PERSONS (Law) Flashcards
όψη
FACE - FACET - PERSONA - EYE - POV - OPERA - OPTICS - OPEN - DEEP
Noun
όψη • (ópsi) f (plural όψεις)
appearance, look, aspect
εξ όψεως (ex ópseos, “by sight”)
εν όψει (en ópsei, “in sight”), ενόψει (enópsei)
εκ πρώτης όψεως (ek prótis ópseos, “at first glance”)
κατ’ όψιν (kat’ ópsin, “by sight”)
υπ’ όψιν (yp’ ópsin, “under consideration”), υπόψιν (ypópsin), υπόψη (ypópsi)
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PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW — POV
Noun
ὄψῐς • (ópsis) f (genitive ὄψεως); third declension
view
From ὄψ (óps, “eye”) + -σῐς (-sis).
Noun
ὄψ • (óps) f (genitive ὀπός); third declension (rare)
eye, face
Noun
ἔποψῐς • (épopsis) f (genitive ἐπόψεως); third declension
a view over, as far as the view from the temple reached
oversight, supervision
ἐπ- (ep-, “over”) + ὄψῐς (ópsis, “view”)
Noun
ὄψ • (óps) f (genitive ὀπός); third declension
(poetic) voice
(poetic) word
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Related to VIEW
θέα
view, sight, scenery, outlook, visibility, ken
άποψη
view, point of view, aspect, perspective, viewpoint, standpoint
όψη
view, face, look, facet, sight, visage
θεωρία
theory, doctrine, view, notion, contemplation, speculation
ιδέα
idea, concept, notion, conception, view, ism
φρόνημα
spirit, conviction, view
σκοπός
purpose, objective, aim, scope, view, end
Verb
βλέπω
see, view, look, behold, sight, perceive
θεωρώ
consider, regard, view, assume, deem, count
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Related to OPERATION - OPERA - OPTICS
English
Etymology 1
Noun
op (plural ops)
(informal) An operation.
My mother’s going in for her knee op today.
(informal) An amateur radio operator.
(Internet) An operator on IRC, who can moderate the chat channel, ban users, etc.
(chiefly attributive) Op art; a style of abstract art.
an op painting; op artworks
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Related to VOX
From Proto-Hellenic *wókʷs from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs. Related to ἔπος (épos) and εἰπεῖν (eipeîn). Cognates include Latin vōx Sanskrit वाच् (vā́c)
Noun
वाच् • (vā́c) f
speech, voice, talk, language (also of animals), sound (also of inanimate objects as of the stones used for pressing, of a drum etc.)
वाचम् (vācam)-√ṛ, √īr or √iṣ — to raise the voice, utter a sound, cry, call
a word, saying, phrase, sentence, statement, asseveration
वाचं (vācaṃ)-√vad — to speak words
वाचं व्या (vācaṃ vyā)-√hṛ — to utter words
वाचं (vācaṃ)-√dā +dative — to address words to
वाचा सत्यं (vācā satyaṃ)-√kṛ — to promise verbally in marriage, plight troth
वाच् • (vāc) f
Speech personified as the goddess of speech Vāc
Latin: vōx
vōx f (genitive vōcis); third declension
voice
accent
speech, remark, expression, (turn of) phrase
word
(grammar) voice; indicating the relation of the subject of the verb to the action which the verb expresses
From Proto-Italic *wōks, from Proto-Indo-European *wṓkʷs (“speech, voice”) (with stem vōc- for voqu- from the nominative case), an o-grade root noun of *wekʷ- (“to speak”). Cognates include Sanskrit वाच् (vā́c), Ancient Greek ὄψ (óps)
Proto-Indo-European Etymology From o-grade root noun of *wekʷ-. Noun *wṓkʷs f voice, speech
Derived terms *wṓkʷ-mo-s Germanic: *wōhmaz, *wōhmô Old English: wōm (“noise”) Old High German: giwahan Old Norse: ómr (“sound”), ómun (“voice”) ⇒ Germanic: *wōhmijaną (“to sound, make a noise”) Old English: wēman
Old English: wōm
Noun
wōm m
sound, noise
Verb
wēman
to sound, be heard; announce
to persuade, convince, lead astray
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*wekʷ- (imperfective)
to speak, to sound out
———————————————————————— Related term Verb ἐφορᾰ́ω • (ephoráō) to oversee, watch over to look upon, behold
ἐπι- (epi-) + ὁράω (horáō)
ὁράω • (horáō)
(intransitive) To look with the eyes
(intransitive) To be able to see; (with negative) to be unable to see, to be blind
intransitive and transitive, figuratively) To see with the mind, understand
From earlier ϝοράω (woráō), from Proto-Indo-European *wer- (“to watch, guard”). Cognate with οὖρος (oûros, “watcher, guardian”), ὤρα (ṓra, “care, concern”), Latin vereor (“fear”), English aware (“vigilant, conscious”) and wary (“cautious of danger”).
Forms in ὀψ- (ops-), ὀπ- (op-) are from Proto-Indo-European *h₃ekʷ- (“to see”) (whence ὄψ (óps), ὄμμα (ómma)).
Forms in εἰδ- (eid-) are from Proto-Indo-European *weyd- (“to see”) (whence εἶδος (eîdos), ἵστωρ (hístōr)).
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Related to DEEP - DEPTH
English
Etymology[edit]
de- + op
Prefix de- from, off From Latin dē-, from the preposition dē (“of”, “from”). compare Old English æf- Prefix æf- away, off, from, away from From Proto-Germanic *ab (“from”). Akin to Old English af, of (“from, of, off”).
Latin: dē Etymology 2 Preposition dē (+ ablative) of, concerning, about
English: op
Etymology 1
Noun
op (plural ops)
(informal) An operation.
My mother’s going in for her knee op today.
(informal) An amateur radio operator.
(Internet) An operator on IRC, who can moderate the chat channel, ban users, etc.
(chiefly attributive) Op art; a style of abstract art.
an op painting; op artworks
deep (adj.)
Old English deop “having considerable extension downward,” especially as measured from the top or surface, also figuratively, “profound, awful, mysterious; serious, solemn,” from Proto-Germanic *deupaz (source also of Old Saxon diop, Old Frisian diap, Dutch diep, Old High German tiof, German tief, Old Norse djupr, Danish dyb, Swedish djup, Gothic diups “deep”), from PIE root *dheub- “deep, hollow” (source also of Lithuanian dubus “deep, hollow,” Old Church Slavonic duno “bottom, foundation,” Welsh dwfn “deep,” Old Irish domun “world,” via sense development from “bottom” to “foundation” to “earth” to “world”).
By early 14c. “extensive in any direction analogous to downward,” as measured from the front. From late 14c. of sound, “low in pitch, grave,” also of color, “intense.” By c. 1200, of persons, “sagacious, of penetrating mind.” From 1560s, of debt., etc., “closely involved, far advanced.”
Deep pocket as figurative of wealth is from 1951. To go off the deep end “lose control of oneself” is slang recorded by 1921, probably in reference to the deep end of a swimming pool, where a person on the surface can no longer touch bottom. When 3-D films seemed destined to be the next wave and the biggest thing to hit cinema since talkies, they were known as deepies (1953)., hard to understand
deep (n.)
Old English deop “deep water,” especially the sea, from the source of deep (adj.). Cognate with Old High German tiufi, German Tief, Teufe, Dutch diep, Danish dyb. General sense of “that which is of great depth” is by mid-14c.
depth (n.)
late 14c., “a deep place, deep water, the sea,” also “distance or extension from the top down (opposed to height) or from without inward,” apparently formed in Middle English on model of long/length, broad/breadth; from dēp “deep” (see deep (adj.)) + -th (2). Replaced older deopnes “deepness.” Though the word is not recorded in Old English, the formation was in Proto-Germanic, *deupitho-, and corresponds to Old Saxon diupitha, Dutch diepte, Old Norse dypð, Gothic diupiþa.
