lost souls on his land. The last dead of the year, in each parish, becomes the Ankou of his parish for all of the following year. When there has been, in a year, more deaths than usual, one says about the Ankou: – War ma fé, heman zo eun Anko drouk. ("On my faith, this one is a nasty Ankou.") Every parish in Brittany is said to have its own Ankou.[1] In Breton tradition, the squealing of railway wheels outside one's home is supposed to be Karrigell an Ankou ("The Wheelbarrow of Ankou").[5] Similarly, the cry of the owl is referred to as Labous an Ankou ("The Death Bird").[5] The Ankou is also found on the baptismal font at La Martyre where he is shown holding a human head. In Ireland, there is proverb that states, "When the Ankou comes, he will not go away empty". It is said that the Ankou is a death omen that collects the souls of the deceased and is the king of the dead whose subjects have their own particular paths along which their sacred processions move. The Ankou is the last person to die in a parish every year and will assume the duty of calling for the dead. There are many tales involving Ankou, who appears as a man or skeleton wearing a cloak and wielding a scythe, and in some stories he is described as a shadow, often atop a cart for collecting the dead. He is said to wear a black robe with a large hat which conceals his face.[1] According to a Celtic local legend, he was the first child of Adam and Eve.[2] Other versions depict Ankou as being the first dead person of the year (though he is always depicted as a male adult), charged with collecting others' souls before he can go to the afterlife.[3] He is said to drive a large, black coach pulled by four black horses and accompanied by two ghostly figures on foot. From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énteros (“other”). *h₂énteros second, other Middle English: other ———————————————— ἀλλοῖος • (alloîos) m (feminine ἀλλοίᾱ, neuter ἀλλοῖον); first/second declension of another sort or kind, different (with genitive of comparison) of another sort than (adverbial) otherwise, differently From ἄλλος (állos, “other, different”) +‎ -ιος (-ios, adjective suffix). ἕτερος • (héteros) m (feminine ἑτέρᾱ, neuter ἕτερον); first/second declension one or the other of two (repeated at a distance) either ... or ... (repeated consecutively) one after the other other, another, second (often of pairs) different. From Ancient Greek εἷς (heîs), "one”) +‎ *-teros (contrastive suffix, from which also comes Ancient Greek -τερος (-teros)) From the root *sem- (“one", from which also comes Ancient Greek εἷς (heîs), "one”) Compare Old English sunder (English asunder). sunder apart, separate, private, aloof, by one's self Ne scealt ðú sunder beón from ðínum geférum on Ongelcyricean. ― Thou shouldst not be aloof from thy brethren in the English Church. From Proto-Germanic *sundraz *sundraz separate, isolated, alone From Proto-Indo-European *sn̥Htros from *senH- (“apart, without, for oneself”) Cognate with Sanskrit सनितुर् (sanitúr) सनितुर् • (sanitúr) without सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, off; secretly”) Cognates Latin: sine (“without”) Ancient Greek ἄτερ (áter, “without”) Old English sundor (whence English sunder). from Old English sundor- (“separate, different”), from Proto-Germanic *sundraz (“isolated, particular, alone”), from Proto-Indo-European *snter-, *seni-, *senu-, *san- (“apart, without, for oneself”). Cognate with Old Saxon sundar (“particular, special”), Dutch zonder (“without”), German sonder (“special, set apart”), Old Norse sundr (“separate”), Danish sønder (“apart, asunder”), Latin sine (“without”). From Middle English sundren (“to separate, part, divide”), from Old English sundrian (“to separate, split, part, divide”), from Proto-Germanic *sundrōną (“to separate”), from Proto-Indo-European *sen(e)- (“separate, without”). Cognate with Scots sinder, sunder (“to separate, divide, split up”), Dutch zonderen (“to isolate”), German sondern (“to separate”), Swedish söndra (“to divide”). More at sundry. sunder (third-person singular simple present sunders, present participle sundering, simple past and past participle sundered) (transitive) To break or separate or to break apart, especially with force. (intransitive) To part, separate. (Britain, dialect, dated, transitive) To expose to the sun and wind. sunder (plural sunders) a separation into parts; a division or severance . ``` Old English sundor- apart, aloof, separately, in a manner that separates or divides; single, singular, unique separate, different; special sundorcræft ― special power sundorfrēols ― privilege, immunity private sundorfeoh ― private property ``` -τερος • (-teros) m (feminine -τέρᾱ, neuter -τερον); first/second declension Used on adjectives that express some notion of contrast with an antonym Added to adjective stems to form comparative forms -τερος • (-teros) Added to many adjectives and some adverbs to form the comparative forms. ‎βαθύς (vathýs, “deep”) + ‎-τερος (-teros) → ‎βαθύτερος (vathýteros, “deeper”) ‎όμορφος (ómorfos, “beautiful”) + ‎-τερος (-teros) → ‎ομορφότερος (omorfóteros, “more beautiful”) Added to many adjectives and some adverbs to form the relative superlative forms. ‎βαθύς (vathýs, “deep”) + ‎-τερος (-teros) → ‎ο βαθύτερος (o vathýteros, “deepest”) From Proto-Indo-European *-teros. *-teros Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.

Answer 8

MEMBER ``` From Latin: membrum membrum n (genitive membrī); second declension (anatomy) limb of the body; member. (euphemistic) the penis (membrum virīle) a portion, division apartment, room in a house member of the state ``` (Late Latin, Christianity) Member of the Body of Christ, member of the church. (grammar) clause of a sentence Proto-Indo-European / *(s)mer- Root *(s)mer- to fall into thinking, remember, care for Proto-Indo-European / *(s)mer- Root *(s)mer- to assign, allot from Proto-Indo-European *mḗms, *mēms-rom (“flesh”). Proto-Indo-European / *mḗms Etymology From *mems- (meat, flesh) +‎ *-s (derives nouns from roots) Noun *mḗms n flesh, meat Root *mems- flesh, meat *(ó)-s f Derives nouns from roots. *(ḗ)-s m Derives nouns from roots. membro m (plural membros, feminine membra (nonstandard), feminine plural membras) member (one who officially belongs to a group) Synonym: participante From Latin membrum (“member; limb”) ``` membro m (plural membri m, alternative plural membra f) member (one who belongs to a a group; an element of a set) ``` (anatomy, chiefly in the plural) member, limb —————————————- GREEK μέτοχος Thayer's sharing in, partaking a partner (in a work, office, dignity) ``` μέτοχος, ου, ὁ Part of Speech: Adjective Transliteration: metochos Phonetic Spelling: (met'-okh-os) Definition: sharing in Usage: a sharer, partner, associate. ``` 3353 métoxos (from 3348 /metéxō, "share in," derived from 3326 /metá, "with change afterward" and 2192 /éxō, "have") – properly, change due to sharing, i.e. from being an "active partaker with." ``` μετέχω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: metechó Phonetic Spelling: (met-ekh'-o) Definition: to partake of, share in Usage: I have a share of, participate in, share, partake of, am a member of. ``` from meta and echó ``` μετά Part of Speech: Preposition Transliteration: meta Phonetic Spelling: (met-ah') Definition: with, among, after Usage: (a) gen: with, in company with, (b) acc: (1) behind, beyond, after, of place, (2) after, of time, with nouns, neut. of adjectives. HELPS Word-studies 3326 metá (a preposition) – properly, with ("after with"), implying "change afterward" (i.e. what results after the activity). As an active "with," 3326 (metá) looks towards the after-effect (change, result) which is only defined by the context. ``` ``` ἔχω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: echó Phonetic Spelling: (ekh'-o) Definition: to have, hold Usage: I have, hold, possess. ``` member (n.) c. 1300, "body part or organ, an integral part of an animal body having a distinct function" (in plural, "the body"), from Old French membre "part, portion; topic, subject; limb, member of the body; member" (of a group, etc.)," 11c. from Latin membrum "limb, member of the body, part," probably from PIE *mems-ro, from root *mems- "flesh, meat" (source also of Sanskrit mamsam "flesh;" Greek meninx "membrane," mēros "thigh" (the "fleshy part"); Gothic mimz "flesh"). In common use, "one of the limbs or extremities." Especially "the sex organ" (c. 1300, compare Latin membrum virile, but in English originally of women as well as men). Figurative sense of "anything likened to a part of the body" is by 14c., hence "a component part of any aggregate or whole, constituent part of a complex structure, one of a number of associated parts or entities." The transferred sense of "person belonging to a group" is attested from mid-14c., from notion of "person considered in relation to an aggregate of individuals to which he or she belongs," especially one who has united with or been formally chosen as a corporate part of an association or public body. This meaning was reinforced by, if not directly from, the use of member in Christian theology and discourse from mid-14c. for "a Christian" (a "member" of the Church as the "Body of Christ"). Meaning "one who has been elected to parliament" is from early 15c. ————————————————- μέλος • (mélos) n (plural μέλη) member (of organisation, group, etc) (anatomy) limb, body member ``` μέλος • (mélos) n (genitive μέλους or μέλεος); third declension part of a body, limb, member, part Synonyms: κῶλον (kôlon), ῥέθος (rhéthos) part of a group, member song, strain tune melody ``` Likely from Proto-Indo-European *mel- (“limb”). μελῳδῐ́ᾱ • (melōidíā) f (genitive μελῳδῐ́ᾱς); first declension song, singing; chant; music, melody From μελῳδός (melōidós, “musical”) +‎ -ία (-ía), from μέλος (mélos) "musical phrase" + ᾠδή (ōidḗ), contracted form of ἀοιδή (aoidḗ) "song". μελωδία • (melodía) f (plural μελωδίες) (music) melody, tune (music) carol, tune μελωδικός (melodikós, “melodious”) ———————————————— μέρος From μερ- (mer-), the root of μείρομαι (meíromai, “to receive as one's portion”), + -ος (-os). Compare μέλος (mélos). ``` μέρος • (méros) n (genitive μέρεος or μέρους); third declension part, component, region share, portion one's turn heritage, lot, destiny member of a set, kind, type ``` μέρος • (méros) n (plural μέρη) (“Part, part of a whole, portion, share”) (“part in a play, drama”) (most senses) part (a fraction of a whole) Το αγγλικό Βικιλεξικό αποτελεί μέρος ενός πολυεθνικού διαδικτυακού εγχειρήματος. To anglikó Vikilexikó apoteleí méros enós polyethnikoú diadiktyakoú encheirímatos. English Wiktionary is part of an online multinational project. place (an area; somewhere within an area) Σ’ αυτό το μέρος είναι κρυμμένος ένας θησαυρός. S’ aftó to méros eínai krymménos énas thisavrós. There's treasure hidden at this place. (music) movement, part Το τρίτο μέρος της συμφωνίας. To tríto méros tis symfonías. The third movement of the symphony. party, side (group of people forming one side in a given dispute) Τα ενδιαφερόμενα μέρη κατέληξαν σε συμβιβαστική λύση. Ta endiaferómena méri katélixan se symvivastikí lýsi. The interested parties reached a compromise. (euphemistic) loo, privy, commode, lavatory (toilet) πάω στο μέρος ― páo sto méros ― to go to the loo μείρομαι • (meíromai) I receive as my portion From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to assign, allot”). See also Latin mereō, merx See also Hittite (“mark, “to divide a sacrifice”). Proto-Indo-European Root *(s)mer- to fall into thinking, remember, care for

Answer 9

USER χρήση • (chrísi) f (plural χρήσεις) use, application, usage για χρήση από τους μαθητές ― gia chrísi apó tous mathités ― for use by students φάρμακο για εξωτερική χρήση ― fármako gia exoterikí chrísi ― medication for external use χρῆσῐς • (khrêsis) f (genitive χρήσεως); third declension use, usage, employment utility, usefulness intimacy, relationship, sexual intercourse (grammar) use, example, quotation the response of an oracle loan From χρᾰ́ω (“I use, lend, declare”) +‎ -σῐς (-abstract noun) χράω • (khráō) (active, of the gods and their oracles) to furnish the needful answer, to declare, pronounce, proclaim (passive) to be declared, proclaimed, delivered (middle, of the person to whom the response is given) to consult a god or oracle, to inquire of a god or oracle, consult them (of applicants seeking something of the great king) (in perfect passive) to receive an oracular response to furnish with a thing (deponent) to use to bring into action some feeling, faculty, passion, state of mind; to exercise, indulge (of external things) to experience, be subject to (paraphrases the verb cognate to its dative) (with duplicate dative) to use as such and such to use for an end or purpose (of persons, with an adverb of manner) to treat them in such a manner to be intimate with, to deal with, make use of, employ (especially of sexual intercourse) to make use of oneself or one's powers (absolute or with an adverb) to be wont to do (with accusative of object) (perfect with a present sense) to be in need or want of, to yearn after (perfect as a strengthened present) to have in use, to have, possess (aorist passive) χρῄζω • (khrḗizō) (with genitive) need, lack χρειάζομαι • (chreiázomai) deponent (past χρειάστηκα) need, require 3rd persons singular are impersonal e.g. χρειάζεται: it is needed ``` χρείᾱ • (khreíā) f (genitive χρείᾱς); first declension need, want, necessity want, poverty business, purpose (especially military purpose) employment, function use use, advantage, service familiarity, intimacy maxim ``` From χρή (khrḗ, “it is necessary”) χρή • (khrḗ) (impersonal, expressing necessity) have to, ought, should (with accusative of person and present or aorist infinitive) From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn”). To yearn for... ————————————————— Related to: χαίρω χαίρω • (khaírō) To be full of cheer, i.e. calmly happy or well off To enjoy [+dative = something], [+participle = doing something] (perfect) To be very glad; to enjoy [+dative = something], [+participle = doing something] a great deal (on meeting or parting, as an imperative) Be well; farewell, be glad, God speed, greetings, hail, joy(‐fully), rejoice (as a salutation) -χᾰρής (-kharḗs) χᾰρᾱ́ f (kharā́, “joy”) χᾰ́ρῐς f (kháris, “elegance; influence”), εὐχᾰρῐστέω (eukharistéō, “thank”), χᾰριεντῐ́ζομαι (kharientízomai, “jest”) χᾰ́ρμᾰ n (khárma, “delight”) ἀντιχαίρω (antikhaírō, “rejoice in turn”) ἐπῐχαίρω (epikhaírō, “rejoice over”) κᾰτᾰχαίρω (katakhaírō, “exult over”) περῐχαίρω (perikhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”) προσχαίρω (proskhaírō, “rejoice at”) προχαίρω (prokhaírō, “rejoice beforehand”) συγχαίρω (sunkhaírō, “rejoice with”) ῠ̔περχαίρω (huperkhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”) ῠ̔ποχαίρω (hupokhaírō, “rejoice secretly”) From χαίρω (“joy”) from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- χᾰρᾱ́ • (kharā́) f (genitive χᾰρᾶς); first declension joy, exultation From χαίρω (joy) +‎ -η (-abstract noun). χαίρω • (chaíro) (past —) (largely found in the expressions shown) be happy, be glad Χαίρε Μαρία ― Chaíre María ― Hail Mary χαίρετε ― chaírete ― hi, hello, greetings χαίρω πολύ ― chaíro polý ― pleased to meet you χαίρω καλής φήμης ― chaíro kalís fímis ― have a good reputation χαίρω μεγάλης εκτιμήσεως ― chaíro megális ektimíseos ― to hold in high esteem χαίρω άκρας υγείας ― chaíro ákras ygeías ― to enjoy good health χάρηκα πολύ ― chárika polý ― pleased to have met you χαίρομαι (chaíromai) (a deponent verb, morphologically passive form of χαίρω) Derived terms[edit] Χαίρε Μαρία (Chaíre María, “Hail Mary”) χαίρετε (chaírete, “hello, greetings”) χαίρω πολύ (chaíro polý, “pleased to meet you”) Related terms[edit] And their derived terms: -χαρής (-charís) -χαρος (-charos) επιχαίρω (epichaíro, “gloat, rejoice over failure”) συγχαίρω (synchaíro, “congratulate”) χαρά f (chará, “joy”), χαρούμενος (charoúmenos, “happy”) χαιρετώ (chairetó, “to say hello”) χαιρετίζω (chairetízo, “greet”) χαιρέκακος (chairékakos, “spiteful”) χαίρομαι (chaíromai) καταχαίρομαι (katachaíromai, “exult, rejoice extremely”) χάρη f (chári, “grace; favour”) χάρις f (cháris, “grace”), ευχαριστώ (efcharistó, “thank”) απόλαυση f (apólafsi, “enjoyment, delight, pleasure”) ευτυχία f (eftychía, “happiness, contentment”) ευχαρίστηση f (efcharístisi, “pleasure, contentment”) ικανοποίηση f (ikanopoíisi, “contentment, satisfaction”) τέρψη f (térpsi, “delight, enjoyment, pleasure”) χαρά f (chará, “joy, exhilaration, delight”) [edit] γεια χαρά (geia chará, “hi”) είμαι μια χαρά (eímai mia chará, “I am ok”) μετά χαράς (metá charás, “gladly, with great pleasure”) ολόχαρος (olócharos, “full of joy”) παιδική χαρά f (paidikí chará, “playground”) χαρά Θεού (chará Theoú, “sunny day”) χαράς ευαγγέλια (charás evangélia, “joyful news”) μες στην καλή χαρά (mes stin kalí chará) μες στην τρελή χαρά (mes stin trelí chará) μια χαρά και δυο τρομάρες (mia chará kai dyo tromáres) χαρά στο πράμα (chará sto práma) χαρούλα (charoúla) χάρμᾰ • (khárma) n (genitive χάρμᾰτος); third declension source of joy, delight joy, delight From χαίρω (khaírō, “rejoice”) +‎ -μᾰ (-instance of). ————————————————- LATIN ``` Usus m (genitive Usus, no plural) custom (long-established practice) ``` ``` ūsus m (genitive ūsūs); fourth declension use, employment, exercise, advantage practice experience, discipline, skill habit, usage, custom ``` ``` ūsus m (genitive ūsūs); fourth declension use, employment, exercise, advantage practice experience, discipline, skill habit, usage, custom ``` Perfect participle of ūtor (“make use of”). ``` ūtor (present infinitive ūtī, perfect active ūsus sum); third conjugation, deponent I use, employ. I enjoy, take advantage of. I experience, undergo, encounter. I wear. I consume. ``` Compare the future tense οἴσω (oísō) of Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō, “carry”). Usage notes The verb ūtor and others like it, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds, regularly govern the ablative case. For example: The soldier uses a sword. Mīles gladiō ūtitur. fruor (present infinitive fruī, perfect active frūctus sum); third conjugation, deponent I enjoy; I derive pleasure from. I engage (in) from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to use, enjoy”). frūmen (“sacrificial porridge”) Etymology From Vulgar Latin *fruere, from Latin fruor (“I enjoy”). Verb[edit] fruir (first-person singular present frueixo, past participle fruït) to enjoy FRUIT past participle fruït ``` fungor (present infinitive fungī, perfect active fūnctus sum); third conjugation, deponent I perform, execute, administer, discharge, observe I finish (something), complete (something), end (something) ``` ``` From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy”). Etymology 2 Root *bʰewg- to enjoy, benefit ``` ``` Root *bʰegʷ- to flee Synonym: *bʰewg- to run ``` ``` potior (present infinitive potīrī or potīrier, perfect active potītus sum); fourth conjugation, deponent I obtain, acquire, get I grasp I attain I seize, capture I control ``` potior (neuter potius, positive potis); third declension more able, capable; more possible; more preferable comparative of potis (“able, capable”) potis m or f (neuter potis or pote, comparative potior, superlative potissimus) able, capable, possible πόσις • (pósis) m (genitive πόσιος); third declension husband πόσις • (pósis) f (genitive πόσιος or πόσεως); third declension the act of drinking drink, beverage From Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tis, from *peh₃- (“to drink”) (compare πίνω (pínō, “I drink”)). vēscor (present infinitive vēscī); third conjugation, deponent, no perfect or supine stem (with accusative or ablative) I eat, feed upon. (with accusative or ablative) I make use of, enjoy, use. (intransitive) I eat. From vē- +‎ ēsca (“food”). use (n.) c. 1200, "act of employing," from Anglo-French and Old French us "custom, practice, usage," from Latin usus "use, custom, practice, employment, skill, habit," from past participle stem of uti "make use of, profit by, take advantage of" (see use (v.)). use (v.) c. 1200, "employ for a purpose," from Old French user "employ, make use of, practice, frequent," from Vulgar Latin *usare "use," frequentative form of past participle stem of Latin uti "make use of, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, apply, consume," in Old Latin oeti "use, employ, exercise, perform," of uncertain origin. Related: Used; using. Replaced Old English brucan (see brook (v.)). From late 14c. as "take advantage of." Related entries & more

Answer 10

SUBJECT - CITIZEN From ὑπο- (“under”) +‎ ἀκούω (“to listen”) υπήκοος • (ypíkoos) m or f (plural υπήκοοι) citizen, national (of a country) Μπορείτε να ταξιδέψετε στην Αυστραλία εάν είστε Αυστραλός υπήκοος, μόνιμος κάτοικος ή υπήκοος Νέας Ζηλανδίας που διαμένει συνήθως στην Αυστραλία. Boreíte na taxidépsete stin Afstralía eán eíste Afstralós ypíkoos, mónimos kátoikos í ypíkoos Néas Zilandías pou diaménei syníthos stin Afstralía. You can travel to Australia if you are an Australian national, permanent resident or New Zealand national who normally resides in Australia. subject (of a monarch) From Ancient Greek ὑπήκοος (hupḗkoos, “listening to someone more important, obeying”), from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + ἀκοή (akoḗ, “listening”). υπηκοότητα f (ypikoótita, “citizenship”) υπηκοότητα • (ypikoótita) f (uncountable) citizenship, nationality υπήκοος (ypíkoos, “citizen, national”) +‎ -ότητα (-ótita, “-ity, -ness”). First attested 1831. Adjective[edit] ῠ̔πήκοος • (hupḗkoos) m or f (neuter ῠ̔πήκοον); second declension listening [+dative = to someone] subject, obedient [+genitive or dative = to someone] -ος • (-os) m (genitive -ου); second declension Added to verbal roots to form an o-grade action noun. ὑπακούω (hupakoúō) +‎ -ος (-action noun) Suffix -ος • (-os) n (genitive -εος or -ους); third declension Added to verbal roots to form a noun of result or an abstract noun of action. -ος • (-os) An ending found in nouns -ος • (-os) m (genitive -ου); second declension Added to verbal roots to form an o-grade action noun. ————————————————— UNDER - LISTENING ῠ̔πᾰκούω • (hupakoúō) (absolute) to listen, hearken, give ear to make answer when called (with the genitive of object) to listen or hearken to, give ear to, heed, attend to (special senses) (of porters) to answer a knock at the door (of a judge) to listen to a complaint (of dependents, subjects) to obey, submit to to answer one's expectations, to succeed (figuratively) to be subject to the sun's rays (of ailments) to yield, give way to a remedy to concede a point in a dispute to understand under (grammar) to understand a word omitted From ὑπο- (hupo-, “under”) +‎ ἀκούω (akoúō, “to listen”) ``` ᾰ̓κούω • (akoúō) (transitive) I hear [+accusative = something], [+genitive = someone] (transitive) I hear about, learn (transitive) I listen, pay attention to, heed Ἄκουε τοῦ διδασκάλου! Ákoue toû didaskálou! Listen to the teacher! Νῦν δὲ ἄκουσον μου! Nûn dè ákouson mou! Now listen to me! (transitive) I understand (transitive) I obey (passive) I am called, am spoken of, am known as ```

Answer 11

CITIZEN cīvis m or f (genitive cīvis); third declension citizen Civis romanus sum. I am a Roman citizen. (by extension) a subject (i.e., a person subject to a ruler) citizen (n.) c. 1300, citisein (fem. citeseine) "inhabitant of a city or town," from Anglo-French citesein, citezein "city-dweller, town-dweller, citizen" (Old French citeien, 12c., Modern French citoyen), from cite (see city) + -ain (see -ian). According to Middle English Compendium, the -s-/-z- in Anglo-French presumably replaced an earlier *-th-. Old English words were burhsittend and ceasterware. Sense of "freeman or inhabitant of a country, member of the state or nation, not an alien" is late 14c. Meaning "private person" (as opposed to a civil officer or soldier) is from c. 1600. As a title, 1795, from French: During the French Revolution, citoyen was used as a republican alternative to Monsieur. Citizen's arrest, one carried out by a private person, without a warrant, allowable in certain cases, is recorded from 1941; citizen's band (radio) from 1947. Citizen of the world (late 15c.) translates Latin civem totius mundi, Greek kosmopolites. He is not a citizen who is not disposed to respect the laws and to obey the civil magistrate; and he is certainly not a good citizen who does not wish to promote, by every means in his power, the welfare of the whole society of his fellow-citizens. [Adam Smith, "Theory of Moral Sentiments"] cit (n.) "inhabitant of a city," colloquial shortening of citizen, 1640s; especially "a London cockney," as contrasted to a country man or a gentleman, usually with some measure of opprobrium (Johnson defines it as "A pert low townsman; a pragmatical trader"). civil (adj.) late 14c., "relating to civil law or life; pertaining to the internal affairs of a state," from Old French civil "civil, relating to civil law" (13c.) and directly from Latin civilis "relating to a society, pertaining to public life, relating to the civic order, befitting a citizen," hence by extension "popular, affable, courteous;" alternative adjectival derivative of civis "townsman" (see city). Meaning "not barbarous, civilized" is from 1550s. Specifically "relating to the commonwealth as secularly organized" (as opposed to military or ecclesiastical) by 1610s. Meaning "relating to the citizen in his relation to the commonwealth or to fellow citizens" also is from 1610s. The word civil has about twelve different meanings; it is applied to all manner of objects, which are perfectly disparate. As opposed to criminal, it means all law not criminal. As opposed to ecclesiastical, it means all law not ecclesiastical: as opposed to military, it means all law not military, and so on. [John Austin, " Lectures on Jurisprudence," 1873] The sense of "polite" was in classical Latin, but English did not pick up this nuance of the word until late 16c., and it has tended to descend in meaning to "meeting minimum standards of courtesy." "Courteous is thus more commonly said of superiors, civil of inferiors, since it implies or suggests the possibility of incivility or rudeness" [OED]. Civil, literally, applies to one who fulfills the duty of a citizen; It may mean simply not rude, or observant of the external courtesies of intercourse, or quick to do and say gratifying and complimentary things. ... Courteous, literally, expresses that style of politeness which belongs to courts: a courteous man is one who is gracefully respectful in his address and manner — one who exhibits a union of dignified complaisance and kindness. The word applies to all sincere kindness and attention. [Century Dictionary, 1895] city (n.) c. 1200, from Old French cite "town, city" (10c., Modern French cité), from earlier citet, from Latin civitatem (nominative civitas; in Late Latin sometimes citatem) originally "citizenship, condition or rights of a citizen, membership in the community," later "community of citizens, state, commonwealth" (used, for instance of the Gaulish tribes), from civis "townsman," from PIE root *kei- (1) "to lie," also forming words for "bed, couch," and with a secondary sense of "beloved, dear." Now "a large and important town," but originally in early Middle English a walled town, a capital or cathedral town. Distinction from town is early 14c. OED calls it "Not a native designation, but app[arently] at first a somewhat grandiose title, used instead of the OE. burh"(see borough). Between Latin and English the sense was transferred from the inhabitants to the place. The Latin word for "city" was urbs, but a resident was civis. Civitas seems to have replaced urbs as Rome (the ultimate urbs) lost its prestige. Loss of Latin -v- is regular in French in some situations (compare alleger from alleviare; neige from nivea; jeune from juvenis. A different sound evolution from the Latin word yielded Italian citta, Catalan ciutat, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade. London is the city from 1550s. As an adjective, "pertaining to a city, urban," from c. 1300. City hall "chief municipal offices" is first recorded 1670s; to fight city hall is 1913, American English. City slicker "a smart and plausible rogue, of a kind usu. found in cities" [OED] is first recorded 1916 (see slick (adj.)). City limits is from 1825. The newspaper city-editor, who superintends the collection and publication of local news, is from 1834, American English; hence city desk attested from 1878. Inner city first attested 1968. From Middle English citeseyn, citezein, borrowed from Anglo-Norman citesain (“burgher; city-dweller”), citezein &c., probably a variant of cithein under influence of deinzein (“denizen”), from Anglo-Norman and Old French citeain &c. and citaien, citeien &c. ("burgher"; modern French citoyen), from cité ("settlement; cathedral city, city"; modern French cité) + -ain or -ien (“-an, -ian”). See city and hewe. burgher (plural burghers) A citizen of a borough or town, especially one belonging to the middle class. A member of the medieval mercantile class. A citizen of a medieval city. A prosperous member of the community; a middle class citizen (may connote complacency). cyborg (plural cyborgs) (science fiction) A person who is part machine, a robot who is part organic. (science fiction) A robot who has an organic past. A human with electronic or bionic prostheses. cyborg m anim cyborg (person who is part machine) bion (plural bions) (science fiction) A cyborg or robot. bionic (comparative more bionic, superlative most bionic) (not comparable) Related to bionics. Of a biological organism, having been enhanced by electronic or mechanical parts; cyborg. Superhuman *kei- (1) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to lie," also forming words for "bed, couch," and with a secondary sense of "beloved, dear." It forms all or part of: ceilidh; cemetery; city; civic; civil; civilian; civilization; civilize; hide (n.2) measure of land; incivility; incunabula; Siva. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit Sivah "propitious, gracious;" Greek keisthai "to lie, lie asleep;" Latin cunae "a cradle;" Old Church Slavonic semija "family, domestic servants;" Lithuanian šeima "domestic servants," Lettish sieva "wife;" Old English hiwan "members of a household." civilian (n.) late 14c., "judge or authority on civil law," from noun use of Old French civilien "of the civil law," created from Latin civilis "relating to a citizen, relating to public life, befitting a citizen; popular, affable, courteous," alternative adjectival derivative of civis "townsman" (see city). Sense of "non-military and non-clerical person, one whose pursuits are those of civilian life" is attested by 1766. As an adjective, "pertaining to or characteristic of a civilian," from 1640s.

Answer 12

DENIZEN From dē (“from”) + intus (“within, inside”) Historically, an alien admitted to certain rights of citizenship in a country; a naturalized citizen (but ineligible to public office). Formerly also an adjective, "within the city franchise, having certain rights and privileges of citizenship" (late 15c.). denizen (n.) early 15c., "a citizen, a dweller, an inhabitant," especially "legally established inhabitant of a city or borough, a citizen as distinguished from a non-resident native or a foreigner," from Anglo-French deinzein, denzein, (Old French deinzein) "one within" (the privileges of a city franchise; opposed to forein "one without"), from deinz "within, inside," from Late Latin deintus, from de- "from" + intus "within" (see ento-). Historically, an alien admitted to certain rights of citizenship in a country; a naturalized citizen (but ineligible to public office). Formerly also an adjective, "within the city franchise, having certain rights and privileges of citizenship" (late 15c.). Compare foreign. deintus (not comparable) from within intus (not comparable) within, inside at home Preposition: dē dē (+ ablative) from, away from, to indicate the place from which someone or something departs or withdraws. of, concerning, about De rebus mathematicis. ― Concerning mathematical things. from, away from, down from, out of; in general to indicate the person or place from which any thing is taken, etc., with verbs of taking away, depriving, demanding, requesting, inquiring, buying; as capere, sumere, emere, quaerere, discere, trahere, etc., and their compounds.

Answer 13

BURGER - BOROUGH - BORG - BURGLAR Danish / Swedish: borg borg c (singular definite borgen, plural indefinite borge) castle, stronghold burgh +‎ -er (“inhabitant of”) Compare also Old English burgwaras (“inhabitants of a burg, burghers, citizens”) From Middle English burger, burgher, burghere, equivalent to burgh +‎ -er (“inhabitant of”). Likely merged with and reinforced by Middle Dutch burgher (Modern Dutch: burger); from Middle High German burger (Modern German: Bürger); from Old High German burgāri (“inhabitant of a fortress”); derivative of burg (“fortress, citadel”), from Proto-Germanic *burgz, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“fortified elevation”). burgh (plural burghs) (Sussex) a small mound, often used in reference to tumuli (mostly restricted to place names). (Britain) a borough or chartered town (now only used as an official subdivision in Scotland). Derived terms Blythburgh Edinburgh royal burgh borough (plural boroughs) (obsolete) A fortified town. (rare) A town or city. A town having a municipal corporation and certain traditional rights. An administrative district in some cities, e.g., London. An administrative unit of a city which, under most circumstances according to state or national law, would be considered a larger or more powerful entity; most commonly used in American English to define the five counties that make up New York City. Other similar administrative units in cities and states in various parts of the world. A district in Alaska having powers similar to a county. (historical, Britain, law) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behaviour of each other. (historical, Britain, law) The pledge or surety thus given. from Proto-Germanic *burgz (“stronghold, city”), cognate with German Burg (“castle”) and English borough. from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerǵʰ- (“to rise”), which is also the source of Danish bjerg (“mountain”).

Answer 14

PAGAN pagan male the goblin, the elf, the pagan pagan (n.) c. 1400, perhaps mid-14c., "person of non-Christian or non-Jewish faith," from Late Latin paganus "pagan," in classical Latin "villager, rustic; civilian, non-combatant" noun use of adjective meaning "of the country, of a village," from pagus "country people; province, rural district," originally "district limited by markers," thus related to pangere "to fix, fasten," from PIE root *pag- "to fasten." As an adjective from early 15c. The religious sense often was said in 19c. [e.g. Trench] to derive from conservative rural adherence to the old gods after the Christianization of Roman towns and cities; but the Latin word in this sense predates that period in Church history, and it is more likely derived from the use of paganus in Roman military jargon for "civilian, incompetent soldier," which Christians (Tertullian, c. 202; Augustine) picked up with the military imagery of the early Church (such as milites "soldier of Christ," etc.). The English word was used later in a narrower sense of "one not a Christian, Jew, or Muslim." As "person of heathenish character or habits," by 1841. Applied to modern pantheists and nature-worshippers from 1908. Pagan and heathen are primarily the same in meaning; but pagan is sometimes distinctively applied to those nations that, although worshiping false gods, are more cultivated, as the Greeks and Romans, and heathen to uncivilized idolaters, as the tribes of Africa. A Mohammedan is not counted a pagan much less a heathen. [Century Dictionary, 1897] The English surname Paine, Payne, etc., appears by old records to be from Latin paganus, but whether in the sense "villager," "rustic," or "heathen" is disputed. It also was a common Christian name in 13c., "and was, no doubt, given without any thought of its meaning" ["Dictionary of English Surnames"]. παγανισμός paganism male paganism, associated with the early Christian years, when belief in pre-Christian religions was restricted to rural populations. παγανιά Grim reaper

Answer 15

THANE from PIE *tek-no- thane (n.) Old English þegn "military follower, one who holds lands in exchange for military service," also "vassal, retainer, attendant," from root *tek- "to beget, give birth to" Greek tekos "child, the young of animals," tokos "childbirth, offspring, produce of money, interest" ————————————————— from Proto-Germanic *thegnas Old Saxon thegan "follower, warrior, boy," Old Norse þegn "thane, freeman," Old High German thegan, German Degen "thane, warrior, hero"), from PIE *tek-no- source also of Sanskrit takman "descendant, child," Greek teknon "child"), from root *tek- "to beget, give birth to" Greek tekos "child, the young of animals," tokos "childbirth, offspring, produce of money, interest" Also used in Old English for "disciple of Christ." Specific sense of "man who ranks between an earl and a freeman" is late 15c. The modern spelling is from Scottish, where early 13c. it came to mean "chief of a clan, king's baron," and it has predominated in English probably due to the influence of "Macbeth;" normal orthographic changes from Old English ðegn would have produced Modern English *thain. Some historians now use thegn to distinguish Anglo-Saxon thanes from Scottish thanes.

Answer 16

SHIRE κομητεία • (komiteía) f (plural κομητείες) county (land ruled by a count or countess) κόμης (kómis, “count, earl”) +‎ -εία (-eía). First attested 1856. Related terms κόμης m (kómis, “count”) See also νομός m (nomós, “nome, county”) νομός • (nomós) m (plural νομοί) nome, department, county, prefecture O νομός Λακωνίας είναι ο νοτιότερος νομός της Πελοποννήσου. O nomós Lakonías eínai o notióteros nomós tis Peloponnísou. Laconia prefecture is the southernmost prefecture of the Peloponnese. Synonyms[edit] νομαρχία f (nomarchía, “nomarch”) Related terms[edit] νομάρχης m or f (nomárchis, “governor of nome, nomarch”) νομάρχισσα f (nomárchissa, “governor of nome, nomarch”) νομαρχιακός (nomarchiakós, “nome”) nome (plural nomes) A prefecture or unit of regional government in Greece. Laconia is the southernmost nome in the Peloponnese. A territorial division of ancient Egypt. From French nome from Ancient Greek νομός (nomós, “district”) from νέμω (némō, “I divide”). νέμω • (némō) to deal out, distribute, dispense (of herdsmen), to pasture or graze their flocks, drive to pasture, tend νέμος • (némos) n (genitive νέμους or νέμεος); third declension wooded pasture, glade From Proto-Indo-European *nem- (“to assign, allot; take”). Cognate with English numb, German nehmen, and Albanian njeh (“count”), nëmë (“curse”). ``` Proto-Indo-European / *nem- Etymology Possibly related to *h₁em- (“to take, to distribute”). Root *nem- to distribute to give, to take ``` Ancient Greek: νομή (nomḗ, “pasture”) νομή • (nomḗ) f (genitive νομῆς); first declension pasturage division, distribution From νέμω (divide) +‎ -η (-abstract action noun). ``` Proto-Indo-European Etymology Possibly related to *nem- (“to take or give one's due”). Root *h₁em- to take to distribute ``` νομός • (nomós) m (genitive νομοῦ); second declension pasture, field herbage, food division, distribution dwelling, residence district, region, province (particularly of Egypt), satrapy νομός • (nomós) m (plural νομοί) nome, department, county, prefecture prefecture (plural prefectures) The office or position of a prefect. The jurisdiction of a prefect; the region administered by a prefect, especially as a translation of certain French, Chinese, and Japanese administrative divisions. praefectūra f (genitive praefectūrae); first declension presidency, superintendence, prefecture praeficiō (present infinitive praeficere, perfect active praefēcī, supine praefectum); third conjugation iō-variant I place in command. Equivalent to prae- (“before”) +‎ faciō (“do, make”) praefectus m (genitive praefectī); second declension officer, prefect, superintendent, official, commander, captain praefectus praetorii ― commander of the praetorian guard; praetorian prefect praefectus Aegypti ― the governor of Egypt praefectus castrorum ― the camp prefect, commander of the camp Adjective praefectus (feminine praefecta, neuter praefectum); first/second-declension participle put in charge faciō (present infinitive facere, perfect active fēcī, supine factum); third conjugation iō-variant, irregular passive voice I do (particularly as a specific instance or occasion of doing) Quid feci? What have I done? Latrocinium modo factum est. (special usage; passive perfect = took place, lit. has been made/is done) A robbery just took place. Factum est. (It) is done. I make, construct, fashion, frame, build, erect I make, produce, compose. I appoint. fīō (“I become, I am made”). from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”) Old English dōn (English do) fīō (present infinitive fierī, perfect active factus sum); third conjugation, semi-deponent (copulative) I become, am made Vos oramus ut discipuli acerrimi fiatis. We are begging you so that you may become very keen students. I happen I take place ``` fio m (plural fios) (textiles) thread string (jewellery) chain (electronics) wire ``` fīō first-person singular present passive indicative of faciō Facī in the sense of "to be made". A subdivision of a περιφέρεια (periféreia, “periphery”), each νομός (nomós, “nome”) is divided into επαρχίες (eparchíes, “eparchies”). νομάρχης • (nomárchis) m (plural νομάρχες) nomarch, department governor νομός (nomós, “nome”) +‎ -άρχης (-árchis, “leader”) νομός (nomós, “nome”) +‎ -άρχης (-árchis, “leader”)

Answer 17

PROVINCE prōvincia f (genitive prōvinciae); first declension province, office, duty, command Provinciam remitto. I abandon my province. Equivalent to Proto-Indo-European *per- (“to go over”) and vincio (“I bind, tie up, fetter”). vinciō (present infinitive vincīre, perfect active vīnxī, supine vīnctum); fourth conjugation I bind, tie up, fetter. I lace, fasten. I surround, guard. επαρχία • (eparchía) f (plural επαρχίες) province eparchy, an administrative area in Greece; hundred. a bishop's province collectively, the provinces; any region away from the capital

Answer 18

COUNT -COUNTY κόμης • (kómis) m (plural κόμητες, feminine κόμισσα or κόμησσα) count, earl (rank in the nobility) κόμης • (kómēs) m (genitive κόμητος); third declension (Koine) a companion, comrade, partner a count, an earl From Latin: comes comes m or f (genitive comitis); third declension a companion, comrade, partner an attendant, a servant (Medieval Latin) a count, an earl From com- + the stem of eō. The expected nominative singular *comĭs was likely replaced by -ĕs on the basis of other t-stem nouns like pĕdĕs (“soldier on foot”) and ĕquĕs (“horseman”), cf. mīlĕs.

Answer 19

FOOT-SOLDIER pedes m (genitive peditis); third declension a walker, one who walks. foot soldier, infantryman, infantry (Late Latin, chess) pawn ``` pes (plural pedes) the foot of a human the hoof of a quadruped clubfoot or talipes (music) a neume representing two notes ascending ``` From Latin pēs (“foot”). From Koine Greek κόμης (kómēs, “high rank official”) κομητεία • (komiteía) f (plural κομητείες) county (land ruled by a count or countess) κόμης (kómis, “count, earl”) +‎ -εία (-eía). First attested 1856. Suffix 1 -εία • (-eía) f Nominative, accusative and vocative singular form of -εία (-eía). Suffix 2 -εία • (-eía) n Nominative, accusative and vocative plural form of -είο (-eío). -είο • (-eío) n added to a noun to denote a relationship with a place, building, etc ‎ιατρός (iatrós, “doctor”) + ‎-είο (place noun) → ‎ιατρείο (iatreío, “doctor's surgery”) νεκρός (nekrós, “dead”) + ‎τάφος (táfos, “grave”) + ‎-είο (-eío) → ‎νεκροταφείο (nekrotafeío, “cemetery”) έλαιο (élaio, “oil”) + ‎τρίβω (trívo, “to grind”) + ‎-είο (-eío) → ‎ελαιοτριβείο (elaiotriveío, “olive press”) άρτος (ártos, “bread”) + ‎πωλώ (poló, “to sell”) + ‎-είο (-eío) → ‎αρτοπωλείο (artopoleío, “bread shop”) -εῖον • (-eîon) n (genitive -είου); second declension Forms nouns for instruments or means of action from noun-stems. Forms nouns of place. county (countable and uncountable, plural counties) (historical) The land ruled by a count or a countess. An administrative region of various countries, including Bhutan, Canada, China, Croatia, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and 48 of the 50 United States (excluding Alaska and Louisiana). A definitive geographic region, without direct administrative functions. traditional county (US, slang, uncountable) A jail operated by a county government. He can't come; he's up in the county for agg assault. From Middle English countee, counte, conte, from Anglo-Norman counté, Old French conté (French comté), from Latin comitātus (“jurisdiction of a count”), from comes (“count, earl”). Cognate with Spanish condado (“county”). comitātus (feminine comitāta, neuter comitātum); first/second-declension participle accompanied; guarded; served count (plural counts) The male ruler of a county. A nobleman holding a rank intermediate between dukes and barons. (entomology) Any of various nymphalid butterflies of the genus Tanaecia. Other butterflies in this genus are called earls and viscounts. From Middle English counte, from Anglo-Norman conte and Old French comte (“count”), from Latin comes (“companion”) (more specifically derived from its accusative form comitem) in the sense of "noble fighting alongside the king". Doublet of comes and comte.