From c. 1400 as “the part of anything most remote from the boundary or outer limit.” From 1520s as “quality of extending a considerable distance downward or inward.” Figurative use in reference to thought, ideas, etc., “profoundness,” from 1580s.
in-depth (adj.)
“profoundly, with careful attention and deep insight,” 1967, from the adjective phrase (attested by 1959); see in (adv.) + depth.
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-th (2)
suffix forming nouns of action, state, or quality from verbs or adjectives (such as depth, strength, truth), from Old English -ðu, -ð, from Proto-Germanic *-itho (cognates: Old Norse -þ, Old High German -ida, Gothic -iþa), abstract noun suffix, from PIE *-ita (cognates: Sanskrit -tati-; Greek -tet-; Latin -tati-, as in libertatem “liberty” from liber “free”). Sometimes in English reduced to -t, especially after -h- (as in height).
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benthos (n.)
“life forms of the deep ocean and sea floor,” 1891, coined by Haeckel from Greek benthos “depth of the sea,” which is related to bathos “depth,” bathys “deep, high;” which probably is Indo-European but of unknown origin. Adjective benthal is attested from 1877; benthic is attested from 1902.
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profundity (n.)
early 15c., “bottom of the sea,” from Old French profundite (Modern French profondité) and directly from Late Latin profunditatem (nominative profunditas) “depth, intensity, immensity,” from profundus “deep, vast” (see profound). Meaning “depth of intellect, feeling, or spiritual mystery” in English is from c. 1500.
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Related to OPEN
Opening of “The Play” Act 1
Old English
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *upanaz. Originally a past participle of Proto-Germanic *ūpaną (“to lift up, open”). Akin to Old English ūp (“up”). Cognate with Old Frisian open, opin, epen (West Frisian iepen), Old Saxon opan, open (Low German apen, open), Dutch open, Old High German offan, ofan, ophan (German offen), Old Norse opinn (Danish åben, Norwegian open, Swedish öppen).
open (comparative more open, superlative most open)
(not comparable) Not closed
able to be accessed
able to have something pass through or along it.
Not physically drawn together, closed, folded or contracted; extended
(mathematics, topology, of a set) Which is part of a predefined collection of subsets of X, that defines a topological space on X.
(law) (Of correspondence) Written or sent with the intention that it may made public or referred to at any trial, rather than by way of confidential private negotiation for a settlement. (Opposite of “without prejudice”)
You will observe that this is an open letter and we reserve the right to mention it to the judge should the matter come to trial.
Etymology 1
From Middle English open, from Old English open (“open”), from Proto-Germanic *upanaz (“open”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo (“up from under, over”). Cognate with Scots apen (“open”), Saterland Frisian eepen (“open”), West Frisian iepen (“open”), Dutch open (“open”), Low German open, apen (“open”), German offen (“open”), Danish åben (“open”), Swedish öppen (“open”), Norwegian Bokmål åpen (“open”), Norwegian Nynorsk open (“open”), Icelandic opinn (“open”). Compare also Latin supinus (“on one’s back, supine”), Albanian hap (“to open”). Related to up.
γεγονός
FACE - FACT - ACT - TYPE FACE
From Ancient Greek γίγνομαι (“to come into being”).
Noun
γεγονός • (gegonós) n (plural γεγονότα)
event, fact, occurrence
ιστορικό γεγονός ― istorikó gegonós ― historical event
γόνος • (gónos) m or f (genitive γόνου); second declension (feminine) That which is begotten: child, grandchild, offspring (masculine) fruit, product race, stock, descent procreation, begetting seed genitals
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵónh₁os (“race”). Equivalent to γίγνομαι (gígnomai) + -ος (-os). Cognate to Sanskrit जन (jana, “human, race, people”)
Proto-Indo-European Etymology From *ǵenh₁- + *-os. Noun[edit] *ǵónh₁os m birth offspring
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*ǵenh₁- (perfective)
to produce, to beget, to give birth
Verb
beget (third-person singular simple present begets, present participle begetting, simple past begot or (archaic) begat, past participle begotten or (rare) begot) (transitive)
To father; to sire; to produce (a child).
To cause; to produce.
To bring forth.
(Britain dialectal) To happen to; befall.
from Old English beġietan (“to get, find, acquire, attain, receive, take, seize, happen, beget”)
Verb
beġietan
to get
“Ġif þū wulf wille,” cwæþ hē, “beġiet hund.”
“If you want a wolf,” he said, “get a dog.”
Beġiet þē wer þe bā dōn mæġ.
Get you a man who can do both.
equivalent to be- + ġietan
Old English
be-
a productive prefix usually used to form verbs and adjectives, especially:
verbs with the sense “around, throughout”;
transitive verbs from intransitive verbs, adjectives and nouns
Old English: ġietan
Verb
ġietan (West Saxon)
to get
from Proto-Indo-European *gʰed- (“take, seize, grasp”)
Proto-Indo-European Root *gʰed- to find to hold
From Latin: *hendō
⇒ Latin: praehendō
Verb
*hendō (present infinitive *hendere, perfect active *hendī, supine *hēnsum); third conjugation
I hold
Old English: healdan
(“Hold”)
(transitive) To grasp or grip.
(transitive) To contain or store.
(heading) To maintain or keep to a position or state.
(transitive) To have and keep possession of something.
From Middle English holden, from Old English healdan, from Proto-Germanic *haldaną (“to tend, herd”), maybe from Proto-Indo-European *kel- (“to drive”) (compare Latin celer (“quick”), Tocharian B kälts (“to goad, drive”), Ancient Greek κέλλω (kéllō, “to drive”), Sanskrit कलयति (kaláyati, “he impels”)).
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face (n.)
c. 1300, “the human face, a face; facial appearance or expression; likeness, image,”
from Old French face “face, countenance, look, appearance” (12c.)
from Vulgar Latin *facia (source also of Italian faccia)
from Latin facies “appearance, form, figure,” and secondarily “visage, countenance,”
which probably is literally “form imposed on something” and related to facere “to make”
from PIE root *dhe- “to set, put”
Replaced Old English andwlita “face, countenance”
from root of wlitan “to see, look”)
and ansyn, ansien, the usual word (from the root of seon “see”).
Words for “face” in Indo-European commonly are based on the notion of “appearance, look,” and are mostly derivatives from verbs for “to see, look” (as with the Old English words, Greek prosopon, literally “toward-look,” Lithuanian veidas, from root *weid- “to see,” etc.).
But in some cases, as here, the word for “face” means “form, shape.”
In French, the use of face for “front of the head” was given up 17c. and replaced by visage (older vis)
from Latin visus “sight.”
From late 14c. as “outward appearance (as contrasted to some other reality);” also from late 14c. as “forward part or front of anything;” also “surface (of the earth or sea), extent (of a city).”
Typographical sense of “part of the type which forms the letter” is from 1680s.
Whan she cometh hoom, she raumpeth in my face And crieth ‘false coward.’ [Chaucer, “Monk’s Tale”]
Face to face is from mid-14c. Face time is attested from 1990. To lose face “lose prestige” (1835), is from Chinese tu lien; hence also save face (1915). To show (one’s) face “make or put in an appearance” is from mid-14c. (shewen the face). To make a face “change the appearance of the face in disgust, mockery, etc.” is from 1560s. Two faces under one hood as a figure of duplicity is attested from mid-15c.
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Noun
factum (plural facta or factums)
(law) Somebody’s own act and deed.
(law, civil law) Anything stated and made certain.
(law) The due execution of a will, including everything necessary to its validity.
(law, Canada) A statement of fact and law delivered before a court
(engineering) The product, in multiplication.
Noun factum n (genitive factī); second declension fact, deed, act, doing bonum factum ― a good deed exploit, feat, achievement
Verb faciō (present infinitive facere, perfect active fēcī, supine factum); third conjugation iō-variant, irregular passive voice I do (particularly as a specific instance or occasion of doing)
Quid feci?
What have I done?
Latrocinium modo factum est.
lit. has been made/is done.
A robbery just took place.
Factum est.
(It) is done.
I make, construct, fashion, frame, build, erect
I make, produce, compose.
I appoint.
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facia - a sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue separating or binding together muscles and organs etc. fascia. connective tissue - tissue of mesodermal origin consisting of e.g. collagen fibroblasts and fatty cells; supports organs and fills spaces between them and forms tendons and ligaments.
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fact (n.)
1530s, “action, anything done,” especially “evil deed,” from Latin factum “an event, occurrence, deed, achievement,” in Medieval Latin also “state, condition, circumstance,” literally “thing done” (source also of Old French fait, Spanish hecho, Italian fatto), noun use of neuter of factus, past participle of facere “to do” (from PIE root *dhe- “to set, put”). Main modern sense of “thing known to be true” is from 1630s, from notion of “something that has actually occurred.”
Compare feat, which is an earlier adoption of the same word via French. Facts “real state of things (as distinguished from a statement of belief)” is from 1630s. In fact “in reality” is from 1707. Facts of life “harsh realities” is from 1854; euphemistic sense of “human sexual functions” first recorded 1913. Alliterative pairing of facts and figures is from 1727.
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matter-of-fact (adj.)
“consisting of or pertaining to facts, not fanciful or ideal,” 1712, from the noun phrase matter of fact “reality as distinguished from what is fanciful or hypothetical,” which is originally a legal term (1570s, translating Latin res facti), “that which is fact or alleged fact, that portion of an inquiry concerned with the truth or falsehood of alleged facts,” opposed to matter of law. See matter (n.) + fact. Meaning “prosaic, unimaginative, adhering to facts” is from 1787. Related: Matter-of-factly; matter-of-factness. German Tatsache is said to be a loan-translation of the English word.
In law, that which is fact or alleged as fact; in contradistinction to matter of law, which consists in the resulting relations, rights, and obligations which the law establishes in view of given facts. Thus, the questions whether a man executed a contract, and whether he was intoxicated at the time, relate to matters of fact; whether, if so, he is bound by the contract, and what the instrument means, are matters of law. [Century Dictionary]
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faction (n.2)
“fictional narrative based on real characters or events, 1967, a blend of fact and fiction.
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FICTION
fiction (n.)
early 15c., ficcioun, “that which is invented or imagined in the mind,” from Old French ficcion “dissimulation, ruse; invention, fabrication” (13c.) and directly from Latin fictionem (nominative fictio) “a fashioning or feigning,” noun of action from past participle stem of fingere “to shape, form, devise, feign,” originally “to knead, form out of clay,” from PIE root *dheigh- “to form, build.”
Meaning “prose works (not dramatic) of the imagination” is from 1590s, at first often including plays and poems. Narrower sense of “the part of literature comprising novels and short stories based on imagined scenes or characters” is by early 19c. The legal sense (fiction of law) is from 1580s. A writer of fiction could be a fictionist (1827). The related Latin words included the literal notion “worked by hand,” as well as the figurative senses of “invented in the mind; artificial, not natural”: Latin fictilis “made of clay, earthen;” fictor “molder, sculptor” (also borrowed 17c. in English), but also of Ulysses as “master of deceit;” fictum “a deception, falsehood; fiction.”
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post factum
Latin, literally “after the fact,” from post “behind, after, afterward” + factum “deed, act” (see post- + fact).
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ipso facto
Latin adverbial phrase, literally “by that very fact, by the fact itself,” from neuter ablative of ipse “he, himself, self” + ablative of factum “fact” (see fact).
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ex post facto
from Medieval Latin ex postfacto, “from what is done afterwards.” From facto, ablative of factum “deed, act” (see fact). Also see ex-, post-.
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de facto
Latin, literally “in fact, in reality,” thus, “existing, but not necessarily legally ordained or morally right;” from facto, ablative of factum “deed, act” (see de + fact).
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factoid (n.)
1973, “published statement taken to be a fact because of its appearance in print,” from fact + -oid, first explained, if not coined, by Norman Mailer.
Factoids … that is, facts which have no existence before appearing in a magazine or newspaper, creations which are not so much lies as a product to manipulate emotion in the Silent Majority. [Mailer, “Marilyn,” 1973]
By 1988 it was being used in the sense of “small, isolated bit of true factual information.”
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- dhe-
- dhē-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning “to set, put.”
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dadhati “puts, places;” Avestan dadaiti “he puts;” Old Persian ada “he made;” Hittite dai- “to place;” Greek tithenai “to put, set, place;” Latin facere “to make, do; perform; bring about;” Lithuanian dėti “to put;” Polish dziać się “to be happening;” Russian delat’ “to do;” Old High German tuon, German tun, Old English don “to do.”
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feat (n.)
mid-14c., “action, deeds,” from Anglo-French fet, from Old French fait “action, deed, achievement” (12c.), from Latin factum “thing done,” a noun based on the past participle of facere “to make, to do,” from PIE root *dhe- “to set, put.” Sense of “exceptional or noble deed” arose c. 1400 from phrase feat of arms (French fait d’armes).
The / þe
[T]he - THE
From Old English þe (“the; he”), a late variant of se.
Old English: sē
(“he, she, it”)
that, that one
Article
sē
from Proto-Indo-European *sóm
*só
(“this, that”)
Etymology
In earlier, animacy-based two-gender Proto-Indo-European, *so was the animate demonstrative.
Once the gender system was established, *seh₂ was created, with the feminine suffix *-h₂
*tod was the inanimate demonstrative in two-gender Proto-Indo-European and was later used as a neuter demonstrative.
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Old English: sē
(“He, she, it”)
that, that one
Pronoun
sē
that
Hē fōr hām, and æfter þām ne ġeseah iċ hine nǣfre mā.
He went home, and after that I never saw him again.
also sometimes used to mean “he,” “she,” “it,” “they,” etc.
the one / that one
Iċ eom sē þe cnocaþ.
I am the one who knocks.
Hēo nis sēo þe þū oferreċċan þearft.
She’s not the one you need to convince.
Rǣtst þū nū þās bōc oþþe þā?
Are you reading this book right now or that one?
Hwæðer is þīn, þē þæt swearte hors þē þæt hwīte?
Which one is yours, the black horse or the white one?
(relative) that, who, what
Ne biþ eall þæt glitnaþ nā gold.
Not everything that glitters is gold.
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the sē mōna ― the moon sēo sunne ― the sun þæt seofonstierre ― the Pleiades þā steorran ― the stars Determiner sē
that
Sele mē þone hamer.
Give me that hammer.
Cūðes þū þā rēadfiexan þe þū ǣr wiþ sprǣċe?
Did you know that redhead who you were talking to earlier?
Pronoun[edit]
sē
that
Hē fōr hām, and æfter þām ne ġeseah iċ hine nǣfre mā.
He went home, and after that I never saw him again.
also sometimes used (in the appropriate gender and case) to mean “he,” “she,” “it,” “they,” etc.
the one / that one
Iċ eom sē þe cnocaþ.
I am the one who knocks.
Hēo nis sēo þe þū oferreċċan þearft.
She’s not the one you need to convince.
Rǣtst þū nū þās bōc oþþe þā?
Are you reading this book right now or that one?
Hwæðer is þīn, þē þæt swearte hors þē þæt hwīte?
Which one is yours, the black horse or the white one?
(relative) that, who, what
Ne biþ eall þæt glitnaþ nā gold.
Not everything that glitters is gold.