Answer 20

SHIRE shire (plural shires) Physical area administered by a sheriff. Former administrative area of Britain; a county. Yorkshire is the largest shire in England. (Britain, colloquial) The general area in which a person lives or comes from, used in the context of travel within the United Kingdom. When are you coming back to the shire? A rural or outer suburban local government area of Australia. A shire horse. From Middle English shire, from Old English scir, from Proto-West Germanic *skīru. sċīr f office (status of an official) district (under an official or governor) administrative region, shire (consisting of a number of hundreds or wapentakes, ruled jointly by an alderman and a sheriff) Etymology 2 From Proto-Germanic *skīraz, from Proto-Germanic *skīriz (“pure, bright”). Cognate with Old Frisian skire, Old Saxon skīr, Dutch schier (“white, grey”), German schier (“pure”)), Old Norse skírr (Swedish skir), Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌴𐌹𐍂𐍃 (skeirs) Related to scinan. Adjective[edit] sċīr bright, shining clear, pure ``` Middle English schyre (superlative shyrest) bright, shimmering, glistening, luminous, radiant clear, visible, transparent pure, unadulterated, untainted honest, willing, eager (rare) clear-coloured, pale, light (rare) untarnished; not dirty or stained. ``` From Old English sċīr (“bright”, adjective) and sċīre (adverb), from Proto-Germanic *skīriz. Doublet of skyr. *skīriz pure, clear, sheer From Proto-Indo-European *sḱēy- (“luster, gloss, shadow”). Cognate with Irish cír (“pure”). sheriff (n.) late Old English scirgerefa "representative of royal authority in a shire," from scir (see shire) + gerefa "chief, official, reeve" (see reeve). As an American county official, attested from 1660s; sheriff's sale first recorded 1798. Sheriff's tooth (late 14c.) was a common name for the annual tax levied to pay for the sheriff's victuals during court sessions. Related entries & more

Answer 21

SHERIFF = shire + reeve sheriff (n.) late Old English scirgerefa "representative of royal authority in a shire," from scir (see shire) + gerefa "chief, official, reeve" (see reeve). As an American county official, attested from 1660s; sheriff's sale first recorded 1798. Sheriff's tooth (late 14c.) was a common name for the annual tax levied to pay for the sheriff's victuals during court sessions. Related entries & more reeve (n.) "steward," Old English gerefa "king's officer," of unknown origin and with no known cognates. Not connected to German Graf (see margrave). An Anglo-Saxon official of high rank, having local jurisdiction under a king. Compare sheriff. ġerēfa m (nominative plural ġerēfan) a reeve or official with local jurisdiction under the king; the chief magistrate of a district From Proto-West Germanic *garāfijō. ``` *garāfijō m count (the male ruler of a county) earl reeve, bailiff officer, official ``` Unknown; possibly related to Gothic 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐍂𐌴𐍆𐍄𐍃 (gagrēfts, “decree, edict”),[1] from unattested Proto-Germanic *grēfan (“to command, dictate”) of unknown origin, or perhaps from unattested *garāfan (“to seize”), from Proto-Germanic *ga-rēfaną,[2] from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rep- (“to seize, pluck”), +‎ *-jō, related to *rafsijan (“to reproach; to blame”), *rōf (“famous”). Alternatively borrowed from Ancient Greek γρᾰ́φω (gráphō, “scribe”) via Latin. reeve (plural reeves) (historical) Any of several local officials, with varying responsibilities. (Canada) The president of a township or municipal district council. (military, historical) The holder of a proposed but unadopted commissioned rank of the Royal Air Force, equivalent to wing commander. From Middle English reve, from Old English rēfa, an aphetism of ġerēfa (also groefa), from Proto-West Germanic *garāfijō (“officer, official”). Compare Danish greve, Swedish greve, Dutch graaf, German Graf. Role, and later word, mostly replaced by bailiff, of Anglo-Norman origin. margrave (n.) German title equivalent to count or earl, originally (from the time of Charlemagne) "military governor of a border province," but the office soon became hereditary in the Holy Roman Empire, 1550s, from Middle Dutch marcgrave (Dutch markgraaf), literally "count of the border," from Old High German marcgravo; second element from graf "count, earl" (Old High German gravo, gravjo), according to Boutkan a designation of rank that developed in Franconian, probably based on Medieval Latin -gravius, from Greek grapheus "scribe." For first element see mark (n.1). Equivalent of marquis. His wife was a margravine. marquis (n.) also marquess, c. 1300, marchis, title of nobility, from Old French marchis, marcheis, marquis, etymologically "a prefect of the marches, ruler of a border area," from Old French marche "frontier," from Medieval Latin marca "frontier, frontier territory" (see march (n.1)). Originally the ruler of border territories in various European regions (compare Italian marchese, Spanish marqués, and see margrave); later a mere title of rank, below duke and above earl or count. Related: Marquisate. march (v.) "to walk with measured steps or a regular tread," either individually or as a body, early 15c., from Old French marcher "to stride, march, walk," originally "to trample, tread underfoot," a word of uncertain origin. Perhaps from Frankish *markon or some other Germanic source related to Middle English march (n.) "borderland" (see march (n.2)). Or possibly from Gallo-Roman *marcare, from Latin marcus "hammer," via notion of "tramping the feet." The transitive meaning "cause to march, cause to move in military order" is from 1590s. Sense of "cause (someone) to go (somewhere) at one's command" is by 1884. Related: Marched; marching. Marching band is attested by 1852. Italian marciare, Spanish marchar are said to be from French. March third month of our year, first month of the ancient Roman calendar, c. 1200, from Anglo-French marche, Old French marz, from Latin Martius (mensis) "(month) of Mars," from Mars (genitive Martis). The Latin word also is the source of Spanish marzo, Portuguese março, Italian marzo, German März, Dutch Maart, Danish Marts, etc. Replaced Old English hreðmonaþ, the first part of which is of uncertain meaning, perhaps from hræd "quick, nimble, ready, active, alert, prompt." Another name for it was Lide, Lyde (c.1300), from Old English hlyda, which is perhaps literally "noisy" and related to hlud "loud" (see loud). This fell from general use 14c. but survived into 19c. in dialect. For March hare, proverbial type of madness, see mad (adj.). The proverb about coming in like a lion and going out like a lamb is since 1630s. March weather has been figurative of changeableness since mid-15c. march (n.1) "act of marching;" 1580s, "a measured and uniform walk; a regular advance of a body of persons in which they keep time with each other," from march (v.) or else from French marche (n.), from marcher (v.). As "an advance from one halting place to another," also the distance so covered, from 1590s. The musical sense of "strongly rhythmic composition" is attested from c. 1600, from the earlier meaning "rhythmic drumbeat for marching" (1570s). The earliest sense of the word in English is "footprint, track" (early 15c.), from a sense in Old French. Transferred sense of "forward motion" (as in march of progress, etc.) is from 1620s. march (n.2) "a frontier, boundary of a country; border district," early 13c., from Old French marche "boundary, frontier," from Frankish *marka or some other Germanic source (compare Old Saxon marka, Old English mearc; Old High German marchon "to mark out, delimit," German Mark "boundary"), from Proto-Germanic *markō; see mark (n.1)). Now obsolete. Related: Marches. In early use often in reference to the borderlands beside Wales, sometimes rendering Old English Mercia; later especially of the English border with Scotland. There was a verb marchen in Middle English (c. 1300), "to have a common boundary," from Old French marchier "border upon, lie alongside," which survived in dialect. This is the old Germanic word for "border, boundary," but as it came to mean "borderland" in many languages, other words were shifted or borrowed to indicate the original sense (compare border (n.), bound (n.)"border, boundary"). Modern German Grenze is from Middle High German grenize (13c., replacing Old High German marcha), a loan-word from Slavic (compare Polish and Russian granica). Dutch grens, Danish groense, Swedish gräns are from German. mark (n.1) "trace, impression," Old English mearc (West Saxon), merc (Mercian) "boundary, limit; sign, landmark," from Proto-Germanic *markō (source also of Old Norse merki "boundary, sign," mörk "forest," which often marked a frontier; Old Frisian merke, Gothic marka "boundary, frontier," Dutch merk "mark, brand," German Mark "boundary, boundary land"), from PIE root *merg- "boundary, border." Influenced by, and partly from, Scandinavian cognates. The Germanic word was borrowed widely and early in Romanic (compare marque; march (n.2), marquis). The primary sense "boundary" had evolved by Old English through "pillar, post, etc. as a sign of a boundary," through "a sign in general," then to "impression or trace forming a sign." Meaning "any visible trace or impression" is recorded by c. 1200. Meaning "a cross or other character made by an illiterate person as a signature" is from late Old English. Sense of "line drawn to indicate the starting point of a race" (as in on your marks..., which is by 1890) is attested by 1887. The Middle English sense of "target" (c. 1200) is the notion in marksman and slang sense "victim of a swindle" (1883). The notion of "sign, token" is behind the meaning "a characteristic property, a distinctive feature" (1520s), also that of "numerical award given by a teacher" (by 1829). To make (one's) mark "attain distinction" is by 1847. In medieval England and in Germany, "a tract of land held in common by a community," hence Mark of Brandenburg, etc. mark (n.2) "unit of money or weight," late Old English marc, a unit of weight (chiefly for gold or silver) equal to about eight ounces, probably from Old Norse mörk "unit of weight," cognate with German Mark and probably ultimately a derivative of mark (n.1), perhaps in a sense of "imprinted weight or coin." It was a unit of account in England into 18c., perhaps originally introduced by the Danes, but never the name of a particular coin. The word is found in all the Germanic and Romanic languages (compare Old Frisian merk, Dutch mark, Medieval Latin marca, French marc (11c.), Spanish and Italian marco); in English it was used from 18c. in reference to various continental coinages, especially the silver money of Germany first issued 1875. Mark masc. proper name, variant of Marcus (q.v.). Among the top 10 names given to boy babies born in the U.S. between 1955 and 1970. Mark Twain is the pseudonym of American writer and humorist Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835-1910), who had been a riverboat pilot; he took his pen name from the cry mark twain, the call indicating a depth of two fathoms, from mark (n.1) in a specialized sense of "measured notification (a piece of knotted cloth, etc.) on a lead-line indicating fathoms of depth" (1769) + twain. mark (v.) "to put a mark on," Old English mearcian (West Saxon), merciga (Anglian) "to trace out boundaries;" in late Old English "make a mark or marks on," from Proto-Germanic *markojan (source also of Old Norse merkja, Old Saxon markon "appoint, observe, remark," Old Frisian merkia, Old High German marchon "to limit, plan out," German merken "to mark, note," Middle Dutch and Dutch merken "to set a mark on"), from the root of mark (n.1). Influenced by the Scandinavian cognates. Meaning "to have a mark" is from c. 1400; that of "to notice, observe" is late 14c. Figurative sense of "designate as if by placing a mark on," hence "to destine," is from late Old English. Meaning "be a noteworthy feature of" is by 1660s. To mark time (1833) is from military drill, originally "move the feet as if marching but remain in place." The verbs in Romanic are from the nouns, which are early borrowings from Germanic: Old French merchier "to mark, note, stamp, brand," French marquer "to mark," Spanish marcar, Italian marcare.

Answer 22

BAILIFF bailiff (plural bailiffs) (law enforcement) An officer of the court, particularly: (historical, Norman term) A reeve, (specifically) the chief officer executing the decisions of any English court in the period following the Norman Conquest or executing the decisions of lower courts in the late medieval and early modern period. (Britain) A high bailiff: an officer of the county courts responsible for executing warrants and court orders, appointed by the judge and removable by the Lord Chancellor. (Britain) A bound bailiff: a deputy bailiff charged with debt collection. (US) Any law enforcement officer charged with courtroom security and order. A huissier de justice or other foreign officer of the court acting as either a process server or as courtroom security. A public administrator, particularly: (obsolete) A king's man: any officer nominated by the English Crown. (historical) The chief officer of a hundred in medieval England. The title of the mayor of certain English towns. The title of the castellan of certain royal castles in England. The chief justice and president of the legislature on Jersey and Guernsey in the Channel Islands. quotations ▼ The High Bailiff of the Isle of Man. (obsolete) A bailie: an alderman in certain Scottish towns. (historical) An appointee of the French king administering certain districts of northern France in the Middle Ages. (historical) A head of a district ("bailiwick") of the Knights Hospitaller; a head of one of the national associations ("tongues") of the Hospitallers' headquarters on Rhodes or Malta. (historical) A landvogt in the medieval German states. A private administrator, particularly (historical) A steward: the manager of a medieval manor charged with collecting its rents, etc. (historical) An overseer: a supervisor of tenant farmers, serfs, or slaves, usually as part of his role as steward (see above). (historical, mining) The foreman or overman of a mine. (Britain, slang) Any debt collector, regardless of his or her official status. From Middle English baillif, baylyf, from Anglo-Norman and Old French bailif (plural bailis), probably from reconstructed Vulgar Latin *bāiulivus (“castellan”), from Latin bāiulus (“porter; steward”), whence also bail. As a translation of foreign titles, semantic loan from French bailli, Scots bailie, Dutch baljuw, etc. Mostly replaced the role of native reeve. Doublet of bailo. baiulus m (genitive baiulī); second declension a carrier: a porter one who carries an activity out or on, particularly: a manager: a steward or (Medieval) bailiff an administrator *baiulīvus m (genitive *baiulīvī); second declension (Vulgar Latin) An official in charge of a castle. From baiulus (“porter”) +‎ -īvus. -īvus (feminine -īva, neuter -īvum); first/second-declension suffix Adjective suffix. porter (n.1) ["person who carries"] late 14c. (mid-13c. as a surname), portour, "person who carries" (goods, burdens), especially one who carries burdens or runs errands for hire, from Anglo-French portour, Old French porteor "porter, bearer; reporter" (12c.), from Late Latin portatorem (nominative portator) "carrier, one who carries," from past participle stem of Latin portare "to carry," from PIE root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over." porter (n.2) ["doorkeeper, janitor"] mid-13c. (late 12c. as a surname), "one who has charge of a door or gate; one who guards the gate of a bridge," from Anglo-French portour, Old French portier "gatekeeper" (12c.), from Late Latin portarius "gatekeeper," from Latin porta "city gate, gate; door, entrance," from PIE root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over."

Answer 23

INDIVIDUAL (not divided) From in- +‎ dīviduus. in- un-, not, negation indīviduum n (genitive indīviduī); second declension atom individuum, individual From Latin indīviduum, noun use of neuter singular of indīviduus (“indivisible”). dīviduus (feminine dīvidua, neuter dīviduum); first/second-declension adjective divisible divided, separated individual (n.) "single object or thing," c. 1600, from individual (adj.). Meaning "a single human being" (as opposed to a group, etc.) is from 1640s. Colloquial sense of "person" is attested from 1742. Latin individuum as a noun meant "an atom, indivisible particle," and in Middle English individuum was used in sense of "individual member of a species" (early 15c.). individual (adj.) early 15c., "one and indivisible, inseparable" (with reference to the Trinity), from Medieval Latin individualis, from Latin individuus "indivisible," from in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + dividuus "divisible," from dividere "divide" (see divide (v.)). Original sense now obsolete; the word was not common before c. 1600 and the 15c. example might be an outlier. Sense of "single, separate, of but one person or thing" is from 1610s; meaning "intended for one person" is from 1889. dīviduus (feminine dīvidua, neuter dīviduum); first/second-declension adjective divisible divided, separated dīvid(ō) (“divide”) +‎ -uus dīvidō (present infinitive dīvidere, perfect active dīvīsī, supine dīvīsum); third conjugation I divide, separate I distribute, apportion I distinguish as separate from Proto-Indo-European *weydʰ- (confer English widow). Proto-Indo-European Etymology[edit] From a univerbation of *dwi- (“apart”) + *dʰeh₁-. The initial *d became *h₁ due to dissimilation. Root *h₁weydʰh₁- (perfective) to separate, divide -uus forms adjectives on verbal stems individual (adj.) early 15c., "one and indivisible, inseparable" (with reference to the Trinity), from Medieval Latin individualis, from Latin individuus "indivisible," from in- "not, opposite of" (see in- (1)) + dividuus "divisible," from dividere "divide" (see divide (v.)). Original sense now obsolete; the word was not common before c. 1600 and the 15c. example might be an outlier. Sense of "single, separate, of but one person or thing" is from 1610s; meaning "intended for one person" is from 1889.

Answer 24

APPLICATION Intent to be bound. Right to unwind, loose binding. Basic formation of “person” Braid Twist Intertwine εφαρμογή • (efarmogí) f (plural εφαρμογές) Noun implementation application application (n.) early 15c., "the bringing of something to bear on something else," from Old French aplicacion (14c.), from Latin applicationem (nominative applicatio) "a joining to, an attaching oneself to; relation of a client to a patron," noun of action from past-participle stem of applicare "attach to, join, connect," from ad "to" (see ad-) + plicare "to fold" (from PIE root *plek- "to plait"). Meaning "sincere hard effort" is from c. 1600. Meaning "a formal request to be hired for a job or paid position" is by 1851. Computer sense "program designed to carry out specific tasks or solve specific problems within a larger system" is a shortening of application program (1969). *plek- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to plait." It is an extended form of root *pel- (2) "to fold." It forms all or part of: accomplice; application; apply; complex; complexion; complicate; complication; complicity; deploy; display; duplex; duplicate; duplicity; employ; explicate; explicit; exploit; flax; implex; implicate; implication; implicit; imply; multiply; perplex; perplexity; plait; plash (v. 2) "to interlace;" pleat; -plex; plexus; pliable; pliant; plie; plight (n.1) "condition or state;" ply (v.1) "work with, use;" ply (v. 2) "to bend; ply (n.) "a layer, fold;" replica; replicate; replication; reply; simplex; splay; triplicate. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit prasna- "turban;" Greek plekein "to plait, braid, wind, twine," plektos "twisted;" Latin plicare "to lay, fold, twist," plectere (past participle plexus) "to plait, braid, intertwine;" Old Church Slavonic plesti "to braid, plait, twist," Russian plesti; Gothic flahta "braid;" Old Norse fletta, Old High German flehtan "to plait;" Old English fleax "cloth made with flax, linen." Οι ειδοποιήσεις από την εφαρμογή. The notifications from the application. Η αγαπημένη μου εφαρμογή. My favorite application. Οι ειδοποιήσεις από την εφαρμογή. The notifications from the application.

Answer 25

USER ``` One Who Needs Necessity Yearn for Require Desire after Eager for ``` χρή • (khrḗ) impersonal - (“expressing necessity”) “have to, ought to, should” (with accusative of person and present or aorist infinitive) From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn for”). χρῄζω • (khrḗizō) (with genitive) need, lack χρηστός • (khrēstós) m (feminine χρηστή, neuter χρηστόν); first/second declension good, useful (Koine) easy, manageable χρέος • (khréos) n (genitive χρέους); third declension want, need affair, business debt From the root of χράομαι (khráomai)/χρεώ (khreṓ, “to need”) and χρή (khrḗ, “have to, ought”). ``` χρείᾱ • (khreíā) f (genitive χρείᾱς); first declension need, want, necessity want, poverty business, purpose (especially military purpose) employment, function use use, advantage, service familiarity, intimacy maxim ``` From χρή (khrḗ, “it is necessary”) ``` χρῆμᾰ • (khrêma) n (genitive χρήμᾰτος); third declension need; a thing that one needs or uses goods, property money thing, matter, affair ``` χρήσιμος • (chrísimos) m (feminine χρήσιμη, neuter χρήσιμο) useful From χρήση (use, application, usage) +‎ -ιμος (verbal noun). -ῐμος • (-imos) m or f (neuter -ῐμον); second declension Added to the stems of verbs or verbal nouns in -σις (-sis) to form an adjective of possibility or capability: -able, -ible, -like, -ed ‎δοκέω (dokéō, “seem good”) + ‎-ιμος (-imos) → ‎δόκιμος (dókimos, “approved”) χρήση • (chrísi) f (plural χρήσεις) use, application, usage για χρήση από τους μαθητές ― gia chrísi apó tous mathités ― for use by students φάρμακο για εξωτερική χρήση ― fármako gia exoterikí chrísi ― medication for external use πάνα μιας χρήσης f (pána mias chrísis, “disposable nappy”) χρήσιμος (chrísimos, “useful”) ``` ᾰ̓́χρηστος • (ákhrēstos) m or f (neuter ᾰ̓́χρηστον); second declension useless, unprofitable Synonym: ἀχρεῖος (akhreîos) non-effective, unwarlike unkind, cruel ``` Derived from ἀ- (a-, “un-, not”) +‎ χρηστός (khrēstós, “useful”). χρηστικός Knowing how to use. utilitarian utilitarian: translation -ή, -ό / χρηστικός, -ή, -όν, ΝΑ [χρηστός] (for real) one that is intended or suitable for use, useful νεοελλ. one that can be used easily, easy to use ("user encyclopedia") arch. 1. one who understands the use of a thing 2. prophetic. επιρρ ... χρηστικώς / χρηστικῶς, ΝΑ, και χρηστοι Ν in a useful way. ————————————— MONEY χρήμα • (chríma) n (plural χρήματα) IPA /ˈxri.ma/ capital (physical or monetary assets) (plural): liquid assets ``` κέρμα n (kérma, “coin”) λεφτά n pl (leftá, “cash”) μετρητά n pl (metritá, “cash, money”) μετρητός (metritós, “measurable”) νόμισμα n (nómisma, “coin”) ρέστα n pl (résta, “change, cash returned”) ρευστό n (refstó, “cash”) ρευστός (refstós, “cash”, adj) τοις μετρητοίς (tois metritoís, “in cash”) χρήμα n (chríma, “money, capital”) ψιλά n pl (psilá, “loose change”) ``` ————————————— Present indicative: χρή (khrḗ) (from χρή ἐστι) Present infinitive: χρῆναι (khrênai) (from χρὴ εἶναι) Imperfect indicative: ἐχρῆν (ekhrên), and originally χρῆν (khrên) (from χρὴ ἦν). Present subjuntive: χρῇ (khrêi) (from χρὴ ᾖ). Present optative: χρείη (khreíē) (from χρὴ εἴη). Present participle, mostly as noun: χρεών (khreṓn) (from χρὴ ὄν > χρηόν > χρεών: transfer of vowel quantity). Future indicaive: χρήσει (khrḗsei) and originally χρήσται (khrḗstai) (from χρὴ ἔσται, which in some codexes is sometimes erroneously written χρήσται or χρῆσται and even χρῆσθαι). χρᾰ́ομαι • (khráomai) (in perfect, κέχρημαι, with present sense) desire, yearn after [+genitive = something, someone] to need, lack [+genitive = something] (in perfect and pluperfect) to enjoy a benefit, have [+dative = something] (in present or perfect, mainly after Homer) to use, make use of, take part in, manage, administer, etc. [+dative = something] to experience, suffer, be subject to, feel with verbal nouns, periphrasis for the verb related to the noun to use [+dative and dative = something for something] to deal with to treat [+dative = someone] in a particular way χράω • (khráō) (with dative of person) to fall upon, attack, assail (with dative of object) to inflict upon a person (with infinitive) to be bent on doing, to be eager to do χράω • (khráō) (active, of the gods and their oracles) to furnish the needful answer, to declare, pronounce, proclaim (passive) to be declared, proclaimed, delivered (middle, of the person to whom the response is given) to consult a god or oracle, to inquire of a god or oracle, consult them (of applicants seeking something of the great king) (in perfect passive) to receive an oracular response to furnish with a thing (deponent) to use to bring into action some feeling, faculty, passion, state of mind; to exercise, indulge (of external things) to experience, be subject to (paraphrases the verb cognate to its dative) (with duplicate dative) to use as such and such to use for an end or purpose (of persons, with an adverb of manner) to treat them in such a manner to be intimate with, to deal with, make use of, employ (especially of sexual intercourse) to make use of oneself or one's powers (absolute or with an adverb) to be wont to do (with accusative of object) (perfect with a present sense) to be in need or want of, to yearn after (perfect as a strengthened present) to have in use, to have, possess χρηματίζω • (chrimatízo) (past χρημάτισα, passive χρηματίζομαι) (intransitive) be, occupy a place as public official (usually not used in present tense) (transitive) bribe χρηματισμός • (chrimatismós) m bribing (action or outcome of bribe) ἀχρημᾰτίᾱ • (akhrēmatíā) f (genitive ἀχρημᾰτίᾱς); first declension moneylessness, poverty ἀ- (not-) +‎ χρῆμα (need,lack) +‎ -ίᾱ (-abstract noun)

Answer 26

USER (of fruits) - (from toil, labors) ``` χρήστης Noun male or female user [also ( populist ) for female and user ] he who makes use , who uses something for machinery for computers and internet services for toxic substances drug user ``` ‘χρήστης" in English χρήστης user addict τελικός χρήστης end-user χρήστης της πληροφορίας information user χρήστης της πληροφορικής information technology user χρήστης του διαδικτύου web surfer ———————————————————— ``` καρπός, οῦ, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: karpos Phonetic Spelling: (kar-pos') Definition: fruit Usage: (a) fruit, generally vegetable, sometimes animal, (b) met: fruit, deed, action, result, (c) profit, gain. ``` 2590 karpós – properly, fruit; (figuratively) “everything done in true partnership with Christ” i.e. a believer (a branch) lives in union with Christ (the Vine). By definition, fruit (2590 /karpós) results from two life-streams – the Lord living His life through ours – to yield what is eternal (cf. 1 Jn 4:17). Jn 15:1,2: "I am the true vine, and My Father is the vine-dresser. Every branch in Me that does not bear fruit (2590 /karpós), He takes away; and every branch that bears fruit, He prunes it so that it may bear more fruit" (NASU). ——————————————————- κόπον labor N-AMS Strong's Concordance kopiaó: to grow weary, toil ``` Original Word: κοπιάω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: kopiaó Phonetic Spelling: (kop-ee-ah'-o) Definition: to grow weary, toil Usage: (a) I grow weary, (b) I toil, work with effort (of bodily and mental labor alike). ``` Cognate: 2872 kopiáō (from 2873 /kópos, "exhausting labor") – to labor until worn-out, depleted (exhausted). See 2873 (kopos). ``` κόπος, ου, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: kopos Phonetic Spelling: (kop'-os) Definition: laborious toil Usage: (a) trouble, (b) toil, labor, laborious toil, involving weariness and fatigue. ``` 2873 kópos (from 2875 /kóptō, "to hit, strike") – properly, a strike (blow) that is so hard, it seriously weakens or debilitates; (figuratively) deep fatigue, extreme weariness (wearisome toil). koptó: to cut (off), strike, by ext. to mourn Original Word: κόπτω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: koptó Phonetic Spelling: (kop'-to) Definition: to cut (off), strike, to mourn Usage: (a) I cut, cut off, strike, smite, (b) mid: I beat my breast or head in lamentation, lament, mourn, sometimes with acc. of person whose loss is mourned. 2875 kóptō – properly, to cut; be incised (struck), resulting in severance ("being cut off"); (figuratively) to mourn (lament) with a cutting sense of personal, tragic loss, i.e. "cut to the heart."

Answer 27

GUEST - CALLED - INVITED Adjective καλεσμένος • (kalesménos) m (feminine καλεσμένη, neuter καλεσμένο) Guest, invited, asked to attend. Adjective ακάλεστος • (akálestos) m (feminine ακάλεστη, neuter ακάλεστο) uninvited, not asked to attend, not called Adjective άκλητος • (áklitos) m (feminine ακάλεστη, neuter ακάλεστο) uninvited, not asked to attend Adjective άκλητος • (áklitos) m (feminine ακάλεστη, neuter ακάλεστο) uninvited, not asked to attend From καλέω (kaléō, “to call”) +‎ -τος (verbal adjectives). προσκαλώ • (proskaló) (past προσκάλεσα, passive προσκαλούμαι, p‑past προσκαλέστηκα/προσκλήθηκα, ppp προσκαλεσμένος/προσκεκλημένος) invite summon, call for Learnedly, from Ancient Greek προσκαλῶ (proskalô) contracted form of προσκαλέω (proskaléō). Synchronically analysable as προσ- (“towrd”) +‎ καλώ (“call, invite”). προκαλώ • (prokaló) (past προκάλεσα) cause challenge provoke αποκαλώ • (apokaló) (past αποκάλεσα, passive αποκαλούμαι) call, name characterise, label ————————————————— guest (n.) Old English gæst, giest (Anglian gest) "an accidental guest, a chance comer, a stranger," from Proto-Germanic *gastiz (source also of Old Frisian jest, Dutch gast, German Gast, Gothic gasts "guest," originally "stranger"), from PIE root *ghos-ti- "stranger, guest, host" (source also of Latin hostis, in earlier use "a stranger," in classical use "an enemy"); the root sense, according to Watkins, probably is "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality." *ghos-ti- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "stranger, guest, host," properly "someone with whom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality," representing "a mutual exchange relationship highly important to ancient Indo-European society" [Watkins]. But as strangers are potential enemies as well as guests, the word has a forked path. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Greek xenos "guest, host, stranger;" Latin hostis, in earlier use "a stranger," in classical use "an enemy," hospes "host;" Old Church Slavonic gosti "guest, friend," gospodi "lord, master;" Old English gæst, "chance comer, a stranger." The word ghos-ti- was thus the central expression of the guest-host relationship, a mutual exchange relationship highly important to ancient Indo-European society. A guest-friendship was a bond of trust between two people that was accompanied by ritualized gift-giving and created an obligation of mutual hospitality and friendship that, once established, could continue in perpetuity and be renewed years later by the same parties or their descendants. [Calvert Watkins, "American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots"] It forms all or part of: Euxine; guest; hospice; hospitable; hospital; hospitality; hospodar; host (n.1) "person who receives guests;" host (n.2) "multitude;" hostage; hostel; hostile; hostility; hostler; hotel; Xenia; xeno-; xenon. hospes m or f (genitive hospitis); third declension host guest, visitor stranger; foreigner from Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstipotis, a compound of *gʰóstis (whence hostis) and *pótis (whence potis). *gʰóstis m stranger, host guest enemy Possibly from *gʰes- (“to eat”) +‎ *-tis compare Sanskrit घसति (ghásati), Avestan 𐬔𐬀𐬵‎ (gah, “to eat, to gorge”) *(é)-tis f Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots. Noun *pótis m master, ruler husband meaning "lord, husband" derived from an even older meaning "self" πότνιᾰ • (pótnia) f (genitive ποτνίᾱς); first declension mistress, lady —————————————- δεσπότης • (despótēs) m (genitive δεσπότου); first declension (Attic, Koine) master, lord (most commonly in the context of one who owns slaves) ruler, despot generally: owner δεσπότης • (despótis) m (plural δεσπότες) despot, tyrant (ruler with absolute power) Όταν πήρε εξουσία, ονόμασε τον εαυτό του δεσπότη. Ótan píre exousía, onómase ton eaftó tou despóti. When he took power, he named himself as despot. (religion) bishop Την ευλογία σου, δέσποτα! Tin evlogía sou, déspota! Your blessing, please, Bishop! (religion) Lord (term of address for God) Ευλόγησον, δέσποτα! Evlógison, déspota! Bless us, O Lord! (historical) despot (title of a Byzantine regional ruler) master, ruler ``` αδέσποτος (adéspotos, “ownerless, stray”) δεσπόζω (despózo, “dominate”) δεσποινίς m (despoinís, “Miss”) δέσποτας m (déspotas) δεσποτάτο n (despotáto) δεσποτεία f (despoteía, “despotism”) δεσποτισμός m (despotismós, “despotism”) δεσποτικός (despotikós, “despotic”) οικοδεσπότης m (oikodespótis, “host”) πυργοδεσπότης m (pyrgodespótis) υποδεσπόζουσα f (ypodespózousa, “dominant -chord-”, participle and noun) (music) ``` Synonyms (tyrant) : τύραννος m (týrannos), αγάς m (agás) (bishop) : επίσκοπος m (epískopos) ——————————————— DESPOT δεσπότης An original phrase from Proto-Indo-European *déms pótis (“master of the house”), from *dṓm (“house”) whence also Ancient Greek δόμος (dómos, “house”) and *pótis (“master”) whence also Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis, “husband”) with an ending influenced by -της (-tēs, masculine adjectival suffix).

Answer 28

PARTICIPANT συμμέτοχος From σύν (together) + μετά (with) + ἔχω (have,hold, possess) Latin: particeps (genitive participis); third-declension one-termination adjective sharing from pars (“part”) +‎ -ceps (“taker”) ``` participō (present infinitive participāre, perfect active participāvī, supine participātum); first conjugation I partake of I participate in I share I impart ``` participātiō f (genitive participātiōnis); third declension participation -tiō f (genitive -tiōnis); third declension -tion, -ation, -ing; suffixed to a verb (usually a participle form) to form a noun relating to some action or the result of an action. dictātiō (“a dictating, dictation”), from dictātum, supine of dictō (“I dictate”) quadripartītiō (“a division into four parts”), from quadripartītum, supine of quadripartiō (“I divide in four parts”) —————————————————- ``` σύν Part of Speech: Preposition Transliteration: sun Phonetic Spelling: (soon) Definition: with, together with (expresses association with) Usage: with. HELPS Word-studies 4862 sýn (a primitive preposition, having no known etymology) – properly, identified with, joined close-together in tight identification; with (= closely identified together). ``` with, together with (expresses association with) ``` συμμέτοχος, ον Part of Speech: Adjective Transliteration: summetochos Phonetic Spelling: (soom-met'-okh-os) Definition: partaking with, subst. a joint partaker Usage: jointly partaking. ``` ``` μέτοχος, ου, ὁ Part of Speech: Adjective Transliteration: metochos Phonetic Spelling: (met'-okh-os) Definition: sharing in Usage: a sharer, partner, associate. ``` 3353 métoxos (from 3348 /metéxō, "share in," derived from 3326 /metá, "with change afterward" and 2192 /éxō, "have") – properly, change due to sharing, i.e. from being an "active partaker with." ``` μετέχω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: metechó Phonetic Spelling: (met-ekh'-o) Definition: to partake of, share in Usage: I have a share of, participate in, share, partake of, am a member of. ``` From μετά (with) + ἔχω (have,hold, possess) ``` μετά Part of Speech: Preposition Transliteration: meta Phonetic Spelling: (met-ah') Definition: with, among, after Usage: (a) gen: with, in company with, (b) acc: (1) behind, beyond, after, of place, (2) after, of time, with nouns, neut. of adjectives. HELPS Word-studies 3326 metá (a preposition) – properly, with ("after with"), implying "change afterward" (i.e. what results after the activity). As an active "with," 3326 (metá) looks towards the after-effect (change, result) which is only defined by the context. of association and companionship, with ``` ``` ἔχω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: echó Phonetic Spelling: (ekh'-o) Definition: to have, hold Usage: I have, hold, possess. ```

Answer 29

DESPOT δεσπότης • (despótēs) m (genitive δεσπότου); first declension (Attic, Koine) master, lord (most commonly in the context of one who owns slaves) ruler, despot generally: owner δεσπότης • (despótis) m (plural δεσπότες) despot, tyrant (ruler with absolute power) Όταν πήρε εξουσία, ονόμασε τον εαυτό του δεσπότη. Ótan píre exousía, onómase ton eaftó tou despóti. When he took power, he named himself as despot. (religion) bishop Την ευλογία σου, δέσποτα! Tin evlogía sou, déspota! Your blessing, please, Bishop! (religion) Lord (term of address for God) Ευλόγησον, δέσποτα! Evlógison, déspota! Bless us, O Lord! (historical) despot (title of a Byzantine regional ruler) master, ruler ``` αδέσποτος (adéspotos, “ownerless, stray”) δεσπόζω (despózo, “dominate”) δεσποινίς m (despoinís, “Miss”) δέσποτας m (déspotas) δεσποτάτο n (despotáto) δεσποτεία f (despoteía, “despotism”) δεσποτισμός m (despotismós, “despotism”) δεσποτικός (despotikós, “despotic”) οικοδεσπότης m (oikodespótis, “host”) πυργοδεσπότης m (pyrgodespótis) υποδεσπόζουσα f (ypodespózousa, “dominant -chord-”, participle and noun) (music) ``` Synonyms (tyrant) : τύραννος m (týrannos), αγάς m (agás) (bishop) : επίσκοπος m (epískopos) ——————————————— DESPOT δεσπότης An original phrase from Proto-Indo-European *déms pótis (“master of the house”), from *dṓm (“house”) whence also Ancient Greek δόμος (dómos, “house”) and *pótis (“master”) whence also Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis, “husband”) with an ending influenced by -της (-tēs, masculine adjectival suffix).

Answer 30

LICENSE ``` άδεια • (ádeia) f (plural άδειες) permission leave of absence permit licence (UK, Australasia, Canada), license (US) ``` αδειάζω (adeiázo, “to have time to spare, to be at a loose end, to fire a gun”) αδειούχος (adeioúchos, “on leave, licenced, licensed”) άδεια οδήγησης f (ádeia odígisis, “driving licence”) —————————————————- licentia f (genitive licentiae); first declension a license, freedom, liberty a liberty which one assumes; boldness, presumption unrestrained liberty, dissoluteness, licentiousness, wantonness From licēns (“unrestrained; licentious”) present active participle of licet (“it is allowed or permitted”). liceō (present infinitive licēre, perfect active licuī, supine licitum); second conjugation, no passive I am for sale I have a price; I fetch; I value From Proto-Indo-European *leyk- (“to prepare for sale”) ``` liceo m (plural licei) A type of Italian secondary school/high school focused on the study of humanistic subjects; lyceum ``` Λῠ́κειον • (Lúkeion) n (genitive Λῠκείου); second declension School Lyceum, a gymnasium in Athens at which Aristotle founded a philosophical school. Lyceum School An ancient Greek temple in Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus. from Ancient Greek Λύκειον (Lúkeion) (the name of a gymnasium, or athletic training facility, near Athens where Aristotle established his school) Λύκειος ("Lycian" or "wolf-killer") liceor (present infinitive licērī, perfect active licitus sum); second conjugation, deponent (transitive, intransitive, at an auction) I bid (for), make an offer (for). (figuratively) I value, appraise, estimate. POLICE polliceor (present infinitive pollicērī, perfect active pollicitus sum); second conjugation, deponent I promise, guarantee. I bid, offer. I forbode. From por- +‎ liceor. por- forth, forward, further, onward As a prefix por- through poraler ― to go through used as a general intensifier porchacier ― to follow; to pursue liceor (present infinitive licērī, perfect active licitus sum); second conjugation, deponent (transitive, intransitive, at an auction) I bid (for), make an offer (for). (figuratively) I value, appraise, estimate. licēns (genitive licentis); third-declension one-termination participle allowing, permitting licēns (genitive licentis, comparative līcentior, adverb licenter); third-declension one-termination adjective bold, presumptious unrestrained, licentious licentious (comparative more licentious, superlative most licentious) Lacking restraint, or ignoring societal standards, particularly in sexual conduct. Disregarding accepted rules. Latin licentiōsus, from licentia (“license, freedom”). freedom (countable and uncountable, plural freedoms) (uncountable) The state of being free, of not being imprisoned or enslaved. Equivalent to free +‎ -dom. free (comparative freer, superlative freest) (social) Unconstrained. from Old English frēo (“free”) frēo free, at liberty; exempt (poetic) noble, glad From Proto-Germanic *frawjǭ, a feminine form of *frawjô (“lord”) Old English frēoġan (“to liberate; to love”) Cognate with Latin prōvincia (“territory, dominion, office, duty, province”) German: Fronleichnam (“Corpus Christi, body of the Lord”) Fron, Fronarbeit (“socage”), fronen (“to do socage”) socage (countable and uncountable, plural socages) (historical) In the Middle Ages (and chiefly but not exclusively medieval England), a legal system whereby a tenant would pay a rent or do some agricultural work for the landlord. from soc (“soke”) +‎ -age soc (countable and uncountable, plural socs) (slang, uncountable) Sociology or social science. (slang, countable) Upper class youth. soc (Britain, law, obsolete) The lord's power or privilege of holding a court in a district, as in manor or lordship; jurisdiction of causes, and the limits of that jurisdiction. (Britain, obsolete) Liberty or privilege of tenants excused from customary burdens. (Britain, obsolete) An exclusive privilege formerly claimed by millers of grinding all the corn used within the manor or township in which the mill stands. from Old English sōcn ``` sōcn f (nominative plural sōcna) a seeking; search; exploration a desiring; attempt to acquire (something); probing a visit; visiting a place of attendance; a resort protection; refuge; sanctuary; asylum a seeking with hostile intent; an attack (Anglo-Saxon law) Frequently used in connection with sacu: the exercise of judicial power; jurisdiction; right of inquisition; right of seeking, taking, or levying fines; revenue ``` From Proto-Germanic *sōkniz (“examination; contest; struggle”).

Answer 31

OBLIGATION From υπο (under) + χρέωση (debt, binding, obligation) χρέωση • (chréosi) f (plural χρεώσεις) (finance) debit Antonyms πίστωση f (pístosi, “credit”) πίστωση • (pístosi) f (plural πιστώσεις) (finance) credit See also: ανάληψη • (análipsi) f (plural αναλήψεις) (finance) withdrawal (from bank account) taking, ascension (see Ανάληψη) χρή • (khrḗ) (impersonal, expressing necessity) (“have to, ought to, you should”) Need, lack, necessity, behooves, required, obliged ————————————— oblige (v.) c. 1300, obligen, "to bind by oath, put under moral or legal obligation, devote," from Old French obligier "engage one's faith, commit (oneself), pledge" (13c.), from Latin obligare "to bind, bind up, bandage," figuratively "put under obligation," from ob "to" (see ob-) + ligare "to bind," from PIE root *leig- "to tie, bind." Main modern meaning "to make (someone) indebted by conferring a benefit or kindness" is from 1560s. From *ob- (toward) + *leig- (to tie or bind) *ob- word-forming element meaning "toward; against; before; near; across; down," also used as an intensive, from Latin ob (prep.) "in the direction of, in front of, before; toward, to, at, upon, about; in the way of; with regard to, because of," from PIE root *epi, also *opi "near, against" *leig- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to tie, bind." It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Latin ligare "to bind;" Albanian lidh "I bind," and possibly Middle Low German lik "band," Middle High German geleich "joint, limb." It forms all or part of: alloy; ally; colligate; deligate; furl; league (n.1) "alliance;" legato; liable; liaison; lien; lictor; ligand; ligament; ligate; ligation; ligature; oblige; rally (v.1) "bring together;" religion; rely. —————————————————— υποχρέωση • (ypochréosi) f (plural υποχρεώσεις) (law) obligation, duty, responsibility, liability Κανείς δεν έχει την υποχρέωση να κάνει αυτό που δεν θέλει. Kaneís den échei tin ypochréosi na kánei aftó pou den thélei. Nobody has an obligation to do what they don't want to. from Ancient Greek adjective ὐπόχρεος (upókhreos, “indebted”) υποχρέωση διατροφής f (ypochréosi diatrofís, “alimony,maintenance payment”) υποχρεώνω (ypochreóno, “to force, oblige”) υποχρεωτικός (ypochreotikós, “obligatory”) υπόχρεος (ypóchreos, “indebted”) υποχρεώνω • (ypochreóno) (past υποχρέωσα, passive υποχρεώνομαι) and see υποχρεούμαι (ypochreoúmai) oblige, force, obligate, compel Ο νόμος μας υποχρεώνει να τον φυλακίσουμε. O nómos mas ypochreónei na ton fylakísoume. The law obliges us to imprison him. oblige, indebt, cause someone to owe a favour Με βοήθησε τόσο πολύ! Έχω υποχρεωθεί σ’ αυτόν τον καλό άνθρωπο! Me voḯthise tóso polý! Écho ypochreotheí s’ aftón ton kaló ánthropo! He helped me so much! I am indebted to this good fellow! Synonyms αναγκάζω (anagkázo, “force”) Related terms καθυποχρεώνω (kathypochreóno, “oblige immensely”) (formal) καταϋποχρεώνω (kataÿpochreóno, “oblige immensely”) υποχρεούμαι (ypochreoúmai) (formal passive form) υποχρέωση f (ypochréosi, “obligation”) υποχρεωτικός (ypochreotikós, “obligatory; of person who obliges”) and see: υπόχρεος (ypóchreos, “indebted”) αναγκάζω • (anagkázo) (past ανάγκασα, passive αναγκάζομαι) compel, coerce obligate Derived terms[edit] αναγκασμός (anagkasmós) Related terms[edit] αναγκαίος (anagkaíos, “necessary”) αναγκαιότητα f (anagkaiótita, “necessity”) αναγκασμός m (anagkasmós, “compulsion”) αναγκαστικός (anagkastikós, “compulsory”) εξαναγκάζω (exanagkázo, “compel”) καταναγκάζω (katanagkázo, “compel”) πειθαναγκάζω (peithanagkázo, “compel forcefully”) and see: ανάγκη f (anágki, “necessity”) Synchronically analysable as ανάγκη (anágki, “necessity”) +‎ -άζω (-ázo). ανάγκη • (anágki) f (plural ανάγκες) (most senses) necessity Από ανάγκη πήγαμε μέσω Λονδίνου. Apó anágki pígame méso Londínou. Out of necessity we went through London. (most senses) need, want, demand Δεν τον ενδιαφέρει οι ανάγκες της γυναίκας του. Den ton endiaférei oi anágkes tis gynaíkas tou. He is not interested in his wife's needs. (euphemistic) call of nature (need for urination or defecation) Έχετε τουαλέτα; Πρέπει να κάνω την ανάγκη μου. Échete toualéta? Prépei na káno tin anágki mou. Do you have a toilet? I need to go. Derived terms[edit] Expressions αναγκαίο κακό n (anagkaío kakó) έκτακτη ανάγκη f (éktakti anágki, “emergency”, literally “emergency emergency”) εξ ανάγκης (ex anágkis) (formal) Related terms[edit] αναγκάζω (anagkázo, “to compel”) αναγκαία n pl (anagkaía, “necessities”) αναγκαίος (anagkaíos, “necessary”) αναγκαιότητα f (anagkaiótita, “necessity”) αναγκασμός m (anagkasmós, “compulsion”) αναγκαστικός (anagkastikós, “compulsory”) εξαναγκάζω (exanagkázo, “compel”) καταναγκάζω (katanagkázo, “compel”) καταναγκασμός m (katanagkasmós, “compulsion”) καταναγκαστικός (katanagkastikós, “compulsory”) πειθαναγκάζω (peithanagkázo, “compel forcefully”) πειθαναγκασμός m (peithanagkasmós) ψυχαναγκασμός m (psychanagkasmós) ψυχαναγκαστικός (psychanagkastikós) From Ancient Greek ἀνάγκη (anánkē, “necessity”). ᾰ̓νᾰ́γκη • (anánkē) f (genitive ᾰ̓νᾰ́γκης); first declension force constraint necessity ``` ἀναγκάζω (anankázō) ἀναγκαῖον (anankaîon) ἀναγκαῖος (anankaîos) ἀναγκαιότης (anankaiótēs) ἀναγκόσῑτος (anankósītos) ἀναγκοφαγέω (anankophagéō) ἐπανάγκης (epanánkēs) κατανάγκη (katanánkē) ```

Answer 32

ARBITRATION arbitration Feminine noun: Ουσιαστικό θηλυκό (sport) the work of the referee as well as the manner of exercising his duties in specific cases the referee of a particular match or all referees in general (legal, international politics) Judicial institution that is not part of the ordinary judiciary and aims at resolving disputes between two parties by neutral third parties, which have been accepted or suggested by the interested parties arbitrate (v.) 1580s, "act as an umpire, mediate, decide, determine, give an authoritative decision," from Latin arbitratus, past participle of arbitrari "be of an opinion, give a decision," from arbiter "a judge, umpire, mediator" (see arbiter). Meaning "act as an arbitrator" is from 1610s. Related: Arbitrated; arbitrating; arbitrable (1530s). The earlier verb form was arbitren "decide a dispute by arbitration" (early 15c.). arbitrage (n.) "arbitration, exercise of the function of an arbitrator," late 15c., from Old French arbitrage "arbitration, judgment," from arbitrer "to arbitrate, judge," from Late Latin arbitrari, from Latin arbiter "judge, umpire, mediator" (see arbiter). In finance, "the business founded on a calculation of the temporary differences in the price of securities in different markets" (1875). Related entries & more umpire (n.) mid-14c., noumper, from Old French nonper "odd number, not even," in reference to a third person to arbitrate between two, from non "not" (see non-) + per "equal," from Latin par "equal" (see par (n.)). Initial -n- lost by mid-15c. due to faulty separation of a noumpere, heard as an oumpere. Originally legal, the gaming sense first recorded 1714 (in wrestling). arbiter (n.) late 14c., "person who has power of judging absolutely according to his own pleasure in a dispute or issue," from Old French arbitre "arbiter, judge" (13c.) and directly from Latin arbiter "one who goes somewhere (as witness or judge)," in classical Latin used of spectators and eye-witnesses; specifically in law, "he who hears and decides a case, a judge, umpire, mediator;" from ad "to" (see ad-) + baetere "to come, go," a word of unknown etymology. The attestations suggest that baetō was the original form which sometimes became bētō, while -bītō was regular in non-initial syllables (especially in Plautus). Where bītō occurs independently (4x in Plautus), it must be a decompounded form. [de Vaan] The specific sense of "one chosen by two disputing parties to decide the matter" is from 1540s. Compare arbitrator. The earliest form of the word attested in English is the fem. noun arbitress (mid-14c.) "a woman who settles disputes." Gaius Petronius Arbiter (circa 27-66 C.E.) was a friend of Nero, noted voluptuary, reputed author of the "Satyricon," and an authority on matters of taste and style (elegantiae arbiter, punning on the name).