The word “the” was used somewhat more sparingly in Old English than in the modern language. One reason is, English had only recently developed a word for “the” (sē previously only meant “that”), leaving many nouns and phrases which had a definite meaning but which people continued to use without a definite article out of custom. Examples of words which usually went without the word “the” include:
Names of peoples, such as Engle (“the Angles”), Seaxan (“the Saxons”), and Crēcas (“the Greeks”). Ġelīefst þū þæt Dene magon bēon oferswīðde? (“Do you believe the Danes can be defeated?”).
All river names. On Temese flēat ān sċip (“A boat was floating on the Thames”).
A few nouns denoting types of locations, namely sǣ (“the sea”), wudu (“the woods”), and eorþe (“the ground”). Þū fēolle on eorðan and slōge þīn hēafod (“You fell on the ground and hit your head”). Note that eorþe was often used with a definite article when it meant “the Earth.”
“the world,” whether expressed with weorold or middanġeard. Iċ fēle æt hām on ealre weorolde, þǣr þǣr sind wolcnu and fuglas and mennisċe tēaras (“I feel at home in the whole world, where there are clouds and birds and human tears”).
A couple abstract concepts, namely sōþ (“the truth”) and ǣ (“the law”). Iċ seċġe ēow sōþ, þæt iċ swerie (“I’m telling you the truth, I swear”).
Dryhten (“the Lord”).
morgen (“the morning”) and ǣfen (“the evening”). Iċ ārās on lætne morgen and ēode niðer (“I got up late in the morning and went downstairs”).
The four seasons, lengten (“spring”), sumor (“summer”), hærfest (“fall”), and winter (“winter”). On sumore hit biþ wearm and on wintra ċeald (“In the summer it’s warm and in the winter it’s cold”).
forþġewitennes (“the past”), andweardnes (“the present”), and tōweardnes (“the future”). Þā þe forðġewitennesse ġemunan ne magon, hīe bēoþ ġeniðrode hīe tō ġeedlǣċenne (“Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it”).
forma sīþ (“the first time”), ōþer sīþ (“the second time”), etc. Hwæt þōhtest þū þā þū mē forman sīðe ġemēttest? (“What did you think when you met me for the first time?”).
þīestra (“the dark”). Iċ āwēox, ac iċ nǣfre ne ġeswāc mē þīestra tō ondrǣdenne (“I grew up, but I never stopped being scared of the dark”).
Genitive phrases could include the word “the” before the head noun, but most often did not. Instead, genitive phrases were commonly formed like possessive phrases in modern English, with the genitive noun preceding the head noun (“John’s car,” not “the car of John”). Thus “the fall of Rome” was Rōme hryre, literally “Rome’s fall,” and “the god of fire” was fȳres god, literally “fire’s god.”
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FRENCH
Old French
Etymology 1
From Latin sē (“himself, herself, itself”), accusative of reflexive pronoun.
Alternative forms sei soi Pronoun se m or f (invariable)
himself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
herself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
itself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
oneself (reflexive direct and indirect third-person singular pronoun)
themselves (reflexive direct and indirect third-person plural pronoun)
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OLD SAXON
Old Saxon
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *sa.
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /seː/
Article
sē m (demonstrative)
definite article: the
sē māno ― the moon
demonstrative adjective: that, those
Hē gaf thē gift. ― He gave that gift.
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LATIN
From Latin si.
Etymology
From Latin se (“him-, her-, it-, themselves”, reflexive third-person pronoun).
Cognate with Spanish se and Portuguese se and si.
Pronoun (“si”) himself, herself, itself oneself themselves each other
Pronoun (“sē”) the accusative of the reflexive pronoun meaning himself, herself, itself, themselves Sē amat. He loves himself. Necessario sē aperiunt. They were forced to open themselves. In marī sē praecipitāvit. He drowned himself in the sea. the ablative of the reflexive pronoun meaning by himself, by herself, by itself, by themselves
Juridical Persons
A juridical person is a non-human legal entity, in other words any organization that is not a single natural person but is authorized by law with duties and rights and is recognized as a legal person and as having a distinct identity. This includes any incorporated organizations including corporations, government agencies, and NGOs. Also known as artificial person, juridical entity, juristic person, or legal person.[1][2]
The rights and responsibilities of a juridical person are distinct from those of the natural persons constituting it.
Civic Respinsibility
Civic Responsibility is defined as the “responsibility of a citizen” (Dictionary.com). It is comprised of actions and attitudes associated with democratic governance and social participation. Civic responsibility can include participation in government, church, volunteers and memberships of voluntary associations. Actions of civic responsibility can be displayed in advocacy for various causes, such as political, economic, civil, environmental or quality of life issues.
Civic means, “of, relating to, or belonging to a city, a citizen, or citizenship, municipal or civil society” (ibid.).
Responsibility refers to “the state or quality of being responsible or something for which one is responsible such as a duty, obligation or burden” (ibid.).
A citizen is “a person owing loyalty to and entitled by birth or naturalization to the protection of a state or union” (ibid.).
Citizenship means “a productive, responsible, caring and contributing member of society.” (ibid.).
Civic Engagement
Civic engagement or civic participation is any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern.[1] Citizens acting alone or together to protect public values or make a change or difference in the community are common types of civic engagement. Civic engagement includes communities working together in both political and non-political actions. The goal of civic engagement is to address public concerns and promote the quality of the community.
Civic Engagement “is a process in which people take collective action to address issues of public concern” and is absolutely “instrumental to democracy”
Legal Person (Entity)
A legal person - in legal contexts often simply person, less ambiguously legal (entity) is any human or non-human entity, in other words, any human being, firm, or government agency that is recognized as…
- Having privileges (rights) and obligations,
- Such as having the ability to enter into contracts,
- To sue, and to be sued.
- The responsible party for intent and act.
- The injured party for rights infringement.
- The plaintiff or defendant in a law suit.
- He who has an identity of associated attributes and properties such as an enrollment number, date of birth, physical characteristics, titles etc.
The term “legal person” is however ambiguous because it is also used in contradistinction to “natural person”, i.e. as a synonym of terms used to refer only to non-human legal entities.
So there are of two kinds of legal entities, human and non-human: natural persons (also called physical persons) and juridical persons (also called juridic, juristic, artificial, legal, or fictitious persons, Latin: persona ficta), which are other entities (such as corporations) that are treated in law as if they were persons.
Natural Persons
In jurisprudence, a natural person is a person (in legal meaning, i.e., one who has its own legal personality) that is an individual human being, as opposed to a legal person, which may be a private (i.e., business entity or non-governmental organization) or public (i.e., government) organization. Historically, a human being was not necessarily a natural person in some jurisdictions where slavery existed (subject of a property right) rather than a person.
Fundamental human rights are implicitly granted only to natural persons.
Personality Rights
The right of publicity, often called personality rights, is the right of an individual to control the commercial use of his or her name, image, likeness, or other unequivocal aspects of one’s identity. It is generally considered a property right as opposed to a personal right, and as such, the validity of the right of publicity can survive the death of the individual (to varying degrees depending on the jurisdiction).
Personality rights are generally considered to consist of two types of rights: the right of publicity, or to keep one’s image and likeness from being commercially exploited without permission or contractual compensation, which is similar to the use of a trademark; and the right to privacy, or the right to be left alone and not have one’s personality represented publicly without permission.
Personal Identity
In philosophy, the matter of personal identity[1] deals with such questions as, “What makes it true that a person at one time is the same thing as a person at another time?” or “What kinds of things are we persons?” Generally, personal identity is the unique numerical identity of a person in the course of time.
Personal Identity is the necessary and sufficient conditions under which a person at one time and a person at another time can be said to be the same person, persisting through time.
In contemporary metaphysics, the matter of personal identity is referred to as the diachronic problem of personal identity.[b][4] The synchronic problem concerns the question of what features and traits characterize a person at a given time. In continental philosophy and in analytic philosophy, enquiry to the nature of Identity is common. Continental philosophy deals with conceptually maintaining identity when confronted by different philosophic propositions, postulates, and presuppositions about the world and its nature.