Answer 33

WOMAN - FEMALE θηλυκό • (thilykó) n (plural θηλυκά) woman, female

Answer 34

AUTHORITY ``` Auctoritas εξουσία ἔξεστι εἰμῐ́ εγω ειμι (“I Am”) *h₁sónts Latin: sōns Old English synn (“sin”) Old English sōþ (“truth; true, actual, real”) [“soothsayer”] sōþlīċe (Amen) ἀμήν (Amen) ἐτεός सत् (sát, “existing, real”) Thing ``` αυθεντία authority Hellenistic common authority (absolute power) autorité < παλαιά γαλλική auctorité autorité (fr) θηλυκό η εξουσία, η αρχή το κύρος authority the property of undeniable prestige the person whose knowledge in a particular field is highly valued and therefore his opinion is not disputed by anyone Or he is an authority on mathematics Auctoritas is a Latin word which is the origin of English "authority". While historically its use in English was restricted to discussions of the political history of Rome, the beginning of phenomenological philosophy in the 20th century expanded the use of the word.[1] In ancient Rome, auctoritas referred to the general level of prestige a person had in Roman society, and, as a consequence, his clout, influence, and ability to rally support around his will. Auctoritas was not merely political, however; it had a numinous content and symbolized the mysterious "power of command" of heroic Roman figures. ``` Noun συντάκτης • (syntáktis) m (plural συντάκτες, feminine συντάκτρια) editor, copy editor reporter compiler, draftsman ``` —————————————————— POWER εξουσία power

Answer 35

LEGAL PERSON (word person born from statute) https://biblehub.com/interlinear/revelation/20-11.htm Revelation 11:20 11 καὶ εἶδον θρόνον μέγαν λευκὸν καὶ τὸν καθήμενον ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν, οὖ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, καὶ τόπος οὐχ εὑρέθη αὐτοῖς. ``` πρόσωπον, ου, τό Part of Speech: Noun, Neuter Transliteration: prosópon Phonetic Spelling: (pros'-o-pon) Definition: the face Usage: the face, countenance, surface. ```

Answer 36

THRONE (The Governing Instrument, Seat of Power) https://biblehub.com/interlinear/revelation/20-11.htm Revelation 11:20 11 καὶ εἶδον θρόνον μέγαν λευκὸν καὶ τὸν καθήμενον ἐπ᾽ αὐτόν, οὖ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου ἔφυγεν ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ οὐρανός, καὶ τόπος οὐχ εὑρέθη αὐτοῖς. θράω Support , sit firmly. θρήσασθαι , to be [well] seated. Latin firmus (“firm”) Czech držet (“to hold”) Sanskrit धर्म , dhárma (“that which is established”) Common Indo-European * dʰer- (“to hold”). ``` θρόνος, ου, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: thronos Phonetic Spelling: (thron'-os) Definition: a throne Usage: a (king's) throne, seat; meton: power, dominion; a potentate. ``` https://biblehub.com/interlinear/revelation/20-11.htm throne, seat, i. e. a chair of state having a footstool; assigned in the N. T. to kings, hence, by metonymy, for kingly power, royalty: Luke 1:32, 52; Acts 2:30. metaphorically, to God, the governor of the world: to the Messiah, the partner and assistant in the divine administration: Matthew 19:28; Matthew 25:31; Revelation 3:21; Revelation 20:11; Revelation 22:3; hence, the divine power belonging to Christ, Hebrews 1:8. to judges, equivalent to tribunal or bench (Plutarch, mar., p. 807 b.) From thrao (to sit); a stately seat ("throne"); by implication, power or (concretely) a potentate -- seat, throne. ``` θρόνῳ — 9 Occ. θρόνων — 2 Occ. θρόνοι — 1 Occ. θρόνον — 7 Occ. θρόνος — 6 Occ. θρόνου — 33 Occ. θρόνους — 5 Occ. ``` —————————————————————— DHARMA From Latin: firmūs Form, stable Latin: forma Forma is a Latin and Italian word meaning "form, shape, appearance". Both the Latin forma and the English form are used interchangeably as informal terms in biology: ... Form (botany) From Sanskrit धर्म , dharma ("law"); the closest equivalent word, from the same Indo-European root, in Latin, is firmus , forma . dharma \ daʁ.ma \ masculine ( Buddhism , Hinduism ) Natural or legal law, norm, custom, duty. The dharma (duty), artha (interest), kama (pleasure), the Swarga itself, come from wealth, O supreme master of men. - ( Le Mahâbhârata , translation by L. Ballin, 1899) When, in thought, word and deed, one causes no harm to any being, and one is without desires, then one attains Brahma. Whatever dharma beings have in mind, their souls obtain it (merits) on this condition. - ( Le Mahâbhârata , translation by L. Ballin, 1899) Canon , code , law book. The Lotus of Good Law [is] one of the nine dharmas of the Northern Buddhists, and perhaps the most characteristic of these books. - ( Foreword to the Lotus of the Good Law ) ( Buddhism ) Teaching of the Buddha, doctrine. In our imagination, the suffix placed on the name of Buddha (ism) necessarily subjugates and refers the dharma to a body of doctrines, rites and practices in the manner of known religions. - (Eric Rommeluère, Buddhism does not exist , Le Seuil, 2011) ( Buddhism ) Substance, essence, characteristic, truth, reality. Example of use missing. ( Add ) ( Buddhism ) Phenomenon, thing, fact of consciousness, atom. Example of use missing.

Answer 37

US PERSONS Data collection and intelligence[edit] The term "US person" is used in the context of data collection and intelligence by the United States, particularly with respect to the provisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act. If information from, about, or to a US person who is not a named terrorist is captured in the course of US foreign intelligence activities, there are strict rules about preserving the anonymity of such a person in any subsequent intelligence report. Only if the US person information is relevant to the report, is it included. According to the National Security Agency web site, Federal law and executive order define a United States person as any of the following:[1] a citizen or national of the United States an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence an unincorporated association with a substantial number of members who are citizens of the US or are aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence a corporation that is incorporated in the US Securities market regulation[edit] Regulation S (promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933) in Section 902(k)(1) defines a US person as:[2] Any natural person resident in the United States; Any partnership or corporation organized or incorporated under the laws of the United States; Any estate of which any executor or administrator is a US person; Any trust of which any trustee is a US person; Any agency or branch of a foreign entity located in the United States; Any non-discretionary account or similar account (other than an estate or trust) held by a dealer or other fiduciary for the benefit or account of a US person; Any discretionary account or similar account (other than an estate or trust) held by a dealer or other fiduciary organized, incorporated, or (if an individual) resident in the United States; and Any partnership or corporation if: Organized or incorporated under the laws of any foreign jurisdiction; and Formed by a US person principally for the purpose of investing in securities not registered under the Act, unless it is organized or incorporated, and owned, by accredited investors (as defined in Rule 501(a)) who are not natural persons, estates or trusts. Section 902(k)(2) further defines some persons who are explicitly not US persons.[2] Unlike other definitions of US person, the Regulation S definition of US person does not include US citizens not resident in the US. Taxation[edit] Internal Revenue Code Section 7701(a)(30) defines a US person as:[3] a citizen or resident of the United States (including a lawful permanent resident residing abroad who has not formally notified United States Citizenship and Immigration Services in order to abandon that status);[4] a domestic partnership; a domestic corporation; any estate (other than a foreign estate, within the meaning of paragraph (31)); and any trust if— a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of the trust, and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust. See also: International taxation of Americans and Taxation of non-resident Americans See also United States entity Personhood § American law https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_person

Answer 38

United States entity From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search A business entity or other entity may be designated a United States entity (or US entity) by the US government according to various definitions depending on the domain. Such areas include military strategy, intelligence strategy, geopolitics, international trade, and diplomatic relations. The primary connotation involves defense industry regulations. Defense articles and intellectual property related to the US national interest are tightly controlled. Defense and civilian trade regulation[edit] For the purposes of International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) and Export Administration Regulations (EAR), a United States entity is so defined:[1] ... a U.S. entity is a firm incorporated in the United States (or an unincorporated U.S. firm with its principal place of business in the United States) that is controlled by U.S. citizens or by another U.S. entity. An entity is not a U.S. entity if 50 percent plus one share of its stock (if a corporation, or a similar ownership interest of an unincorporated entity) is controlled, directly or indirectly, by non-U.S. citizens or non-U.S. entities.

Answer 39

National Interest National interest From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the generic foreign affairs term. For the political journal, see The National Interest. For the book by Giovanni Botero, see The Reason of State. National Interest is a rationality of governing referring to a sovereign state's goals and ambitions, be they economic, military, cultural, or otherwise. The expression "reason of state" (Ragion di Stato) was first popularised by Italian political thinker Giovanni Botero, and championed by Italian diplomat and political thinker Niccolò Machiavelli. Prominently, Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu justified France's intervention on the Protestant side, despite its own Catholicism, in the Thirty Years' War as being in the national interest in order to block the increasing power of the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor. At Richelieu's prompting, Jean de Silhon defended the concept of raison d'État as "a mean between what conscience permits and affairs require."[1][2][3] Within the field of international relations, the national interest has frequently been assumed to comprise the pursuit power, security and wealth.[4][5][6] Neorealist and liberal institutionalist scholars tend to define the national interest as revolving around security.[7] Liberal scholars see national interests as an aggregation of the preferences of domestic political groups.[8] Constructivist scholars reject that the national interest of states are static and can be assumed a priori; rather, they argue that the preferences of states are shaped through social interactions and are changeable.

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Common Good In philosophy, economics, and political science, the common good (also commonwealth, general welfare, or public benefit) refers to either what is shared and beneficial for all or most members of a given community, or alternatively, what is achieved by citizenship, collective action, and active participation in the realm of politics and public service. The concept of the common good differs significantly among philosophical doctrines.[1] Early conceptions of the common good were set out by Ancient Greek philosophers, including Aristotle and Plato. One understanding of the common good rooted in Aristotle's philosophy remains in common usage today, referring to what one contemporary scholar calls the "good proper to, and attainable only by, the community, yet individually shared by its members." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_good

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In welfare economics, a social welfare function is a function that ranks social states (alternative complete descriptions of the society) as less desirable, more desirable, or indifferent for every possible pair of social states. Inputs of the function include any variables considered to affect the economic welfare of a society.[1] In using welfare measures of persons in the society as inputs, the social welfare function is individualistic in form. One use of a social welfare function is to represent prospective patterns of collective choice as to alternative social states. The social welfare function provides the government with a simple guideline for achieving the optimal distribution of income. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_welfare_function

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Personhood is the status of being a person. Defining personhood is a controversial topic in philosophy and law and is closely tied with legal and political concepts of citizenship, equality, and liberty. According to law, only a natural person or legal personality has rights, protections, privileges, responsibilities, and legal liability.

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In jurisprudence, a natural person (also physical person in some Commonwealth countries) is a person (in legal meaning, i.e., one who has its own legal personality) that is an individual human being, as opposed to a legal person, which may be a private (i.e., business entity or non-governmental organization) or public (i.e., government) organization. Historically, a human being was not necessarily a natural person in some jurisdictions where slavery existed (subject of a property right) rather than a person.

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A juridical person is a non-human legal entity, in other words any organization that is not a single natural person but is authorized by law with duties and rights and is recognized as a legal person and as having a distinct identity. This includes any incorporated organizations including corporations, government agencies, and NGOs. Also known as artificial person, juridical entity, juridic person, juristic person, or legal person. The rights and responsibilities of a juridical person are distinct from those of the natural persons constituting it. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juridical_person

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In law, a legal person is any person or 'thing' (less ambiguously, any legal entity)[1][2] that can do the things a human person is usually able to do in law – such as enter into contracts, sue and be sued, own property, and so on.[3][4][5] The reason for the term "legal person" is that some legal persons are not people: companies and corporations are "persons" legally speaking (they can legally do most of the things an ordinary person can do), but they are clearly not people in the ordinary sense. There are therefore two kinds of legal entities: human and non-human. In law, a human person is called a natural person (sometimes also a physical person), and a non-human person is called a juridical person (sometimes also a juridic, juristic, artificial, legal, or fictitious person, Latin: persona ficta). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_person

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The capacity of natural and juridical persons (legal persons), in general, determines whether they may make binding amendments to their rights, duties, and obligations, such as getting married or merging, entering into contracts, making gifts, or writing a valid will. Capacity is an aspect of status, and both are defined by a person's personal law: for natural persons, the law of domicile or lex domicilii in common law jurisdictions, and either the law of nationality or lex patriae, or of habitual residence in civil law states; for juridical persons, the law of the place of incorporation, the lex incorporationis for companies, while other forms of business entity derive their capacity either from the law of the place in which they were formed or the laws of the states in which they establish a presence for trading purposes depending on the nature of the entity and the transactions entered into. When the law limits or bars a person from engaging in specified activities, any agreements or contracts to do so are either voidable or void for incapacity. Sometimes such legal incapacity is referred to as incompetence. For comparison, see Competence (law).

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Competence In United States and Canadian law, competence concerns the mental capacity of an individual to participate in legal proceedings or transactions, and the mental condition a person must have to be responsible for his or her decisions or acts. Competence is an attribute that is decision-specific. Depending on various factors which typically revolve around mental function integrity, an individual may or may not be competent to make a particular medical decision, a particular contractual agreement, to execute an effective deed to real property, or to execute a will having certain terms. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Competence_(law)

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A legal guardian is a person who has been appointed by a court or otherwise has the legal authority (and the corresponding duty) to care for the personal and property interests of another person, called a ward.[1] Guardians are typically used in four situations: guardianship for an incapacitated senior (due to old age or infirmity), guardianship for a minor, and guardianship for developmentally disabled adults and for adults found to be incompetent. A parent of a child is normally not considered a guardian, though the responsibilities may be similar. A family member is most commonly appointed guardian, though a professional guardian or public trustee may be appointed if a suitable family member is not available.

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In the law of England and Wales, fitness to plead is the capacity of a defendant in criminal proceedings to comprehend the course of those proceedings. The concept of fitness to plead also applies in Scots and Irish law.[1] Its United States equivalent is competence to stand trial. If the issue of fitness to plead is raised, a judge is able to find a person unfit to plead. This is usually done based on information following a psychiatric evaluation. In England and Wales the legal test of fitness to plead is based on the ruling of Alderson B. in R v Pritchard. The accused will be unfit to plead if they are unable: to comprehend the course of proceedings on the trial, so as to make a proper defence; or to know that they might challenge any jurors to whom they may object; or to comprehend the evidence; or to give proper instructions to their legal representatives.[2] If the issue is raised by the prosecution, the prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the defendant is unfit to plead.[3] If the issue is raised by the defence, it need only be proved on the balance of probabilities.[4] In Scotland the test is based on HMA v Wilson, and has two elements: to be able to instruct counsel and to understand and follow proceedings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitness_to_plead

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Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant, to inform them of the charges against them. In response to arraignment, the accused is expected to enter a plea. Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdictions, but they generally include "guilty", "not guilty", and the peremptory pleas (or pleas in bar) setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed. Pleas of "nolo contendere" (no contest) and the "Alford plea" are allowed in some circumstances. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraignment

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An indictment (/ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/[1] in-DYT-mənt) is a criminal accusation that a person has committed a crime. In jurisdictions that use the concept of felonies, the most serious criminal offence is a felony; jurisdictions that do not use the felonies concept often use that of an indictable offence, an offence that requires an indictment. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indictment

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Enter into contracts Credit / Debt Trust / Breach Obligations Holds / Owns Rights / Obligations / Wrongs sue and be sued own property make choices act Responsible Party (Who thought, chose and acted?)

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Corporate personality is a concept in Christian theology that was articulated by H. Wheeler Robinson. As originally formulated, it dealt with areas of the Old Testament where the relationships between individuals and the groups that they were part of were treated. For example, Achan's family was (at least in some interpretations of the text) collectively punished for a sin that is viewed as primarily Achan's alone. It has since fallen out of favour with theologians, who now favour other interpretations of the Old Testament. However, some theologians still use the idea, construed in a more narrow sense, to explain the use of "ἐν" for "in Christ" (amongst others) in the New Testament writings of Paul the Apostle.[1][2] The notion of Old Testament corporate personality encompasses four things:[2] identification Individuals are never considered to be isolated from the groups that they belong to, and are often treated as representatives for, or even as wholly identified with, those groups. extension The boundaries of the individual are extended to additionally encompass other people that belong to that individual. This extension can be both in space, from a king to a kingdom, and in time, from a parent to his descendants. Examples of extension include Achan (mentioned earlier), Korah (Izhar's son), and David, where a leader is punished or rewarded by punishing or rewarding those whom he leads. realism The relationship between the group and the individual is a real one. oscillation There exists an oscillation back and forth between the group and the individual. In Pauline theology, the notion of corporate personality is largely restricted to its representational aspect. Paul's comparison between Jesus Christ and Adam is viewed, by those theologians that adhere to the notion, as an identification of Christ as the king and those people in the kingdom that he leads. Similarly, in his Epistle to the Galatians, Paul speaks of Gentiles being blessed both "in" Abraham1 and also "with" him—which these theologians hold to be another example of corporate personality in Paul's writings. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_personality

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Collective responsibility, also known as collective guilt,[citation needed] refers to responsibilities of organizations, groups and societies.[1] In reality[tone] collective responsibility could be both collective guilt as well as collectible honor. Particularly, it could be seen in the Soviet honoring system which was awarding state orders and decorations to Soviet enterprises and even Soviet union republics or cities, such as Hero city. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_responsibility

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Juridic persons[edit] In simple terms, a juridic person is an artificial construct under canon law that allows a group of persons or things to function and be treated under canon law as a single unit. The 1917 Code of Canon Law referred to all juridic persons as "moral persons",[10] while the 1983 Code of Canon Law uses the term "moral person" solely to designate the Apostolic See and the Catholic Church itself.[11] A more thorough definition is given by Kennedy: "A juridic person... is an artificial person, distinct from all natural persons or material goods, constituted by competent ecclesiastical authority for an apostolic purpose, with a capacity for continuous existence and with canonical rights and duties like those of a natural person... conferred upon it by law or by the authority which constitutes it and to which it is also accountable under canon law."[12][13] The doctrine of juridic personality is thought to have its origins in canon law. It has been attributed to Pope Innocent IV, who seems at least to have helped spread the idea of persona ficta as it is called in Latin. In the early church, the doctrine of persona ficta allowed monasteries to have a legal existence that was apart from the monks, simplifying the difficulty in balancing the need for such groups to have infrastructure though the monks took vows of personal poverty. Another effect of this was that as a fictional person, a monastery could not be held guilty of delict due to not having a soul, helping to protect the organization from non-contractual obligations to surrounding communities. This effectively moved such liability to individuals acting within the organization while protecting the structure itself, since individuals were considered to have a soul and therefore capable of being guilty of negligence and excommunicated.[14] Canonical age in Roman Catholic canon law is an age one must reach, counting from birth, when one becomes capable of incurring certain obligations, enjoying special privileges, embracing special states of life, holding office or dignity, or receiving the sacraments. Each of these human acts requires a development of mind, body, or spirit appropriate to its free and voluntary acceptance and an adequate knowledge of, and capacity for, the duties and obligations attached. The ages prescribed by canon law differ, as do the privileges, offices, and dignities to which they apply. Sacraments[edit] Baptism: the sacrament can be validly administered regardless of age. Confirmation: the canonical age is seven, the age of reason. Holy Communion: the canonical age is seven[dubious – discuss], the age of reason. Children in danger of death, capable of committing and confessing to mortal sin, and of distinguishing heavenly from ordinary food, when desirous of receiving Holy Communion, must not be denied it, although they may not have achieved the minimum age prescribed. Confession: the canonical age is seven, the age of reason. From this age, Catholics are bound by the law of annual confession. Anointing of the Sick: the sacrament is to be administered to a Catholic of seven years or older. Holy Orders: the sacrament can be received at the earliest at 23 years (deacons), 25 years (priest) or 35 years (bishop), according to canon 1031 CIC. Dispensations can be granted by the Apostolic See. Marriage: the marriageable age is 16 years for males and 14 years for females. The same minimum age is required for a non-sacramental marriage (e.g. marriage between a Catholic and a non-Christian). Dispensations (by the Apostolic See) are theoretically possible, yet even theoretically only if the children in question have reached sexual maturity). From the age of seven years, all Catholics are bound to hear Holy Mass on every Sunday and every holy day of obligation. To be a sponsor in the conferring of baptism and confirmation, they have to be confirmed and normally be 16 years old (canon 874 CIC). The days of abstinence are to be respected by Catholics of at least 14 years old; the law of fasting (i.e. Ash Wednesday and Good Friday) from 18 till 59 years (canon 1252 CIC).

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Statutory Authority https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory_authority A statutory authority is a body set up by law which is authorised to enact legislation on behalf of the relevant country or state. They are typically found in countries which are governed by a British style of parliamentary democracy such as the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth countries like Australia, Canada, India and New Zealand. They are also found in Israel and elsewhere. Statutory authorities may also be statutory corporations, if created as a body corporate.

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state-owned enterprise (SOE) or government-owned enterprise (GOE) is a business enterprise where the government or state has significant control through full, majority, or significant minority ownership.[1] Defining characteristics of SOEs are their distinct legal form and operation in commercial affairs and activities. While they may also have public policy objectives (e.g., a state railway company may aim to make transportation more accessible), SOEs should be differentiated from government agencies or state entities established to pursue purely nonfinancial objectives. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprise

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Crown Entity https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_entity A Crown entity (from the Commonwealth term Crown) is an organisation that forms part of New Zealand's state sector established under the Crown Entities Act 2004,[1] a unique umbrella governance and accountability statute. The Crown Entities Act is based on the corporate model where the governance of the organisation is split from the management of the organisation. Crown entities come under the following subtypes: Statutory entities — bodies corporate established under an Act Crown agents — organisations that give effect to government policy, such as the Accident Compensation Corporation, which administers no-fault workers compensation Autonomous Crown entities (ACE), which must have regard to government policy, such as Te Papa, the national museum Independent Crown entities (ICE), which are generally independent of government policy, such as the Commerce Commission, which enforces legislation promoting competition Crown entity companies — registered companies wholly owned by the Crown, including Crown Research Institutes (CRIs) and a small number of other companies Crown entity subsidiaries — companies that are subsidiaries of Crown entities School boards of trustees Tertiary education institutions, including universities, colleges of education, polytechnics, and wānanga Crown entities can be contrasted with other New Zealand public sector organisational forms: Departments of State, State-Owned Enterprises, Offices of Parliament and sui generis organisations like the Reserve Bank.

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EXECUTE - EXECUTOR εκτελώ Perform, execute, carry out, do, implement, transact εκτελεστικός Executive εκτελεστής διαθήκης Executor ————————————————————— executor (n.) c. 1300, "person appointed to see that a will is carried into effect," from Anglo-French executour, from Latin executorem/exsecutorem, agent noun from exsequi/exsequi "follow after; carry out, accomplish" (see execution). Fem. form executrix is attested from late 14c. (executrice). Compare executioner, and also executant "one who does or performs" (especially a musical performer), from 1858; executer "one who performs" (1530s). execute (v.) late 14c. "to carry into effect" (transitive, mostly in law with reference to warrants, sentences, etc.), also "carry out or accomplish a course of action" (intransitive), from Old French executer (14c.), from Medieval Latin executare, from Latin execut-/exsecut-, past participle stem of exequi/exsequi "to follow out, to follow to the grave," figuratively "to follow, follow after, accompany, follow up, prosecute, carry out, enforce; execute, accomplish; punish, avenge," from ex- "out" (see ex-) + sequi "follow" (from PIE root *sekw- (1) "to follow"). Meaning "to inflict capital punishment" is from late 15c., from earlier legal sense "perform judgment or sentence on" (early 15c.). Related: Executed; executing. *sekw- (1) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to follow." It forms all or part of: associate; association; consequence; consequent; dissociate; ensue; execute; extrinsic; intrinsic; obsequious; persecute; persecution; prosecute; pursue; second (adj.) "next after first;" second (n.) "one-sixtieth of a minute;" sect; secundine; segue; sequacious; sequel; sequence; sequester; sociable; social; society; socio-; subsequent; sue; suit; suite; suitor; tocsin. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit sacate "accompanies, follows;" Avestan hacaiti, Greek hepesthai "to follow;" Latin sequi "to follow, come after," secundus "second, the following;" Lithuanian seku, sekti "to follow;" Old Irish sechim "I follow." execution (n.) late 14c., "a carrying out, a putting into effect; enforcement; performance (of a law, statute, etc.), the carrying out (of a plan, etc.)," from Anglo-French execucioun (late 13c.), Old French execucion "a carrying out" (of an order, etc.), from Latin executionem (nominative executio) "an accomplishing," noun of action from past-participle stem of exequi/exsequi "to follow out" (see execute). Specific sense of "act of putting to death" (mid-14c.) is from Middle English legal phrases such as don execution of deth "carry out a sentence of death." Literal meaning "action of carrying something into effect" is from late 14c. John McKay, coach of the woeful Tampa Bay Buccaneers (U.S. football team), when asked by a reporter what he thought of his team's execution, replied, "I think it would be a good idea." Executor and executioner were formerly used indifferently, because both are carrying out legal orders. executive (adj.) 1640s, "capable of performance" (a sense now obsolete), also "of the branch of government that carries out the laws," from Latin executivus, from past participle stem of exequi "follow after; carry out, accomplish" (see execution). The sense of "concerned with or pertaining to the function of carrying into practical effect" is from 1670s. The noun meaning "person or persons invested with supreme executive power in a country" is from 1776, as a branch of government charged with the execution and enforcement of the laws. Meaning "high-ranking businessman, person holding an executive position in a business organization" is by 1902 in American English; hence the adjectival sense "stylish, luxurious, costly" (1970s). Executive privilege in reference to the U.S. president is attested by 1805, American English. administration (n.) mid-14c., "act of giving or dispensing;" late 14c., "management (of a business, property, etc.), act of administering," from Latin administrationem (nominative administratio) "aid, help, cooperation; direction, management," noun of action from past-participle stem of administrare "to help, assist; manage, control, guide, superintend; rule, direct," from ad "to" (see ad-) + ministrare "to serve, attend, wait upon," from minister "inferior, servant, priest's assistant" (see minister (n.)). Early 15c. as "management of a deceased person's estate under a commission from authority." Meaning "management of public affairs" is from 1680s; hence, "executive power in a government" (1731), though later in Britain government was used in this sense. Meaning "a U.S. president's period in office" is first recorded 1796 in writings of George Washington. ``` civil service (n.) "the executive branch of the public service," as distinguished from the military, naval, legislative, or judicial, 1765, originally in reference to non-military staff of the East India Company, from civil in the sense "not military." Civil servant is from 1792. ``` civil (adj.) late 14c., "relating to civil law or life; pertaining to the internal affairs of a state," from Old French civil "civil, relating to civil law" (13c.) and directly from Latin civilis "relating to a society, pertaining to public life, relating to the civic order, befitting a citizen," hence by extension "popular, affable, courteous;" alternative adjectival derivative of civis "townsman" (see city). Meaning "not barbarous, civilized" is from 1550s. Specifically "relating to the commonwealth as secularly organized" (as opposed to military or ecclesiastical) by 1610s. Meaning "relating to the citizen in his relation to the commonwealth or to fellow citizens" also is from 1610s. The word civil has about twelve different meanings; it is applied to all manner of objects, which are perfectly disparate. As opposed to criminal, it means all law not criminal. As opposed to ecclesiastical, it means all law not ecclesiastical: as opposed to military, it means all law not military, and so on. [John Austin, "Lectures on Jurisprudence," 1873] The sense of "polite" was in classical Latin, but English did not pick up this nuance of the word until late 16c., and it has tended to descend in meaning to "meeting minimum standards of courtesy." "Courteous is thus more commonly said of superiors, civil of inferiors, since it implies or suggests the possibility of incivility or rudeness" [OED]. Civil, literally, applies to one who fulfills the duty of a citizen; It may mean simply not rude, or observant of the external courtesies of intercourse, or quick to do and say gratifying and complimentary things. ... Courteous, literally, expresses that style of politeness which belongs to courts: a courteous man is one who is gracefully respectful in his address and manner — one who exhibits a union of dignified complaisance and kindness. The word applies to all sincere kindness and attention. [Century Dictionary, 1895] Civil case (as opposed to criminal) is recorded from 1610s. Civil liberty "natural liberty restrained by law only so far as is necessary for the public good" is by 1640s. Civil Case Court cases that involve disputes between people or businesses over money or some injury to personal rights are called “civil” cases. A civil case usually begins when one person or business (called the "plaintiff") claims to have been harmed by the actions of another person or business (called the "defendant"). civil law the system of law concerned with private relations between members of a community rather than criminal, military, or religious affairs. the system of law predominant on the European continent and of which a form is in force in Louisiana, historically influenced by the codes of ancient Rome. Civil law is a legal system originating in mainland Europe and adopted in much of the world. The civil law system is intellectualized within the framework of Roman law, and with core principles codified into a referable system, which serves as the primary source of law. The civil law system is often contrasted with the common law system, which originated in medieval England, whose intellectual framework historically came from uncodified judge-made case law, and gives precedential authority to prior court decisions.[1] Historically, a civil law is the group of legal ideas and systems ultimately derived from the Corpus Juris Civilis, but heavily overlaid by Napoleonic, Germanic, canonical, feudal, and local practices,[2] as well as doctrinal strains such as natural law, codification, and legal positivism. Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules.[3] It holds case law secondary and subordinate to statutory law. Civil law is often paired with the inquisitorial system, but the terms are not synonymous. There are key differences between a statute and a code.[4] The most pronounced features of civil systems are their legal codes, with concise and broadly applicable texts that typically avoid factually specific scenarios.[5][4] The short articles in a civil law code deal in generalities and stand in contrast with ordinary statutes, which are often very long and very detailed. arcane (adj.) 1540s, from Latin arcanus "secret, hidden, private, concealed," from arcere "to close up, enclose, contain," from arca "chest, box, place for safe-keeping," from PIE root *ark- "to hold, contain, guard" (source also of Greek arkos "defense," arkein "to ward off;" Armenian argel "obstacle;" Lithuanian raktas "key," rakinti "to shut, lock"). ``` ————————————————————— δῐᾰθήκη • (diathḗkē) f (genitive δῐᾰθήκης); first declension testament, will (legal document) covenant (law) will, testament (document) ``` From δῐᾰ- (across-) +‎ τῐ́θημῐ (“put, place”). δῐᾰτῐ́θημῐ • (diatíthēmi) (active) place separately, arrange each in their own places, distribute (with an adverb) to manage well or ill (of persons) to handle or treat well or ill to dispose one in such a manner to set forth, recite to describe (middle) to arrange as one likes, to dispose of to dispose of one's property, devise it by will to set out for sale, dispose of merchandise to arrange or settle mutually, make a covenant to compose, male to set forth, recite ``` θήκη • (thḗkē) f (genitive θήκης); first declension arc of the covenant box, chest grave, tomb sword sheath ``` From τίθημι (“to place, put”). Greek: θήκη f (thíki, “case, sheath”) Suffix -θήκη • (-thḗkē) f (genitive -θήκης); first declension Deverbal suffix from τίθημι (títhēmi), typically indicating a space in which things are put or stored. Suffix -θήκη • (-thíki) f added to words in order to indicate: storage, care of, exhibition. A Mishnaic borrowing from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē, “box, money box, sheath for sword”), forming the new root ת־י־ק‎ (t-y-k). ``` From Hebrew: ‎תִּיק תִּיק • (tik) m (plural indefinite תִּיקִים‎) bag, satchel, purse, handbag case (legal) (politics) portfolio (the post and the responsibilities of a cabinet minister or other head of a government department.) a file or a folder on computers (colloquial) police record (colloquial) task, burden ``` Related terms (verb, pi'el) תייק \ תִּיֵּק‎ (“to file”) (verb, pu'al) תויק \ תֻּיַּק‎ (“to be filed”) תִּיק גַּב‎ (tik gav, “backpack”) Latin: thēca thēca f (genitive thēcae); first declension a case, envelope, sheath Borrowed from Ancient Greek θήκη (thḗkē, “a case, box, receptacle”), from τίθημι (títhēmi, “put, set, place”). Καινή Διαθήκη f (Kainí Diathíki, “New Testament”) Κιβωτός της Διαθήκης f (Kivotós tis Diathíkis, “Arc of the Covenent”) Παλαιά Διαθήκη f (Palaiá Diathíki, “Old Testament”) ——————————————————- Ark of the covenant ark (n.) Old English earc, Old Northumbrian arc, mainly meaning Noah's but also the Ark of the Covenant, from Latin arca "large box, chest" (see arcane), the word used in the Vulgate. Also borrowed in Old High German (arahha, Modern German Arche). From the Noachian sense comes extended meaning "place of refuge" (17c.). As the name of a type of ship or boat, from late 15c. In 19c. U.S., especially a large, flat-bottomed river boat to move produce, livestock, etc. to market. Noah masc. proper name, biblical patriarch, from Hebrew Noach, literally "rest." Phrase Noah's ark in reference to the ark in which, according to Genesis, Noah saved his family and many animals, is attested from 1610s. As a child's toy representing Noah's ark, by 1841. The adjective Noachian, in reference to the flood legend, is from 1670s, reflecting the Hebrew pronunciation. Noachical is from 1660s; Noachic from 1773. shrine (n.) Old English scrin "ark (of the covenant); chest, coffer; case for relics," from Latin scrinium "case or box for keeping papers," of unknown origin. From late 14c. as "a tomb of a saint" (usually elaborate and large). A widespread word, compare Dutch schrijn, German Schrein, French écrin, Russian skrynya, Lithuanian skrinė. Related entries & more arcane (adj.) 1540s, from Latin arcanus "secret, hidden, private, concealed," from arcere "to close up, enclose, contain," from arca "chest, box, place for safe-keeping," from PIE root *ark- "to hold, contain, guard" (source also of Greek arkos "defense," arkein "to ward off;" Armenian argel "obstacle;" Lithuanian raktas "key," rakinti "to shut, lock"). Related entries & more hutch (n.) c. 1200, "storage chest" (also applied to the biblical "ark of God"), from Old French huche "chest, trunk, coffer; coffin; kneading trough; shop displaying merchandise," from Medieval Latin hutica "chest," a word of uncertain origin. Sense of "cupboard for food or dishes" first recorded 1670s; that of "box-like pen for an animal" is from c. 1600. coerce (v.) mid-15c., cohercen, "restrain or constrain by force of law or authority," from Old French cohercier, from Latin coercere "to control, restrain, shut up together," from assimilated form of com- "together" (see co-) + arcere "to enclose, confine, contain, ward off," from PIE *ark- "to hold, contain, guard" (see arcane). The unetymological -h- was perhaps by influence of cohere. Related: Coerced; coercing. No record of the word between late 15c. and mid-17c.; its reappearance 1650s is perhaps a back-formation from coercion. Related entries & more propitiatory (adj.) "having the power or intent to effect propitiation," 1550s, from Late Latin propitiatorius "atoning, reconciling," from propitiatus, past participle of propitiare "appease, propitiate" (see propitiation). Earlier in English as a noun, propiciatorie, c. 1300, "the mercy seat, lid or cover of the ark of the covenant," from Late Latin propitiatorium (translating Greek hilasterion in Bible); noun use of neuter singular of propitiatorius. ——————————————————-

Answer 60

PSEUDONYM - PEN NAME - USER NAME Adjective ψευδής • (psevdís) m (feminine ψευδής, neuter ψευδές) false; sham; insincere; wearing masks. From the root of ψεύδω (“to lie”) +‎ -ής (adjective suffix). ψεύδω • (pseúdō) (active) to lie, deceive (middle, indirect reflexive) to lie for one's own benefit, cheat by lies (passive) to be lied to, be cheated (non-agentive)[2] to be mistaken, be wrong όνομα • (ónoma) n (plural ονόματα) name Το όνομά μου είναι Σαμ. ― To ónomá mou eínai Sam. ― My name is Sam. (figuratively) name, reputation το καλό όνομα της εταιρείας ― to kaló ónoma tis etaireías ― the company's good name (grammar) noun (sensu lato), a word class including substantives (nouns, sensu stricto) and adjectives ψῠ́θος • (psúthos) n (genitive ψῠ́θεος); third declension lie, untruth Synonyms: ψεῦδος (pseûdos), ψεῦσμα (pseûsma), ψούδιον (psoúdion) Adjective ψῠδρός • (psudrós) m (feminine ψῠδρᾱ́, neuter ψῠδρόν); first/second declension false, lying, untrue related to Proto-Indo-European *bʰes- (“wind”) like ψύχω (psúkhō, “to breathe, blow”) ψίθυρος (psíthuros, “whispering, slanderous”) Related to ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false, untrue”) and ψύθος (psúthos, “lie, untruth”) Adjective ψῐ́θῠρος • (psíthuros) m or f (neuter ψῐ́θῠρον); second declension whispering, slanderous twittering, chirping ``` Verb ψιθυρίζω • (psithyrízo) active (past ψιθύρισα, passive ψιθυρίζομαι) whisper (voice) (plural): rumours (UK), rumors (US) rustle (leaves) lapping (waves) babbling (stream) ``` ————————————————————— Hyponyms (grammar) : ουσιαστικό n (ousiastikó, “noun”) (grammar) : επίθετο n (epítheto, “adjective”) βαπτιστικό όνομα n (vaptistikó ónoma, “Christian name”) επινοημένος (epinoïménos, “fictional”) επωνυμικός (eponymikós) επώνυμο n (epónymo, “surname”) μεγάλο όνομα n (megálo ónoma, “surname, family name”) μικρό όνομα n (mikró ónoma, “first name”) οικογενειακό όνομα n (oikogeneiakó ónoma, “family name, surname”) ονομάζω (onomázo, “to name, to call”) ονομασία f (onomasía, “naming”) παρωνύμιο n (paronýmio, “folk name, nickname”) πατρικό όνομα n (patrikó ónoma, “maiden name”) πατρωνυμικό n (patronymikó, “patronymic”) προσωνυμία f (prosonymía, “name, title”) πρώτο όνομα n (próto ónoma, “first name”) ψευδώνυμο n (psevdónymo, “alias, pseudonym”) Related terms[edit] ? ψιδόνες (psidónes) ? ψεδυρός (psedurós), ψίθυρος (psíthuros), ψίθυρ (psíthur) Derived terms[edit] ἄψευστος (ápseustos, “without deceit: truthful, honest”) διαψεύδω (diapseúdō, “to deny, refute, contradict”) καταψεύδομαι (katapseúdomai, “to slander, tell lies against, speak falsely of”) καταψευσμός (katapseusmós, “slander”, noun) καταψεύστης (katapseústēs, “liar; commentor”) ψευδάριον (pseudárion, “fallacy”), Ψευδάρια pl (Pseudária, title of a treatise by Euclid, literally “Fallacies”) ψευδής (pseudḗs), ψαυδής (psaudḗs) ψεῦδις (pseûdis, “poet; word”) ψεῦδος (pseûdos, “lie, untruth”) ψευδών (pseudṓn) ψεῦσμα (pseûsma, “lie, deceit”) ψούδιον (psoúdion, “lie, untruth”) ψύδος (psúdos), ψύθος (psúthos, “lie, untruth”) Ψυδρεύς (Psudreús, “Hermaios”, name of a month) ψυδρός (psudrós, “false, fraudulent”) ψυθῶνες (psuthônes, “slanderers?”) ψίθυρος m (psíthyros, “whisper”) ψιθυριστός (psithyristós, “whispered, hushed”) (adjective) ψιθυριστά (psithyristá, “in a whisper”) (adverb) ψιθυρίζεται (psithyrízetai, “to be rumoured”) ——————————————————————————- pseudonym (n.) "false name," especially a fictitious name assumed by an author to conceal identity, 1828, in part a back-formation from pseudonymous, in part from German pseudonym and French pseudonyme (adj.), from Greek pseudōnymos "having a false name, under a false name," from pseudēs "false" (see pseudo-) + onyma, Aeolic dialectal variant of onoma "name" (from PIE root *no-men- "name"). "Possibly a dictionary word" at first [Barnhart]. Fowler calls it "a queer out-of-the-way term for an everyday thing." Properly in reference to made-up names; the name of an actual author or person of reputation affixed to a work he or she did not write is an allonym. An author's actual name affixed to his or her own work is an autonym (1867). Related: Pseudonymity. pseudo- often before vowels pseud-, word-forming element meaning "false; feigned; erroneous; in appearance only; resembling," from Greek pseudo-, combining form of pseudēs "false, lying; falsely; deceived," or pseudos "falsehood, untruth, a lie," both from pseudein "to tell a lie; be wrong, break (an oath)," also, in Attic, "to deceive, cheat, be false," but often regardless of intention, a word of uncertain origin. Words in Slavic and Armenian have been compared; by some scholars the Greek word is connected with *psu- "wind" (= "nonsense, idle talk"); Beekes suggests Pre-Greek origin. Productive in compound formation in ancient Greek (such as pseudodidaskalos "false teacher," pseudokyon "a sham cynic," pseudologia "a false speech," pseudoparthenos "pretended virgin"), it began to be used with native words in later Middle English with a sense of "false, hypocritical" (pseudoclerk "deceitful clerk;" pseudocrist "false apostle;" pseudoprest "heretical priest;" pseudoprophete; pseudofrere) and has been productive since then; the list of words in it in the OED print edition runs to 13 pages. In science, indicating something deceptive in appearance or function. pseudonymous (adj.) "bearing a false name," 1706, from Modern Latin pseudonymus, from Greek pseudōnymos "falsely named, falsely called" (see pseudonym). Related: Pseudonymously. Related entries & more *no-men- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "name." It forms all or part of: acronym; allonym; ananym; anonymous; antonomasia; antonym; binomial; caconym; cognomen; denominate; eponym; eponymous; heteronym; homonym; homonymous; hyponymy; ignominious; ignominy; innominable; Jerome; matronymic; metonymy; metronymic; misnomer; moniker; name; nomenclature; nominal; nominate; noun; onomastic; onomatopoeia; paronomasia; paronym; patronym; patronymic; praenomen; pronoun; pseudonym; renown; synonym; synonymy; synonymous; toponym. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit nama; Avestan nama; Greek onoma, onyma; Latin nomen; Old Church Slavonic ime, genitive imene; Russian imya; Old Irish ainm; Old Welsh anu "name;" Old English nama, noma, Old High German namo, Old Norse nafn, Gothic namo "name." Related entries & more Zionism (n.) "movement for forming (later supporting) a Jewish national state in Palestine," 1896, from German Zionismus (from Zion + Latin-derived suffix -ismus; see -ism); first recorded 1886 in "Selbstemancipation," by "Matthias Acher" (pseudonym of Nathan Birnbaum (1864-1937)). Related entries & more Lenin pseudonym or alias chosen c. 1902 (for publishing clandestine political works in exile) by Russian revolutionary Vladimir Il'ich Ulyanov (1870-1924). Related: Leninist (1917); Leninism (1918). Leningrad was th