Diachronic Problem
Of, pertaining to or concerned with changes that occur over time.
Occurring over or changing with time.
What persists over time?
diachrony (usually uncountable, plural diachronies)
The study of change over time, especially changes to language.
Identity (philosophy)
In philosophy, identity,
From Latin: identitas (“sameness”),
From Greek ideos (ones own)
Is the relation each thing bears only to itself.
The notion of identity gives rise to many philosophical problems, including the identity of indiscernibles (if x and y share all their properties, are they one and the same thing?), and questions about change and personal identity over time (what has to be the case for a person x at one time and a person y at a later time to be one and the same person?).
The philosophical concept of identity is distinct from the more well-known notion of identity in use in psychology and the social sciences. The philosophical concept concerns a relation, specifically, a relation that x and y stand in if, and only if they are one and the same thing, or identical to each other (i.e. if, and only if x = y). The sociological notion of identity, by contrast, has to do with a person’s self-conception, social presentation, and more generally, the aspects of a person that make them unique, or qualitatively different from others (e.g. cultural identity, gender identity, national identity, online identity and processes of identity formation).
Metaphysicians, and sometimes philosophers of language and mind, ask other questions:
What does it mean for an object to be the same as itself?
If x and y are identical (are the same thing), must they always be identical? Are they necessarily identical?
What does it mean for an object to be the same, if it changes over time? (Is applet the same as applet+1?)
If an object’s parts are entirely replaced over time, as in the Ship of Theseus example, in what way is it the same?
The law of identity originates from classical antiquity. The modern formulation of identity is that of Gottfried Leibniz, who held that x is the same as y if and only if every predicate true of x is true of y as well.
Trans-World Identity
Transworld Identity is the idea that objects exist in multiple possible worlds.
Divine Self (Persons) True Self (Persons) Superior Self (Persons) Inferior Self (Persons)
Difference (philosophy)
Difference is a key concept of philosophy, denoting the process or set of properties by which one entity is distinguished from another within a relational field or a given conceptual system. In the Western philosophical system, difference is traditionally viewed as being opposed to identity.
Difference is understood to be constitutive of both meaning and identity. In other words, because identity (particularly, personal identity) is viewed in non-essentialist terms as a construct, and because constructs only produce meaning through the interplay of differences (see below), it is the case that for both structuralism and poststructuralism,
identity cannot be said to exist without difference.
Identity of Indiscernibles
The identity of indiscernibles is an ontological principle that states that there cannot be separate objects or entities that have all their properties in common. That is, entities x and y are identical if every predicate possessed by x is also possessed by y and vice versa; to suppose two things indiscernible is to suppose the same thing under two names. It states that no two distinct things (such as snowflakes) can be exactly alike, but this is intended as a metaphysical principle rather than one of natural science. A related principle is the indiscernibility of identicals,
Sameness
The quality of being the same; identity.
The state of being equivalent; equality.
Equivalent
Similar or identical in value, meaning or effect; virtually equal.
Identical
Bearing full likeness by having precisely the same set of characteristics; indistinguishable.
Not different or other; not another or others; not different as regards self; selfsame; numerically identical.
selfsame
Precisely the same; the very same; identical.
Self
The subject of one’s own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts.
An individual person as the object of his own reflective consciousness.
Having its own or a single nature or character, as in colour, composition, etc., without addition or change; unmixed.
Proto-Germanic / selbaz From Proto-Indo-European *selbʰ- (“one's own”), from *swé (“separate, apart”). Old English: self, seolf, sylf, selfa Middle English: self, silf, sulf From Spanish sal (“salt”).
From Old Occitan sal,
from Latin sāl, salem,
from Proto-Indo-European *seh₂l-.
salt
ἅλς • (háls) m (genitive ἁλός); third declension salt (masculine) brine (masculine) sea (feminine) wit
αλάτι • (aláti) n (plural αλάτια)
common salt, table salt.
παστός (pastós, “salted, preserved with salt, corned”)
άλας (álas, “chemical salt”)
Awareness
Perceive, Guard, Watch out for…
*wer- (3)
Proto-Indo-European root meaning…
“perceive, watch out for.”
late Old English gewær “watchful, vigilant,”
from Proto-Germanic *ga-wara
Old Saxon giwar,
Middle Dutch gheware,
Old High German giwar,
German gewahr),
from *ga-, intensive prefix, + *waraz “wary, cautious,”
from PIE root *wer- (3) “perceive, watch out for.”
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by:
Latin vereri “to observe with awe, revere, respect, fear;”
Greek ouros “a guard, watchman,”
horan “to see;”
Hittite werite- “to see;”
Old English weard “a guarding, protection; watchman, sentry, keeper.”
wit (v.)
“to know” (archaic),
Old English witan
(past tense wast, past participle witen)
“to know, beware of or conscious of, understand, observe, ascertain, learn,”
from Proto-Germanic *witanan "to have seen," hence "to know" Old Saxon witan, Old Norse vita, Old Frisian wita, Middle Dutch, Dutch weten, Old High German wizzan, German wissen, Gothic witan "to know"
from PIE root *weid- “to see.”
The phrase to wit, almost the only surviving use of the verb, is first recorded 1570s, from earlier that is to wit (mid-14c.), probably a loan-translation of Anglo-French cestasavoir, used to render... Latin videlicet (see viz.).
viz.
1530s, abbreviation of videlicet “that is to say, to wit, namely” (mid-15c.), from Latin videlicet, contraction of videre licet “it is permissible to see,” from videre “to see” (see vision) + licet “it is allowed,” third person singular present indicative of licere “be allowed” (see licence). The -z- is not a letter, but originally a twirl, representing the usual Medieval Latin shorthand symbol for the ending -et. “In reading aloud usually rendered by ‘namely.’ “ [OED]
*weid-
Proto-Indo-European root meaning “to see.”
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit veda “I know;” Avestan vaeda “I know;” Greek oida, Doric woida “I know,” idein “to see;” Old Irish fis “vision,” find “white,” i.e. “clearly seen,” fiuss “knowledge;” Welsh gwyn, Gaulish vindos, Breton gwenn “white;” Gothic, Old Swedish, Old English witan “to know;” Gothic weitan “to see;” English wise, German wissen “to know;” Lithuanian vysti “to see;” Bulgarian vidya “I see;” Polish widzieć “to see,” wiedzieć “to know;” Russian videt’ “to see,” vest’ “news,” Old Russian vedat’ “to know.”
beware (v.)
“be on one’s guard,” c. 1200, probably a contraction of be ware “be wary, be careful,” from Middle English ware (adj.),
Old English wær “prudent, aware, alert, wary,”
Proto-Germanic *waraz,
PIE root *wer- (3) “perceive, watch out for.”
Old English had the compound bewarian “to defend,” which perhaps contributed to the word. Compare begone.
Being
be (v.)
Old English beon, beom, bion
“be, exist, come to be, become, happen,”
from Proto-Germanic *biju- “I am, I will be.”
This “b-root” is from
PIE root *bheue- “to be, exist, grow,”
and in addition to the words in English it yielded
German present first and second person singular bin, bist, from
Old High German bim “I am,” bist “thou art”),
Latin perfective tenses of esse (fui “I was,” etc.),
Old Church Slavonic byti “be,”
Greek phu- “become,”
Old Irish bi’u “I am,”
Lithuanian būti “to be,”
Russian byt’ “to be,” etc.
The modern verb to be in its entirety represents the merger of two once-distinct verbs, the “b-root” represented by be and the am/was verb, which was itself a conglomerate. Roger Lass (“Old English”) describes the verb as “a collection of semantically related paradigm fragments,” while Weekley calls it “an accidental conglomeration from the different Old English dial[ect]s.” It is the most irregular verb in Modern English and the most common. Collective in all Germanic languages, it has eight different forms in Modern English:
BE (infinitive, subjunctive, imperative);
AM (present 1st person singular);
ARE (present 2nd person singular and all plural);
IS (present 3rd person singular);
WAS (past 1st and 3rd persons singular);
WERE (past 2nd person singular, all plural; subjunctive);
BEING (progressive & present participle; gerund);
BEEN (perfect participle).