Answer 61

PERSON - MAN - FACE - MASK - CHARACTER - LAITY Translations of person Noun πρόσωπο face, person, party, personage, visage, puss άτομο atom, person, individual υποκείμενο subject, person ————————————————————————— Noun πρόσωπο • (prósopo) n (plural πρόσωπα) face character, person νομικό πρόσωπο n (nomikó prósopo, “legal person”) φυσικό πρόσωπο n (fysikó prósopo, “natural person”) ``` πρόσωπον • (prósōpon) n (genitive προσώπου); second declension face, visage, countenance front mask character, part in a drama appearance person ``` πρός (prós, “towards”) +‎ ὤψ (ṓps, “eye”) ὤψ • (ṓps) f (genitive ὠπός); third declension (the phrase εἰς ὦπα (eis ôpa), in Homer and Hesiod) to the eye; (possibly) in the face (rarely in other forms) eye Synonym: ὀφθαλμός (ophthalmós) Noun ὄψῐς • (ópsis) f (genitive ὄψεως); third declension view From ὄψ (óps, “eye”) +‎ -σῐς (-sis) Noun όψη • (ópsi) f (plural όψεις) appearance, look, aspect εξ όψεως (ex ópseos, “by sight”) εν όψει (en ópsei, “in sight”), ενόψει (enópsei) εκ πρώτης όψεως (ek prótis ópseos, “at first glance”) κατ' όψιν (kat' ópsin, “by sight”) υπ' όψιν (yp' ópsin, “under consideration”), υπόψιν (ypópsin), υπόψη (ypópsi) ————————————————————————— ὑπ’ ὄψιν from the phrase: (verb: έχω (écho, “have”) is omitted), ὑπό (hupó, “under”, preposition) + ancient ὄψις f (ópsis, “view”) in accusative singular. Literally: (have) under view. υπ' όψιν • (yp' ópsin) (+ genitive of weak pronouns or nouns) into account; under consideration ( syntax with verbs ) έχω ( écho, “ have ” ), λαμβάνω ( lamváno, “ receive ” ) το έχω υπ’ όψιν μου to écho yp’ ópsin mou Ι have it under my consideration το λαμβάνω υπ’ όψιν μου to lamváno yp’ ópsin mou Ι'll take it into account (with the verb missing) keep in mind; remember (bear in mind) Υπ’ όψιν! Να έχετε πάντα μαζί σας το διαβατήρια. Yp’ ópsin! Na échete pánta mazí sas to diavatíria. Remember! Always carry your passport with you. (correspondence) for the attention of Υπ’ όψιν κυρίας Χ. Yp’ ópsin kyrías Ch. For the attention of Mrs. X. (+ ότι (óti)) remember that (as noun) στα υπ' όψιν (sta yp' ópsin, “the things one must keep in mind”) ————————————————————————— ενόψει ενόψει (enópsei) Adverb[edit] εν όψει • (en ópsei) in view, in sight Κίνδυνος εν όψει! ― Kíndynos en ópsei! ― Danger ahead! (in place of preposition) see Phrase Phrase[edit] εν όψει • (en ópsei)[2] (formal, +genitive) in view of, in front Βρισκόμαστε εν όψει εκλογών. Vriskómaste en ópsei eklogón. We are expecting elections soon. (literally, “ We are in view of elections.”) (formal) +article in genitive: because of (a cause which will happen in the future) Πρέπει να προετοιμαστούμε εν όψει των αλλαγών. Prépei na proetoimastoúme en ópsei ton allagón. We must prepare ourselves in view of the changes [expected]. ``` Proto-Indo-European Root *h₃ekʷ- to see eye ``` ὄψομαι • (ópsomai) first-person singular future indicative middle of ὁράω (horáō) ὁράω • (horáō) (intransitive) To look with the eyes [+ εἰς (accusative) = at something or someone] (intransitive) To be able to see; (with negative) to be unable to see, to be blind (transitive) To see, perceive, observe ``` ὄμμᾰ • (ómma) n (genitive ὄμμᾰτος); third declension (chiefly poetic) eye the eye of heaven; i.e. the sun (generally) light (figuratively) that which brings light (figuratively) anything dear or precious, as the apple of an eye the face or human form an eye-hole in a helmet ``` ὀφθᾰλμός • (ophthalmós) m (genitive ὀφθᾰλμοῦ); second declension eye Synonym: ὤψ (ṓps) (in the singular) eye of a master or ruler eye of heaven that which is dearest or best; light, cheer, comfort (botany) eye, bud (such as the eye of a potato) (surgery) surgical bandage covering one or both eyes (architecture, in the dual) disks forming the centers of the volutes of an Ionic capital sight Synonyms: ὅρᾱσῐς (hórāsis), εἶδος (eîdos) understanding Synonym: σῠ́νεσῐς (súnesis) σῠ́νεσῐς • (súnesis) f (genitive σῠνέσεως); third declension a conflux, uniting, coming together understanding, intelligence conscience a branch of art or science a decision or decree (Gnosticism) one of the aeons or emanations of the Godhead, representing intelligence From σῠνῑ́ημῐ (sunī́ēmi, “bring together”) +‎ -σῐς (-sis). ————————————————————————— ``` ἄνθρωπος, ου, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: anthrópos Phonetic Spelling: (anth'-ro-pos) Definition: a man, human, mankind Usage: a man, one of the human race. HELPS Word-studies 444 ánthrōpos – man, also the generic term for "mankind"; the human race; people, including women and men (Mt 4:19, 12:12, etc.). ``` 444 (anthrōpos) relates to both genders (male and female) as both are created in the image of God – each equally vested with individual personhood and destiny (cf. Gal 3:28). Accordingly, the Bible uses 444 (ánthrōpos) of a specific man, woman, or class (type, group) of people – i.e. mankind in general (inclusive of every man, woman and child; see also 1 Cor 11:7). (435 /anḗr specifically refers to a male and 1135 /gynḗ to a female.) [444 /ánthrōpos ("man") answers to the Hebrew term, ̓adam – and 435 (anḗr) answers to the Hebrew term ̓ish. K. Wuest, "There are two words in Greek which mean 'man,' anēr, which refers to a male individual of the human reace, and anthrōpos, which is the racial, generic term, and which has the general idea of 'mankind' " (3, Great Truths to Live By, 46).] ``` ἀνήρ, ἀνδρός, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: anér Phonetic Spelling: (an'-ayr) Definition: a man Usage: a male human being; a man, husband. ``` with a reference to age, and to distinguish an adult man from a boy: with a reference to sex, and so to distinguish a man from a woman; either a. as a male A primary word (compare anthropos); a man (properly as an individual male) -- fellow, husband, man, sir. ᾰ̓νήρ • (anḗr) m (genitive ᾰ̓νδρός); third declension man (adult male) husband human being, as opposed to a god άντρας • (ántras) m (plural άντρες) (usually in spoken language) man (adult male) Synonym: ἀνήρ (anḗr) (ancient and Katharevousa) Antonym: γυναίκα (gynaíka) husband Synonyms: παντρεμένος (pantreménos), σύζυγος (sýzygos) Antonyms: γυναίκα (gynaíka), παντρεμένη (pantreméni) ἄνδρα • (ándra) accusative singular of ἀνήρ (anḗr) Antonyms γυνή (gunḗ, “woman, female, wife”) γῠνή • (gunḗ) f (genitive γῠναικός); third declension woman, female wife Cognates Old English: cwēn (English queen). From Proto-Indo-European *gʷḗn (“woman”) γῠναῖκᾰ • (gunaîka) accusative singular of γυνή (gunḗ) and see: άνδρας m (ándras, “man”) αντράκι n (antráki, “whippersnapper”) άντρακλας m (ántraklas, “stalwart, lusty man”) αντρειεύω (antreiévo, “to mature into a man”) αντρειοσύνη f (antreiosýni, “bravery”) αντρειωμένος (antreioménos, “gallant, brave”, adjective) αντρίκειος (antríkeios, “manly”, adjective) αντρίκιος (antríkios, “manly”, adjective) αντρικός (antrikós, “male”, adjective) αντρογυναίκα f (antrogynaíka, “manly woman”) αντρόγυνο n (antrógyno, “couple, married couple”) αντρολόϊ n (antrolóï, “menfolk”) αντροπαρέα f (antroparéa, “group of men, stag party”) αντρόπιαστος (antrópiastos, “not dishonoured”, adjective) αντρούλης n (antroúlis, “husband”, familiar) αντροφέρνω (antroférno, “to look like a man”) αντρώνομαι (antrónomai, “to mature into a man”) ————————————————————————— άτομο Smallest “Indivisible Cut” or “Share” of inheritance. άτομο • (átomo) n (plural άτομα) person, individual (physics, chemistry) atom (smallest particle of an element) From Ancient Greek ἄτομον (átomon) neuter of ἄτομος (átomos, “indivisible”). ἄτομος • (átomos) m or f (neuter ἄτομον); second declension uncut indivisible, not capable of being cut/divided into smaller pieces undivided, individual From ἀ- (a-, “not”) +‎ τομ-, o-grade of the root of τέμνω (témnō, “to cut”). ``` τέμνω • (témnō) I cut, hew I maim, wound I butcher, sacrifice I cut down, reap I cut through, advance, drive through, plow through ``` ``` τμῆμᾰ • (tmêma) n (genitive τμήμᾰτος); third declension something cut off piece, section segment of a line sector of a circle Cut, incision, wound Section of a book (astrology) Division between two signs of the zodiac ``` From the root of τέμνω (témnō, “to cut”) +‎ -μα (-ma, result noun suffix). from *temh₁- (“to cut”). Cognate with Latin temnō, tondeō, tempus, templum. From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the root *temp- (“to stretch, string”), whence also templum (“shrine”) and tempora. Originally the word meant "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion". Or from Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”). Thus a section (of time). See also Latin temnō, tondeō, templum, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō). Compare the etymology of English time. ``` tondeō (present infinitive tondēre, perfect active totondī, supine tōnsum); second conjugation I shave, shear, clip. I crop, prune, trim. I mow, reap. I graze upon, browse, feed. I plunder, deprive, fleece somebody. ``` tempus (linguistics, dated) tense templum n (genitive templī); second declension an open space for augural observation; open, clear, broad space a space dedicated to some deity; sanctuary, shrine tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension (literally) A portion or period of time, a time. ad/in tempus ― temporarily; for a time tempus diurnum ― daytime (especially) The time intervening two events; an interval, period. (transferred sense): (literally): (in general) Time. (in particular) The kairos, right time, due season, due time, proper time, appointed time, opportune time, opportunity. in tempore ― at the appropriate time; in due season ad tempus venīre ― to come at the right time ante tempus ― too soon (lit., before the right time) (transferred sense): The time or age in its moral aspects; the state of the times, position, state, condition; (in the plural) the times, circumstances. prō tempore ― according to the circumstances (poetry, rhetoric) Time; measure, quantity. (grammar) A tense of a verb. ——————————————————————— SECTION “CUT” OF TIME ``` χρόνος • (khrónos) m (genitive χρόνου); second declension time (in the abstract sense) specific time, period, term lifetime delay (grammar, Koine) tense ``` ``` Noun αἰών • (aiṓn) m (genitive αἰῶνος); third declension lifetime generation a long period of time, eon, epoch, age the current world eternity ``` from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“vital force, life, long life, eternity”), whence also ἀεί (aeí, “always”). Cognate with Latin aevum, English aye. καιρός • (kairós) m (genitive καιροῦ); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Koine) measure; proportion; fitness (of time): period (of time); season; time (often in a positive sense) proper time, opportunity; prime, the right moment, the fatal spot (loosely): God's time (in the plural) the times advantage, profit καιρός • (kairós) m (plural καιροί) weather καιρού επιτρέποντος ― kairoú epitrépontos ― weather permitting time, events από καιρό σε καιρό ― apó kairó se kairó ― from time to time ``` κείρω • (keírō) I shear, shave, cut hair short I ravage, waste I destroy, consume, devour I cut short, lessen, reduce ``` From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kér-ye-, ye-present from the root *(s)ker-. Cognate with Old English scieran (English shear) ``` κέρμᾰ • (kérma) n (genitive κέρμᾰτος); third declension fragment coin, especially of copper Synonym: νόμῐσμᾰ (nómisma) (collectively) cash ``` From κείρω (keírō, “to cut short, shear, clip”) +‎ -μα (-ma). Adjective ἀκαρής • (akarḗs) m or f (neuter ἀκαρές); third declension (of hair) too short to be cut (in general, especially of time) very short From ἀ- (a-, “un-”) +‎ κάρ- (kár-), zero-grade of the root of κείρω (keírō, “to cut hair”), +‎ -ής (-ḗs). ``` Verb κείρω • (keírō) I shear, shave, cut hair short I ravage, waste I destroy, consume, devour I cut short, lessen, reduce ``` Cognate with Old English scieran (English shear) Verb sċieran (West Saxon) to cut, shear Old Irish scaraim (“separate”). Latin carō (“flesh”) carō f (genitive carnis); third declension (literally) flesh, meat of an animal; pulp of a fruit flesh of the human body, as the seat of the passions (metonymically) soft part of a precious stone (figuratively) richness of discourse From Proto-Italic *karō, from Proto-Indo-European *ker-, *(s)ker-. Cognate with Dutch scheren, German scheren, Norwegian skjære, Swedish skära; and (from Indo-European) with Ancient Greek κείρω (keírō, “I cut off”), English shear, Albanian harr (“to cut, to mow”), Lithuanian skìrti (“separate”), Welsh ysgar (“separate”). See also sharp. —————————————————————— SUBJECT υποκείμενο • (ypokeímeno) n (plural υποκείμενα) (grammar) subject Το υποκείμενο του ρήματος βρίσκεται πάντα σε ονομαστική πτώση. To ypokeímeno tou rímatos vrísketai pánta se onomastikí ptósi. The subject of the verb is always in the nominative case. Participle ὑποκείμενον Subjected NOUN CASES πτώση • (ptósi) f (plural πτώσεις) (grammar) case Το υποκείμενο του ρήματος βρίσκεται πάντα σε ονομαστική πτώση. To ypokeímeno tou rímatos vrísketai pánta se onomastikí ptósi. The subject of the verb is always in the nominative case. fall, drop, reduction (in position, quantity, etc) fall, downfall, overthrow πτώση f (ptósi, “case”) ``` αντικείμενο n (antikeímeno, “object”) ονομαστική f (onomastikí, “nominative”) αιτιατική f (aitiatikí, “accusative”) αφαιρετική f (afairetikí, “ablative”) δοτική f (dotikí, “dative”) γενική f (genikí, “genitive”) κλητική f (klitikí, “vocative”) ονομαστική f (onomastikí, “nominative”) οργανική f (organikí, “instrumental”) τοπική f (topikí, “locative”) ``` —————————————————————— ``` νόμῐσμᾰ • (nómisma) n (genitive νομῐ́σμᾰτος); third declension that which is sanctioned by usage custom an institution a current coin, money Synonym: κέρμᾰ (kérma) ``` ``` νόμισμα • (nómisma) n (plural νομίσματα) a coin the basic currency of a country nomisma money circulating in the form of notes and coin ``` From Ancient Greek νόμισμα (nómisma, “money, the current coin of a state, custom”), from νομίζω (nomízō, “to hold or own as a custom, usage, to use customarily, practise, to be used to a thing”), hence "to make common use of", from νόμος (nómos, “anything assigned, a usage, custom, law, ordinance”), from νέμω (némō, “to keep, to hold, to watch”). νομίζω • (nomízō) I use customarily, practise (legislation) I enact (with dative) I make a man of you, use (with infinitive) I am accustomed to doing I acknowledge, consider as I esteem, hold in honour (with accusative of object) I hold, believe (with accusative and infinitive) I deem, hold, believe that Verb νομίζω • (nomízo) (past νόμισα, passive νομίζομαι) think, consider, opine Νομίζω ότι η μητέρα του ζει. Nomízo óti i mitéra tou zei. I think that his mother is alive. Νομιζόμουν για καλός μαθητής από τους καθηγητές μου, αλλά απέτυχα στις εξετάσεις. Nomizómoun gia kalós mathitís apó tous kathigités mou, allá apétycha stis exetáseis. I was regarded as a good student by my professors, but I failed my exams. θεωρώ (theoró, “consider, regard”) υπολογίζω (ypologízo, “calculate, estimate”) (passive: of νομίζομαι): λογίζομαι (logízomai, “to be regarded, considered”) See also πιστεύω (pistévo, “to believe”) —————————————————————————- Biblical Concordance Acts 2:22 “Men (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc) of Israel, hear these words: Jesus of Nazareth, a man (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc) attested to you by God with mighty works and wonders and signs that God did through him in your midst, as you yourselves know — Acts 2:29 My brothers (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc), I can speak to you confidently about the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried and his tomb is with us to this day. Acts 2:37 Now when they heard this they were cut to the heart, and they said to Peter and the other apostles, “My (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc) brothers (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc), what shall we do?” Acts 3:2 And a man (anēr | ἀνήρ | nom sg masc) lame from the womb of his mother was being carried, whom they laid daily at the gate of the temple called the “Beautiful Gate” to ask alms from those entering into the temple. Acts 3:12 When Peter saw this, he replied to the people, “Men (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc) of Israel, why are you amazed at this, or why do you stare at us, as though by our own power or piety we had made him walk? Acts 3:14 But you denied the Holy and Righteous One, and asked that a man (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc) who was a murderer be released to you, Acts 4:4 And many of those who had heard the word believed, and the number of the men (andrōn | ἀνδρῶν | gen pl masc) came to about five thousand. Acts 5:1 Now a man (anēr | ἀνήρ | nom sg masc) named Ananias, with Sapphira his wife, sold a piece of property, Acts 5:9 And Peter said to her, “Why is it that you agreed together to test the Spirit of the Lord? Look! The feet of those who buried your husband (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc) are at the door, and they will carry you out.” Acts 5:10 And she fell down immediately at his feet and breathed her last. When the young men came in and found her dead, they carried her out and buried her beside her husband (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc). Acts 5:14 and more than ever believers were added to the Lord, multitudes both of men (andrōn | ἀνδρῶν | gen pl masc) and women, Acts 5:25 And someone came and reported to them, “Look! The men (andres | ἄνδρες | nom pl masc) whom you put in the prison are standing in the temple and teaching the people.” Acts 5:35 And he said to them, “Men (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc) of Israel, take heed to yourselves about these men, what you intend to do. Acts 5:36 For before these days there rose up Theudas, saying that he himself was someone, and a number of (andrōn | ἀνδρῶν | gen pl masc) men (andrōn | ἀνδρῶν | gen pl masc), about four hundred, joined him. He was killed, and all, as many as followed him, were dispersed, and the movement came to nothing. Acts 6:3 Therefore, brothers, select from among you seven men (andras | ἄνδρας | acc pl masc) of good standing, full of the Spirit and of wisdom, whom we will appoint to carry out this responsibility. Acts 6:5 And the proposal pleased the entire group, so they chose Stephen, a man (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc) full of faith and of the Holy Spirit; also Philip and Prochorus and Nicanor and Timon and Parmenas and Nicolaus, a proselyte of Antioch. Acts 6:11 Then they secretly talked some men (andras | ἄνδρας | acc pl masc) into saying, “We have heard him speak blasphemous words against Moses and God.” Acts 7:2 And Stephen said: “My brothers (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc) and fathers, hear me. The God of glory appeared to our father Abraham when he was in Mesopotamia, before he lived in Haran, Acts 7:26 On the following day he appeared to them as they were quarreling and tried to reconcile them to be at peace, saying, ‘Men (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc), you are brothers. Why are you hurting one another?’ Acts 8:2 Devout men (andres | ἄνδρες | nom pl masc) buried Stephen and made great lamentation over him. Acts 8:3 But Saul was making havoc of the church; entering house after house, he dragged off both men (andras | ἄνδρας | acc pl masc) and women and put them in prison. Acts 8:9 Now there was a man (anēr | ἀνήρ | nom sg masc) named Simon, who had been practicing magic in the city and amazing the people of Samaria, saying that he himself was someone great. Acts 8:12 But when they believed Philip as he preached about the kingdom of God and the name of Jesus Christ, they were baptized, both men (andres | ἄνδρες | nom pl masc) and women. Acts 8:27 And he rose and went. And there was an Ethiopian (anēr | ἀνήρ | nom sg masc), a eunuch, a court official of Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, who was in charge of all her treasure, who had come to Jerusalem to worship Acts 9:2 and requested from him letters to Damascus addressed to the synagogues, that if he found any who were of the Way, men (andras | ἄνδρας | acc pl masc) or women, he should bring them bound to Jerusalem. Acts 9:7 The men (andres | ἄνδρες | nom pl masc) who were traveling with him stood speechless, hearing the voice but seeing no one. Acts 9:12 and in a vision he has seen a man (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc) named Ananias come in and lay his hands on him so that he might regain his sight.” Acts 9:13 But Ananias answered, “Lord, I have heard from many about this man (andros | ἀνδρός | gen sg masc), how much harm he did to your saints at Jerusalem. Acts 9:38 Since Lydda is near Joppa, the disciples, hearing that Peter was there, sent two men (andras | ἄνδρας | acc pl masc) to him urging him, “Do not delay in coming to us.” Acts 10:1 There was a man (anēr | ἀνήρ | nom sg masc) in Caesarea named Cornelius, a centurion from the cohort that was called the Italian, Acts 10:5 And now send men (andras | ἄνδρας | acc pl masc) to Joppa and send for a man named Simon who is called Peter. Acts 10:17 Now while Peter was perplexed within himself as to what the vision that he had seen might mean, behold, the men (andres | ἄνδρες | nom pl masc) sent by Cornelius, having made inquiry for the house of Simon, stood at the gate Acts 10:19 As Peter was thinking about the vision, the Spirit said to him, “Behold, three men (andres | ἄνδρες | nom pl masc) are looking for you. Acts 10:21 And Peter went down to the men (andras | ἄνδρας | acc pl masc) and said, “Behold, I am the one you are looking for. What is the reason for which you have come?” Acts 10:22 And they said, “Cornelius, a centurion, an upright man (anēr | ἀνήρ | nom sg masc) and one who fears God, who is well spoken of by the whole nation of the Jews, was directed by a holy angel to send for you to come to his house and to hear words from you.” Acts 10:28 And he said to them, “You yourselves know how unlawful it is for a man (andri | ἀνδρί | dat sg masc) who is a Jew to associate with or to visit anyone of another race, but God showed me that I should call no person common or unclean. Acts 10:30 And Cornelius said, “Four days ago at this hour, I was praying at the ninth hour in my house, and behold, a man (anēr | ἀνήρ | nom sg masc) stood before me in bright clothing Acts 11:3 saying, “You went to a house of uncircumcised men (andras | ἄνδρας | acc pl masc) and ate with them.” Acts 11:11 And behold, at that very moment three men (andres | ἄνδρες | nom pl masc) arrived at the house, in which we were, sent from Caesarea to me. Acts 11:12 And the Spirit told me to go with them without hesitating. And with me went also these six brothers, and we went into the house of the man (andros | ἀνδρός | gen sg masc). Acts 11:20 But there were some of them, men (andres | ἄνδρες | nom pl masc) of Cyprus and Cyrene, who on coming to Antioch began to speak also to the Hellenists, preaching the Lord Jesus. Acts 11:24 for he was a good man (anēr | ἀνήρ | nom sg masc), full of the Holy Spirit and of faith. And a considerable number of people were brought to the Lord. Acts 13:6 When they had gone through the whole island as far as Paphos, they met a certain man (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc), a magician, a Jewish false prophet named Bar-Jesus, Acts 13:7 who was with the proconsul Sergius Paulus, an intelligent man (andri | ἀνδρί | dat sg masc). This man summoned Barnabas and Saul and wanted to hear the word of God. Acts 13:15 After the reading from the Law and the Prophets, the rulers of the synagogue sent a message to them, saying, “My brothers (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc), if there is any among you with a word of encouragement for the people, say it.” Acts 13:16 So Paul stood up, and gesturing with his hand, said, “Men (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc) of Israel and you who fear God, listen: Acts 13:21 Then they asked for a king, and God gave them Saul, son of Kish, a man (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc) from the tribe of Benjamin, who ruled forty years. Acts 13:22 After removing him, he raised up David to be their king, of whom he said by way of testimony: ‘I have found in David the son of Jesse a man (andra | ἄνδρα | acc sg masc) after my heart, who will do everything I want him to.’ Acts 13:26 “My brothers (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc), sons of the family of Abraham, and those among you who fear God, it is to us that the message of this salvation has been sent. Acts 13:38 Therefore let it be known to you, my brothers (andres | ἄνδρες | voc pl masc), that through this one forgiveness of sins is being proclaimed to you; and from all from which you could not be set free by the law of Moses, —————————————————————- Translations of λαός Noun people άνθρωποι, λαός, κόσμος, ντουνιάς commonalty όχλος, λαός throng πλήθος, λαός Translations of people άνθρωποι people, mankind λαός people, commonalty, throng κόσμος world, people, cosmos, universe ντουνιάς people Verb κατοικίζω domicile, people, settle λᾱός • (lāós) m (genitive λᾱοῦ); second declension people, people assembled, the people of a country the soldiers common people (as opposed to leaders or priests); the subjects of a prince from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂wos (“people (under arms)”), from *leh₂- (“military action”) λαϊκοί • (laïkoí) m Nominative and vocative plural form of λαϊκός (laïkós). Adjective λαϊκός • (laïkós) m (feminine λαϊκή, neuter λαϊκό) popular (relating to the people) Λαϊκή Δημοκρατία της Κίνας ― Laïkí Dimokratía tis Kínas ― People's Republic of China folk (customs, dance, etc) λαϊκά τραγούδια ― laïká tragoúdia ― folk songs lay, secular (not ecclesiastical) working class, lower class vulgar, cheap (goods, clothing, etc) (lexicography) colloquial, common (words, language) λαϊκός • (laïkós) m (plural λαϊκοί) layman Synonym: (dictionary abbreviation) λαϊκ. (laïk.) Adjective λαϊκ. • (laïk.) Abbreviation of λαϊκός (laïkós): colloquial, informal layman (plural laymen) Layperson, someone who is not an ordained cleric or member of the clergy. (by extension) Someone who is not a professional in a given field. Carmen is not a professional anthropologist, but strictly a layman. Let me explain it to you in layman's terms. A common person. A person who is untrained or lacks knowledge of a subject. A generally ignorant person. Lay-sister or lay-brother, person received into a convent of monks, following the vows, but not being member of the order. From Ancient Greek λαϊκός (laïkós, “of the people”), from λαός (laós, “crowd, people”) Phrygian λαϝαγταει (lawagtaei) (dative singular) military leader Literally, “army leader”, with the constituents inherited from Proto-Indo-European *leh₂wos (“people (under arms)”), whence Ancient Greek λαός (laós), and *h₂eǵ- (“drive, lead”). A borrowing from the Hellenic cognate has also been suggested: compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀨𐀷𐀐𐀲 (ra-wa-ke-ta /lāwāgetās/, “military leader”), Doric Ancient Greek λᾱγέτᾱς (lāgétās, “leader of people”). αντιλαϊκός (antilaïkós, “unpopular”) λαϊκά n pl (laïká, “folksong, folk music”) λαϊκή m (laïkí, “street market”) λαϊκός m (laïkós, “layman”) ————————————————————————— ANTONYMS (of λαϊκός) ``` cleric priest monk friar expert specialist professional ``` clergy (plural clergies) Body of persons, such as ministers, sheiks, priests and rabbis, who are trained and ordained for religious service. Today we brought together clergy from the Wiccan, Christian, New Age and Islamic traditions for an interfaith dialogue. Middle English clergie (attested in the 13th century), from Old French clergié (“learned men”), from Late Latin clēricātus, from Latin clēricus (“one ordained for religious services”), from Ancient Greek κληρικός (klērikós, “of the clergy”). Adjective κληρῐκός • (klērikós) m (feminine κληρῐκή, neuter κληρῐκόν); first/second declension of or pertaining to clergy; clerical Antonym: λαϊκός (laïkós) From κλῆρος (klêros, “the clergy, what is alloted, a lot”) +‎ -ῐκός (-ikós). κλῆρος • (klêros) m (genitive κλήρου); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Koine) A lot That which is assigned by lot, an allotment A farm An inheritance The clergy Latin: clērus clērus m (genitive clērī); second declension clergy From (Ecclesiastical) Ancient Greek κλῆρος (“a casting lots, drawing lots”). ``` κλῆρος From Proto-Indo-European *kleh₂- from *kelh₂- (“to hit, cut down”). Cognate with κόλαφος (kólaphos) Latin clādes Scots holt (“a wood, copse, thicket”) North Frisian holt (“wood, timber”) West Frisian hout (“timber, wood”) Dutch hout (“wood, timber”) German Holz (“wood”) Icelandic holt (“woodland, hillock”) Old Irish caill (“forest, wood, woodland”) Albanian shul (“door latch”). An alternative etymology links Proto-Celtic *klāros (“board, plank”) (whence Proto-Brythonic *klọr, Old Irish clár) from Proto-Indo-European *kléh₂ros, assuming the original meaning of the Greek word was “piece of wood for casting lots”. For this, the PIE root may be *kleh₂- (“to lay out, lay down, set, load, stow”). ``` ——————————————————————- ``` Adjective αμύητος • (amýitos) m (feminine αμύητη, neuter αμύητο) uninitiated (by extension) ignorant (as a noun) layperson ``` αμύητοι m pl (amýitoi, “laity”) αμύητοι • (amýitoi) m pl (religion) laity μυημένος initiate one who has been initiated initiated