The paradigm in Old English was: eom, beo (present 1st person singular); eart, bist (present 2nd person singular); is, bið (present 3rd person singular); sind, sindon, beoð (present plural in all persons); wæs (past 1st and 3rd person singular); wære (past 2nd person singular); wæron (past plural in all persons); wære (singular subjunctive preterit); wæren (plural subjunctive preterit).
The “b-root” had no past tense in Old English, but often served as future tense of am/was. In 13c. it took the place of the infinitive, participle and imperative forms of am/was. Later its plural forms (we beth, ye ben, they be) became standard in Middle English and it made inroads into the singular (I be, thou beest, he beth), but forms of are claimed this turf in the 1500s and replaced be in the plural. For the origin and evolution of the am/was branches of this tangle, see am and was.
That but this blow Might be the be all, and the end all. [“Macbeth” I.vii.5]
- bheue-
- bheuə-
- bheu-
Proto-Indo-European root…
meaning “to be, exist, grow.”
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by:
Sanskrit bhavah “becoming,” bhavati “becomes, happens,” bhumih “earth, world;”
Greek phu- "become," phyein "to bring forth, make grow," phytos, phyton "a plant," physis "growth, nature," phylon "tribe, class, race," phyle "tribe, clan;"
Old English
beon “be, exist, come to be, become, happen;”
eom, beo (present 1st person singular);
eart, bist (present 2nd person singular);
is, bið (present 3rd person singular);
sind, sindon, beoð (present plural in all persons);
wæs (past 1st and 3rd person singular);
wære (past 2nd person singular);
wæron (past plural in all persons);
wære (singular subjunctive preterit);
wæren (plural subjunctive preterit).
Old Church Slavonic byti “be,”
Old Irish bi’u “I am,”
Lithuanian būti “to be,”
Russian byt’ “to be.”
State
*stā- Proto-Indo-European root meaning... "to stand, set down, make or be firm," with derivatives meaning "place or thing that is standing."
------------ Stasis Status Stay Stand Stand-Under = Understand Static State Stature Station Stare Stage Stance Staff Staple Stator Star Establish ------------ Fixed Set Permanent Firmament Place Put ------------
stator (n.)
“stationary part of a generator” (opposed to rotor), 1895, from Latin stator, agent noun from stare “to stand,” from PIE root *sta- “to stand, make or be firm.” In classical Latin it meant “an orderly, attendant upon a proconsul.”
From Proto-Germanic *star- (“to be rigid”), from Proto-Germanic *ster- (“to be stiff, to be strong”).
Act - Fact - Event - Happened
Witnessed Testimony - Personal Knowledge
Latin evidens
EVIDENCE
From Middle English, from Old French, from Latin evidentia (“clearness, in Late Latin a proof”), from evidens (“clear, evident”); see evident.
From ē (“out”) + videō (“see”), present participle vidēns, deponent videor (“to appear, seem”).
Latin videre
farther, further
on (continuing an action)
go on (continue)
Spanish vid
From Latin vītis, vītem (“vine”), from Proto-Indo-European *wéh₁itis (“that which twines or bends, branch, switch”), from *weh₁y- (“to turn, wind, bend”)
Proto-Indo-European / wéh₁itis
From *weh₁y- (“to twine, wind”) + *-tis.
*(é)-tis f
Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.
*(é)-tus m
Derives action nouns from verb roots.
Proto-Celtic / britis
*britis f
act of carrying, bearing
Proto-Indo-European / bʰértis
From *bʰer- (“to bear, carry”) + *-tis.
Proto-Indo-European / bʰer-
*bʰer- (imperfective)[1]
to bear, carry
Latin: forda (“cow in calf”)
Greek
φέρω (phérō, “to bring, bear, carry”) + -η (-ē).
φέρω • (phérō)
to bring, bear, carry
Both φέρω (phérō) and ἄγω (ágō) mean “bring”, but φέρω (phérō) is used when the object is an inanimate object, while ἄγω (ágō) is used when the object is animate (a person or animal).
TO CARRY - FERRY
(transitive) To lift (something) and take it to another place; to transport (something) by lifting.
From Middle English carrien,
borrowed from Anglo-Norman carier (modern French: charrier);
from a derivative of Latin carrus (“four-wheeled baggage wagon”),
ultimately of Gaulish origin.
Replaced native Middle English ferien (“to carry, transport, convey”) (from Old English ferian) and
Middle English aberen (“to carry, bear, endure”) (from Old English āberan).
Endure - Persist - Perpetual
endure (v.)
late 14c., “to undergo or suffer” (especially without breaking); also “to continue in existence,” from Old French endurer (12c.) “make hard, harden; bear, tolerate; keep up, maintain,” from Latin indurare “make hard,” in Late Latin “harden (the heart) against,” from in- (from PIE root *en “in”) + durare “to harden,” from durus “hard,” from PIE *dru-ro-, suffixed variant form of root *deru- “be firm, solid, steadfast.”
TREE - WOOD
*deru-
also *dreu-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning “be firm, solid, steadfast,”
with specialized senses “wood,” “tree” and derivatives referring to objects made of wood.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by:
Sanskrit dru “tree, wood,”
daru “wood, log, timber;”
Greek drys “oak,” drymos “copse, thicket,” doru “beam, shaft of a spear;”
Old Church Slavonic drievo “tree, wood,”
Serbian drvo “tree,” drva “wood,”
Russian drevo “tree, wood,”
Czech drva, Polish drwa “wood;”
Lithuanian drūtas “firm,” derva “pine, wood;”
Welsh drud, Old Irish dron “strong,”
Welsh derw “true,”
Old Irish derb “sure,”
Old Irish daur,
Welsh derwen “oak;”
Albanian drusk “oak;”
Old English treo, treow “tree,” triewe “faithful, trustworthy, honest.”
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit dru "tree, wood," Sanskrit daru "wood, log, timber;" Greek drys "oak," Greek drymos "copse, thicket," Greek doru "beam, shaft of a spear;" Old Church Slavonic drievo "tree, wood," Serbian drvo "tree," drva "wood," Russian drevo "tree, wood," Czech drva, Polish drwa "wood;" Lithuanian drūtas "firm," derva "pine, wood;" Welsh drud, Old Irish dron "strong," Welsh derw "true," Old Irish derb "sure," Old Irish daur, Welsh derwen "oak;" Albanian drusk "oak;" Old English treo, treow "tree," triewe "faithful, trustworthy, honest."
It forms all or part of: betroth; Dante; dendrite; dendro-; dendrochronology; dour; Druid; drupe; dryad; dura mater; durable; durance; duration; duress; during; durum; endure; hamadryad; indurate; obdurate; perdurable; philodendron; rhododendron; shelter; tar (n.1) “viscous liquid;” tray; tree; trig (adj.) “smart, trim;” trim; troth; trough; trow;
truce; true; trust; truth; tryst.
PERPETUAL
perpetual (adj.) mid-14c., Old French perpetuel "without end" Latin perpetualis "universal," Medieval Latin "permanent," from perpetuus "continuous, universal," from perpetis, genitive of Old Latin perpes "lasting," Latin per "through" PIE root *per- (1) "forward," hence "through") + root of petere "to seek, go to, aim at" from PIE root *pet- "to rush, to fly"). Related: Perpetually. Perpetual motion is attested from 1590s.
GREEK - περιπατέω from peri and pateó Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: peripateó Phonetic Spelling: (per-ee-pat-eh'-o) Definition: to walk Usage: I walk, in a circle, from birth to death. hence Hebraistically (in an ethical sense): I conduct my life, live.
peripatéō
perí, “comprehensively around,”
patéō, “walk”
properly, walk around,
i.e. in a complete circuit (going “full circle”).
The cycle of life. From womb to tomb.
To pass (one’s) life.
From peri and pateo; to tread all around, i.e. Walk at large (especially as proof of ability); figuratively, to live, deport oneself, follow (as a companion or votary) – go, be occupied with, walk (about).
PERIMETER
Original Word: περί
Part of Speech: Preposition
Transliteration: peri
Phonetic Spelling: (per-ee’)
Definition: about, concerning, around (denotes place, cause or subject)
Usage: (a) gen: about, concerning, (b) acc: around.
4012 perí (a preposition) – properly, all-around (on every side); encompassing, used of full (comprehensive) consideration where “all the bases are covered” (inclusively). 4012 (perí) is often translated “concerning” (“all about”).
[4012 /perí is the root of the English term, “perimeter.”]
GREEK πατέω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: pateó Phonetic Spelling: (pat-eh'-o) Definition: to tread or tread on Usage: I tread, trample upon. patos (trodden) to advance by setting foot upon, tread upon. to tread underfoot, trample on, i. e. treat with insult and contempt: to desecrate the holy city by devastation and outrage.
From a derivative probably of paio (meaning a “path”); to trample (literally or figuratively) – tread (down, under foot).
Original Word: παίω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: paió Phonetic Spelling: (pah'-yo) Definition: to strike, to sting Usage: I strike, smite, sting.
A primary verb; to hit (as if by a single blow and less violently than tupto); specially, to sting (as a scorpion) – smite, strike.
UNIVERSE
universe (n.)
1580s, “the whole world, cosmos, the totality of existing things,”
Old French univers (12c.),
Latin universum “all things, everybody, all people, the whole world,”
Latin universus “all together, all in one, whole, entire, relating to all,”
literally “turned into one,”
from unus “one”
(from PIE root *oi-no- “one, unique”) + versus, past participle of vertere “to turn, turn back, be turned; convert, transform, translate; be changed”
(from PIE root *wer- (2) “to turn, bend”).
*wer- (2)
Proto-Indo-European root forming words meaning “to turn, bend.”
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by:
Sanskrit vartate “turns round, rolls;”
Avestan varet- “to turn;”
Hittite hurki- “wheel;”
Greek rhatane “stirrer, ladle;”
Latin vertere (frequentative versare) “to turn, turn back, be turned; convert, transform, translate; be changed,”
Latin versus “turned toward or against;”
Old Church Slavonic vrŭteti “to turn, roll,”
Russian vreteno “spindle, distaff;”
Lithuanian verčiu, versti “to turn;”
German werden,
Old English weorðan “to become;”
Old English -weard “toward,” originally “turned toward,” weorthan “to befall,” wyrd “fate, destiny,” literally “what befalls one;”
Welsh gwerthyd “spindle, distaff;”
Old Irish frith “against.”
ONE - UNIQUE
*oi-no-
Proto-Indo-European root meaning “one, unique.”
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by:
GREEK oinos “ace (on dice);”
Latin unus “one;”
Old Persian aivam;
Old Church Slavonic -inu, ino-;
Lithuanian vienas; Old Irish oin; Breton un “one;”
Old English an, German ein,
Gothic ains “one.”
It forms all or part of: a (1) indefinite article; alone; an; Angus; anon; atone; any; eleven; inch (n.1) “linear measure, one-twelfth of a foot;” lone; lonely; non-; none; null; once; one; ounce (n.1) unit of weight; quincunx; triune; unanimous; unary; une; uni-; Uniate; unilateral; uncial; unicorn; union; unique; unison; unite; unity; universal; universe; university; zollverein.
GREEK - οἶνος Original Word: οἶνος, ου, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: oinos Phonetic Spelling: (oy'-nos) Definition: wine oínos – wine made from grapes. metaphorically: οἶνος τοῦ θυμοῦ (see θυμός, 2), fiery wine, which God in his wrath is represented as mixing and giving to those whom he is about to punish by their own folly and madness,
HEBREW
יַיִן - Yayin = From an unused root meaning to effervesce.
Translates as = Wine.
Gen 9:21 - And he drank of the wine, H3196 and was drunken; and he was uncovered within his tent.
Gen 9:24 - And Noah awoke from his wine, H3196 and knew what his younger son had done unto him.
A love-potion as it were, wine exciting to fornication, which he is said to give who entices others to idolatry.
by metonymy, equivalent to a vine: Revelation 6:6.
A primary word (or perhaps of Hebrew origin (yayin)); “wine” (literally or figuratively) – wine.
see HEBREW yayin
The prefix mono- comes from Greek monos, itself rooted in the Proto-Indo European *men- (small). uni- comes from the Latin unus, itself from PIE oinos (and thus related to the Greek oinos, “ace on a dice”; Ancient Greek otherwise used alpha for the number one).
passion (n.)
late 12c., “sufferings of Christ on the Cross,” from Old French passion “Christ’s passion, physical suffering” (10c.), from Late Latin passionem (nominative passio) “suffering, enduring,” from past participle stem of Latin pati “to endure, undergo, experience,” a word of uncertain origin.
Sense extended to sufferings of martyrs, and suffering generally, by early 13c.; meaning “strong emotion, desire” is attested from late 14c., from Late Latin use of passio to render Greek pathos. Replaced Old English þolung (used in glosses to render Latin passio), literally “suffering,” from þolian (v.) “to endure.” Sense of “sexual love” first attested 1580s; that of “strong liking, enthusiasm, predilection” is from 1630s. The passion-flower so called from 1630s.
The name passionflower – flos passionis – arose from the supposed resemblance of the corona to the crown of thorns, and of the other parts of the flower to the nails, or wounds, while the five sepals and five petals were taken to symbolize the ten apostles – Peter … and Judas … being left out of the reckoning. [“Encyclopaedia Britannica,” 1885]
suffer (v.)
mid-13c., “allow to occur or continue, permit, tolerate, fail to prevent or suppress,” also “to be made to undergo, endure, be subjected to” (pain, death, punishment, judgment, grief), from Anglo-French suffrir, Old French sofrir “bear, endure, resist; permit, tolerate, allow” (Modern French souffrir), from Vulgar Latin *sufferire, variant of Latin sufferre “to bear, undergo, endure, carry or put under,” from sub “up, under” (see sub-) + ferre “to carry, bear,” from PIE root *bher- (1) “to carry,” also “to bear children.”
The Absolute
ground of being
In philosophy, the concept of The Absolute, also known as Brahman, The (Unconditioned) Ultimate, The Wholly Other, The Supreme Being, The Absolute/Ultimate Reality, and other names, is the thing, being, entity, power, force, reality, presence, law, principle, etc. that possesses maximal ontological status, existential ranking, existential greatness, or existentiality. In layman’s terms, this is the one that is, in one way or another, the greatest, truest, or most real being.
Reality (being)
Reality is the sum or aggregate of all that is real or existent, as opposed to that which is merely imaginary. The term is also used to refer to the ontological status of things, indicating their existence.[1] In physical terms, reality is the totality of the universe, known and unknown. Philosophical questions about the nature of reality or existence or being are considered under the rubric of ontology
Ontology
Ontology is the philosophical study of being. More broadly, it studies concepts that directly relate to being, in particular becoming, existence, reality, as well as the basic categories of being and their relations.[1] Traditionally listed as a part of the major branch of philosophy known as metaphysics, ontology often deals with questions concerning what entities exist or may be said to exist and how such entities may be grouped, related within a hierarchy, and subdivided according to similarities and differences.
The compound word ontology (“study of being”) combines onto- (Gr. ὄν, on,[2] gen. ὄντος, ontos, “being; that which is”) and -logia (Gr. -λογία, “logical discourse”). See classical compounds for this type of word formation.[3][4]
Category of Being
In ontology, the different kinds or ways of being are called categories of being; or simply categories. To investigate the categories of being is to determine the most fundamental and the broadest classes of entities.[citation needed] A distinction between such categories, in making the categories or applying them, is called an ontological distinction.