Answer 62

AEON - ETERNITY Noun αἰών An age (era, "time-span") A space of time, an age. An age, a cycle (of time), especially of the present age as contrasted with the future age, and of one of a series of ages stretching to infinity. έτος n (étos, “year”) Adverb αιωνίως • (aioníos) eternally, forever, everlastingly ——————————————————————— A TIME SPAN i. e., the age after the return of Christ in majesty, the period of the consummate establishment of the divine kingdom and all its blessings: Matthew 12:32; Ephesians 1:21; cf. Fritzsche on Romans, vol. 3:22f. Hence, the things of 'this age' are mentioned in the N. T. with censure: ὁ αἰών οὗτος, by metonymy, men controlled by the thoughts and pursuits of this present time, Romans 12:2, the same who are called υἱοί τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου in Luke 16:8; Luke 20:34; κατά τόν αἰῶνα τοῦ κόσμου τούτου conformably to the age to which this (wicked) world belongs. ὁ Θεός τοῦ αἰ. τούτου, the devil, who rules the thoughts and deeds of the men of this age, 2 Corinthians 4:4; αἱ μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος, the anxieties for the things of this age, Mark 4:19; πλούσιος ἐν τῷ νῦν αἰῶνι, rich in worldly wealth, 1 Timothy 6:17; σοφία ... τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου such wisdom as belongs to this age — full of error, arrogant, hostile to the gospel, 1 Corinthians 2:6; συζητητής τοῦ αἰ. τούτου, disputer, sophist, such as we now find him, 1 Corinthians 1:20; συντέλεια τοῦ αἰ. τούτ., the end, or rather consummation, of the age preceding Christ's return, with which will be connected the resurrection of the dead, the last judgment, the demolition of this world and its restoration to a more excellent condition. δυνάμεις τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος, powers which present themselves from the future or divine order of things, i. e., the Holy Spirit, Hebrews 6:5; τοῦ αἰῶνος ἐκείνου τυχεῖν, to partake of the blessings of the future age On αἰών as the complete period, either of each particular life or of all existence. ——————————————————————— ``` αἰών, ῶνος, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: aión Phonetic Spelling: (ahee-ohn') Definition: a space of time, an age Usage: an age, a cycle (of time), especially of the present age as contrasted with the future age, and of one of a series of ages stretching to infinity. ``` 165 aiṓn (see also the cognate adjective, 166 /aiṓnios, "age-long") – properly, an age (era, "time-span"), characterized by a specific quality (type of existence). Example: Christians today live in the newer age (165 /aiṓn) of the covenant – the time-period called the NT. It is characterized by Christ baptizing all believers in the Holy Spirit, i.e. engrafting all believers (OT, NT) into His mystical body (1 Cor 12:13) with all the marvelous privileges that go with that (Gal 3:23-25; 1 Pet 2:5,9). ————————————————————————- ``` αἰώνιος, ία, ιον Part of Speech: Adjective Transliteration: aiónios Phonetic Spelling: (ahee-o'-nee-os) Definition: agelong, eternal Usage: age-long, and therefore: practically eternal, unending; partaking of the character of that which lasts for an age, as contrasted with that which is brief and fleeting. HELPS Word-studies Cognate: 166 aiṓnios (an adjective, derived from 165 /aiṓn ("an age, having a particular character and quality") – properly, "age-like" ("like-an-age"), i.e. an "age-characteristic" (the quality describing a particular age); (figuratively) the unique quality (reality) of God's life at work in the believer, i.e. as the Lord manifests His self-existent life (as it is in His sinless abode of heaven). "Eternal (166 /aiṓnios) life operates simultaneously outside of time, inside of time, and beyond time – i.e. what gives time its everlasting meaning for the believer through faith, yet is also time-independent. See 165 (aiōn). ``` [166 (aiṓnios) does not focus on the future per se, but rather on the quality of the age (165 /aiṓn) it relates to. Thus believers live in "eternal (166 /aiṓnios) life" right now, experiencing this quality of God's life now as a present possession. (Note the Gk present tense of having eternal life in Jn 3:36, 5:24, 6:47; cf. Ro 6:23.)] 1. without beginning or end, that which always has been and always will be: Θεός, Romans 16:26 (ὁ μόνος αἰώνιος, 2 Macc. 1:25); πνεῦμα, Hebrews 9:14. 2. without beginning: χρόνοις αἰωνίοις, Romans 16:25; πρό χρόνων αἰωνίων, 2 Timothy 1:9; Titus 1:2; εὐαγγέλιον, a gospel whose subject-matter is eternal, i. e., the saving purpose of God adopted from eternity, Revelation 14:6. 3. without end, never to cease, everlasting: 2 Corinthians 4:18 (opposed to πρόσκαιρος); αἰώνιον αὐτόν, joined to thee forever as a sharer of the same eternal life Hades is called αἰώνιος τόπος Meaning “age of the place” eternal, forever, everlasting. From aion; perpetual (also used of past time, or past and future as well) -- eternal, for ever, everlasting, world (began). αιωνια αιωνία αιώνια αἰώνια αιώνιαι αιωνιαν αιωνίαν αιώνιαν αἰωνίαν αιωνίας αιώνιοι αιωνιοις αιωνίοις αἰωνίοις αιωνιον αιώνιον αἰώνιον αιωνιος αιώνιος αιώνιός αἰώνιος αἰώνιός αιωνιου αιωνίου αἰωνίου αιωνιους αιωνίους αἰωνίους αιωνίω αιωνιων αιωνίων αἰωνίων αιώνος αιωνόυ ————————————————————————- αιωνια forever • ( aiónia ) eternally , forever , everlastingly αιώνας m ( aiónas , “ century, eon, eternity ” ) century • ( aionas ) m ( plural centuries ) century ( 100 consecutive years ) Synonym: Centenary ( ekatontaetia ) century ( specifically a numbered period with conventional start ) It happened in the middle of the 20th century . Stgine sta mesa tou 20ou aióna . It took place in the middle of the 20th century . Synonym: ( abbrev. ) Αι . ( ai. ) ( geology ) eon , era , age Fanerozoikos century - Fanerozoikos aionas - Phanerozoic eon eternity , age , eon μεγααιώνας m ( megaaiónas ) ( geological timescale ) megaaionas • ( megaaionas ) m ( plural megaaiones ) ( geology ) eon μεγα- (mega-, “large”) +‎ αιώνας (aiónas, “eon”) "Proterozoic eon" will be found translated as Προτεροζωικός αιώνας ( Proterozoïkós aiónas ) and Προτεροζωικός μεγααιώνας ( Proterozoïk mes megaaiónas ) . The form century ( aionas ) can mean any long period (age, century, etc) so megaaionas ( megaaionas , " large eon " ) is often used to make the meaning clear. αιώνια (aiónia, “forever”, adverb) αιώνιος (aiónios, “eternal, perpetual”, adjective) αιωνιότητα f (aioniótita, “eternity”) αιωνίως (aioníos, “forever”, adverb) αιωνόβιος (aionóvios, “long-living”, adjective) έτος n (étos, “year”) ————————————————————————- ``` Matthew 6:13 Noun-AMP GRK: εἰς τοῦς αἰῶνας ἀμήν KJV: the glory, for ever. Amen. INT: for the ages Amen Matthew 12:32 N-DMS GRK: τούτῳ τῷ αἰῶνι οὔτε ἐν NAS: in this age or KJV: in this world, neither in INT: this the age nor in ``` ``` Matthew 13:22 N-GMS GRK: μέριμνα τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ NAS: and the worry of the world and the deceitfulness KJV: of this world, and INT: care the age and the ``` Matthew 13:39 N-GMS GRK: θερισμὸς συντέλεια αἰῶνός ἐστιν οἱ NAS: is the end of the age; and the reapers KJV: the end of the world; and INT: [the] harvest [the] completion of the age is ``` Matthew 13:40 N-GMS GRK: συντελείᾳ τοῦ αἰῶνος NAS: so shall it be at the end of the age. KJV: the end of this world. INT: completion of the age ``` Matthew 13:49 N-GMS GRK: συντελείᾳ τοῦ αἰῶνος ἐξελεύσονται οἱ NAS: it will be at the end of the age; the angels KJV: the end of the world: the angels INT: completion of the age will go out the Matthew 21:19 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ ἐξηράνθη KJV: henceforward for ever. And presently INT: for the age And dried up ``` Matthew 24:3 N-GMS GRK: συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος NAS: and of the end of the age? KJV: and of the end of the world? INT: the completion of the age ``` ``` Matthew 28:20 N-GMS GRK: συντελείας τοῦ αἰῶνος NAS: even to the end of the age. KJV: the end of the world. Amen. INT: completion of the age ``` Mark 3:29 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ἀλλὰ ἔνοχός INT: to the eternity but guilty ``` Mark 4:19 N-GMS GRK: μέριμναι τοῦ αἰῶνος καὶ ἡ NAS: but the worries of the world, and the deceitfulness KJV: of this world, and INT: cares the of this life and the ``` ``` Mark 10:30 N-DMS GRK: ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τῷ ἐρχομένῳ NAS: along with persecutions; and in the age to come, KJV: and in the world to come eternal INT: in the age which is coming ``` Mark 11:14 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ἐκ σοῦ KJV: hereafter for ever. And his INT: for the age of you ``` Luke 1:33 N-AMP GRK: εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας καὶ τῆς NAS: of Jacob forever, and His kingdom KJV: of Jacob for ever; and of his INT: to the ages and of the ``` ``` Luke 1:55 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα NAS: and his descendants forever. KJV: seed for ever. INT: for the age ``` ``` Luke 1:70 N-GMS GRK: ἁγίων ἀπ' αἰῶνος προφητῶν αὐτοῦ NAS: of His holy prophets from of old-- KJV: which have been since the world began: INT: holy of old prophets of his ``` ``` Luke 16:8 N-GMS GRK: υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου φρονιμώτεροι NAS: of this age are more shrewd KJV: the children of this world are in INT: sons the age of this more wise ``` ``` Luke 18:30 N-DMS GRK: ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τῷ ἐρχομένῳ NAS: time and in the age to come, KJV: and in the world to come life INT: in the age that is coming ``` ``` Luke 20:34 N-GMS GRK: υἱοὶ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου γαμοῦσιν NAS: of this age marry KJV: The children of this world marry, and INT: sons of the age this marry ``` Luke 20:35 N-GMS GRK: καταξιωθέντες τοῦ αἰῶνος ἐκείνου τυχεῖν NAS: to attain to that age and the resurrection KJV: that world, and INT: having been accounted worthy to the age that to obtain John 4:14 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ἀλλὰ τὸ INT: for the age but the ``` John 6:51 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα καὶ ὁ NAS: he will live forever; and the bread KJV: he shall live for ever: and the bread INT: to the age and the ``` ``` John 6:58 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα NAS: bread will live forever. KJV: shall live for ever. INT: to the age ``` ``` John 8:35 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα ὁ υἱὸς NAS: in the house forever; the son KJV: for ever: [but] the Son INT: to the age the Son ``` ``` John 8:35 N-AMS GRK: εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα NAS: the son does remain forever. KJV: [but] the Son abideth ever. INT: to the age ```

Answer 63

TIME SPAN ``` χρόνος • (khrónos) m (genitive χρόνου); second declension time (in the abstract sense) specific time, period, term lifetime delay (grammar, Koine) tense ``` ``` Adjective σύγχρονος • (sýnchronos) m (feminine σύγχρονη, neuter σύγχρονο) contemporary, contemporaneous synchronous simultaneous contemporary, modern ``` ταυτόχρονος Etymology From Ancient Greek ταὐτός (tautós) + χρόνος (khrónos). Adjective ταυτόχρονος • (taftóchronos) m (feminine ταυτόχρονη, neuter ταυτόχρονο) simultaneous ``` Adjective χρόνῐος • (khrónios) m (feminine χρονίᾱ, neuter χρόνῐον); first/second declension after a long time, late for a long time, a long while long-continued (of ailments) chronic ``` From χρόνος (khrónos, “time”) +‎ -ιος (-ios, adjective suffix). ——————————————————————— ``` κορμός • (kormós) m (plural κορμοί) trunk of tree torso trunk (main part of body) of animal main body of something dessert in a log shape ``` κορμός • (kormós) m (genitive κορμοῦ); second declension (botany) trunk of a tree (with the boughs lopped off) Synonym: ξηνός (xēnós) log of timber From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to cut”), the same root of κείρω (keírō, “to cut”). ``` Verb κείρω • (keírō) I shear, shave, cut hair short I ravage, waste I destroy, consume, devour I cut short, lessen, reduce ``` κέρμα • (kérma) n (plural κέρματα) coin ``` κέρμᾰ • (kérma) n (genitive κέρμᾰτος); third declension fragment coin, especially of copper Synonym: νόμῐσμᾰ (nómisma) (collectively) cash ``` From κείρω (keírō, “to cut short, shear, clip”) +‎ -μα (-ma). see: χρήμα n (chríma, “capital, assets”) χρήμα • (chríma) n (plural χρήματα) IPA /ˈxri.ma/ capital (physical or monetary assets) (plural): liquid assets ``` κέρμα n (kérma, “coin”) λεφτά n pl (leftá, “cash”) μετρητά n pl (metritá, “cash, money”) μετρητός (metritós, “measurable”) νόμισμα n (nómisma, “coin”) ρέστα n pl (résta, “change, cash returned”) ρευστό n (refstó, “cash”) ρευστός (refstós, “cash”, adj) τοις μετρητοίς (tois metritoís, “in cash”) χρήμα n (chríma, “money, capital”) ψιλά n pl (psilá, “loose change”) ``` ——————————————————————— SUFFIX -ῐος • (-ios) m (feminine -ῐ́ᾱ, neuter -ῐον); first/second declension Suffix added to nouns or adjectives, forming adjectives: pertaining to, belonging to ("of"). -ιος • (-ios) m (feminine -ια, neuter -ιο) Used to form nouns and adjectives indicating origin: ‎Κύπρος (Kýpros, “Cyprus”) + ‎-ιος (-ios) → ‎Κύπριος (Kýprios, “Cypriot”) (noun, demonym) Related term: -αίος (-aíos) for demonyms ‎θάλασσα (thálassa, “sea”) + ‎-ιος (-ios) → ‎θαλάσσιος (thalássios, “marine”) (adjective) ‎αιώνας (aiónas, “century”) + ‎-ιος (-ios) → ‎αιώνιος (aiónios, “eternal”) (adjective) -ιος • (-ios) m (feminine -ια, neuter -ιο) Used to form adjectives indicating property, characteristic of the prototype word: ‎σαπίζω (sapízo, “I rot”) + ‎-ιος (-ios) → ‎σάπιος (sápios, “rotten”) /ˈsapços/ (from verb) ‎καθαρός (katharós, “clean”) + ‎-ιος (-ios) → ‎καθάριος (kathários, “clear”) /kaˈθaɾʝos/ (from adjective)

Answer 64

MINUTE λεπτό Adjective thin • ( leptó ) Accusative singular masculine form of thin ( leptos ) . Nominative , accusative and vocative singular neuter form of thin λεπτό • (leptó) n (plural λεπτά) minute (unit of time unit of time equal to sixty seconds) Περίμενε δύο λεπτά, παρακαλώ. Perímene dýo leptá, parakaló. Please wait a moment. (literally, “ two minutes”) (obsolete, formerly) lepton (hundredth of a drachma, or an ancient coin) (currently) cent (hundredth of a euro) Τα ρέστα σας είναι σαράντα λεπτά. Ta résta sas eínai saránta leptá. Your change is forty cents. ``` Declension λεπτό Derived terms λεπτάκι n (leptáki, diminutive form) λεπτούλι n (leptoúli, diminutive form) λεπτομέρεια n (leptoméreia, “detail”) ``` minute (n.) "sixtieth part of an hour or degree of a circle," late 14c., from Old French minut (13c.) or directly from Medieval Latin minuta "minute of time; short note," from Latin minuta "a small portion or piece," noun use of fem. of minutus "little, small, minute," past participle of minuere "to lessen, diminish" (from PIE root *mei- (2) "small"). In Medieval Latin, pars minuta prima "first small part" was used by mathematician Ptolemy for one-sixtieth of a circle, later one-sixtieth of an hour (next in order was secunda minuta, which became second (n.)). German Minute, Dutch minuut also are from French. Used vaguely for "short time" from late 14c. As a measure expressing distance (travel time) by 1886. Minute hand "hand which indicates the minutes on a clock or watch" is attested from 1726. Minute-jumper (1890) was the name for the kind of electric clock on which the hands move only at the end of each minute.

Answer 65

SECOND - TO FOLLOW - SEQUENCE - SEQUESTER From δύο (dúo, “two”) + -τερος (-teros, comparative suffix) δεύτερος • (deúteros) second of two conjoined with εἷς (heîs) or other numerals: another, a second (of things set in order) second, next, another (modifying a noun of time) after [+genitive = something], next (connected with ranking) next best [+ μετά (accusative) = after something or someone] (of quality) inferior less important, secondary [+genitive = than, to something or someone] δεύτερος οὐδενός (deúteros oudenós): second to none δεῦρο • (deûro) (of locations) hither (later) here (rhetoric) up to this point of the argument (of time) until now, hitherto Interjection δεῦρο • (deûro) (dual & plural δεῦτε or δεῦρο) (with 2nd person singular imperative) come on! (with 1st person plural subjunctive) come let us... (without a verb) come here! (later) go away! Probably a combination of demonstrative Proto-Indo-European *de, whence also the enclitic -δε (-de, denoting motion towards), + Proto-Indo-European *ure, *uro (“where”), Proto-Indo-European Particle *de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but Postpositive demonstrative particle, towards ——————————————————— second (adj., n.) "next in order after the first; an ordinal numeral; being one of two equal parts into which a whole is regarded as divided;" c. 1300, from Old French second, secont, and directly from Latin secundus "following, next in time or order," also "secondary, subordinate, inferior," from PIE *sekw-ondo-, pariticipal form of root *sekw- "to follow." Replaced native other in this sense because of the ambiguity of the earlier word. Second sight is from 1610s; an etymologically perverse term, because it means in reality the sight of events before, not after, they occur. Second fiddle is attested by 1809: *sekw- (1) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to follow." It forms all or part of: associate; association; consequence; consequent; dissociate; ensue; execute; extrinsic; intrinsic; obsequious; persecute; persecution; prosecute; pursue; second (adj.) "next after first;" second (n.) "one-sixtieth of a minute;" sect; secundine; segue; sequacious; sequel; sequence; sequester; sociable; social; society; socio-; subsequent; sue; suit; suite; suitor; tocsin. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit sacate "accompanies, follows;" Avestan hacaiti, Greek hepesthai "to follow;" Latin sequi "to follow, come after," secundus "second, the following;" Lithuanian seku, sekti "to follow;" Old Irish sechim "I follow." sequence (n.) late 14c., "hymn sung after the Hallelujah and before the Gospel," from Old French sequence "answering verses" (13c.), from Medieval Latin sequentia "a following, a succession," from Latin sequentem (nominative sequens), present participle of sequi "to follow" (from PIE root *sekw- (1) "to follow"). In Church use, a partial loan-translation of Greek akolouthia, from akolouthos "following." General sense of "succession," also "a sequence at cards," appeared 1570s. sequester (v.) late 14c., "remove" something, "quarantine, isolate" (someone); "excommunicate;" also intransitive, "separate oneself from," from Old French sequestrer (14c.), from Late Latin sequestrare "to place in safekeeping," from Latin sequester "trustee, mediator," noun use of an adjective meaning "intermediate," which probably is related to sequi "to follow" (from PIE root *sekw- (1) "to follow"). Meaning "seize by authority, confiscate" is first attested 1510s. Alternative sequestrate (v.) is early 15c., from Latin sequestratus. Related: Sequestered; sequestering.