Primary categories: Substance, Relation, Quantity and Quality.
Secondary categories: Place, Time, Situation, Condition, Action, Passion.
Substance could be divided into Genus and Species, and Quality could be subdivided into Property and Accident, depending on whether the property was necessary or contingent.
Immanuel Kant who realised that we can say nothing about Substance except through the relation of the subject to other things.
DIVISIONS
A being who is aware. A unique point of view. A being that conceives. A being the perceives. A being that feels emotions. A being the feels autonomic function feedback.
The source of an intention.
The source or cause of an at action.
The source of a promise.
The source of a delict, transgression, Infraction.
A prescribed will. (Laws, rights, obligations)
The host of a prescribed will.
The knowledge itself.
A preconceived and prescribed legal fiction. A legal fiction. A group as a legal personal fiction. The body of a society. The organs of society. Departments.
πρόσωπο
PERSON
πρόσωπο • (prósopo) n (plural πρόσωπα)
Noun
face
character, person
νομικό πρόσωπο n (“legal person”)
φυσικό πρόσωπο n (“natural person”)
πρόσωπον • (prósōpon) n (genitive προσώπου); second declension Noun face, visage, countenance front mask character, part in a drama appearance.
From πρός (“towards”) + ὤψ (“eye”).
The existence of Sanskrit प्रतीक (prátīka) indicates that this compound goes back to Proto-Indo-European *prétih₃kʷo-.
person
ὤψ • (ṓps) f (genitive ὠπός); third declension
Noun
(the phrase εἰς ὦπα, in Homer and Hesiod) to the eye; (possibly) in the face.
(rarely in other forms) eye.
Identity
Characteristics
Properties.
Attributes.
Adjective that form a predicate “arguments” that describe the subject.
Words that symbolize the referents being legal identity attributes.
Words that “conceptually” describe unique legal attributes.
Register serial numbers.
*h₃ókʷs n
(“eye”)
From Proto-Indo-European/ *h₃ekʷ-
*h₃ekʷ-
(“to see, eye”)
ὄψῐς • (ópsis) f
ὄψεως - genitive
(“view”)
From ὄψ (“eye”) + -σῐς (-abstract noun).
ἔποψῐς • (épopsis) f (genitive ἐπόψεως); third declension
a view over, as far as the view from the temple reached.
oversight, supervision.
From ἐπ- (ep-, “over”) + ὄψῐς (ópsis, “view”)
ἐφορᾰ́ω • (ephoráō) Verb to oversee, watch over to look upon, behold. From ἐπι- (over-) + ὁράω (watch, guard)
ὀπτῐκός • (optikós) m (feminine ὀπτῐκή, neuter ὀπτῐκόν); first/second declension
Adjective
(“of or relating to seeing, sight or vision”)
From ὄψ (óps, “eye”) + -τῐκός (-tikós).
σῠ́νοψῐς • (súnopsis) f (genitive σῠνόψῐος or σῠνόψεως); third declension
Noun
(both literally and figuratively) a seeing all together, general view, shared view.
epitome.
recapitulation.
estimate.
expense.
σῠν- (“with”) + ὄψῐς (“aspect, appearance”).
όψη • (ópsi) f (plural όψεις)
Noun
appearance, look, aspect
εξ όψεως (ex ópseos, “by sight”)
εν όψει (en ópsei, “in sight”)
εκ πρώτης όψεως (ek prótis ópseos, “at first glance”)
__________________________________________
-τῐκός • (-tikós) m (feminine -τῐκή, neuter -τῐκόν); first/second declension
Added to verbal stems to form adjectives: relating to, suited to, skilled in, able to, -ive
ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”) + -τικός (-tikós) → ποιητικός (poiētikós, “creative”)
Added to other stems to form adjectives, particularly those ending in vowels
ἔξω (éxō, “outside”) + -τικός (-tikós) → ἐξωτικός (exōtikós, “foreign”)
ναυ-ς (nau-s, “ship”) + -τικός (-tikós) → ναυτικός (nautikós, “seafaring”)
From -σις (verbal noun suffix)
From -τος (verbal adjective suffix)
+ -ικός (adjective suffix)
ἀνώνῠμος
ANONYMOUS - NAMELESS
ἀνώνῠμος • (anṓnumos) m or f (neuter ἀνώνῠμον); second declension
anonymous, nameless
From ἀν- (an-, “without”) + ὄνυμα (ónuma) + -ος (-os), Aeolic dialectal form of ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”).
ὄνῠμᾰ • (ónuma) n (genitive ὀνῠ́μᾰτος); third declension
Doric and Aeolic form of ὄνομᾰ (ónoma)
ὄνομᾰ • (ónoma) n (genitive ὀνόμᾰτος); third declension
name
fame (compare English make a name for oneself)
(grammar) noun, in the wide sense: referring to most word classes that are declined for case and number – a substantive (English noun), an adjective, or a pronoun – but excluding the relative pronoun ὅς (hós) and the article ὁ (ho) quotations ▼
(grammar) phrase
Inflection Edit
From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nómn̥ (“name”). Cognate with Phrygian ονομαν (onoman), Old English nama (English name), Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man), Latin nōmen, Old Armenian անուն (anun), Old Irish ainm, and Old Church Slavonic имѧ (imę).
Latin by the analogy co-gnōscō (“to know”) : cōg-nōmen (“surname”) = nōscō (“to know”) : nōmen, with the other forms from PIE *ǵneh₃-).
*h₁nómn̥ n
name
*h₁nómn̥ dʰéh₁t ― he gave a name
*(é)-mn̥ n
Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.
List
Person Legal person born from a statute Countenance / όψη Face / όψη Garment / ένδυμα Vestment / άμφια Suit / Incumbent / αξιωματούχος Avatar Straw-man Appearance Ghost Geist Host Spirit Pneuma Breath Ruach Office / γραφείο
λειτουργός m or f (leitourgós, “public official”)
στέλεχος n (stélechos, “official, counterfoil”)
αξιωματικός m (axiomatikós, “officer”)
Serpent / φίδι Diminutive of ὄφις Snake • ( Fidi ) n ( plural snakes ) snake , serpent ( figuratively ) snake in the grass , devious person
ὄφῐς
OFFICE - SNAKE - DEVIL - DEMON - DRAGON
ὄφῐς • (óphis) m (genitive ὄφεως or ὄφιος); third declension Noun a serpent, snake serpentine bracelet (astronomy) the constellation Serpens a type of creeping plant
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁ógʷʰis, *h₃égʷʰis (“snake”).
*h₁ógʷʰis f
snake
a mythic serpent or dragon that is slain by a great hero in Indo-European mythology
*(ís) h₁ógʷʰim gʷʰent ― he killed the serpent (literally, “(he) [the] serpent [he] killed”)
*h₂éngʷʰis (“snake”) has replaced this word in most of the Western and Central Indo-European dialects.
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Sanskrit
अहि • (áhi) m snake, serpent Synonyms: सर्प (sarpa), भुजङ्ग (bhujaṅga) the serpent of the sky, the demon Vritra cloud water (arithmetic) the number eight
Vritra
(Hinduism) An Asura and also a serpent or dragon, the personification of drought and enemy of Indra. Vritra was also known in the Vedas as Ahi (“snake”), and he is said to have had three heads.
वृत्र • (vṛtrá) m a thunder-cloud darkness a wheel a mountain name of a particular mountain a stone name of Indra (?)
वृत्र • (vṛtrá) m or n
“coverer, investor, restrainer”, an enemy, foe, hostile host.
coverer (plural coverers)
Agent noun of cover; one who covers.
One who conceals.
A deceiver.
restrainer (plural restrainers)
Something that restrains
restrain (third-person singular simple present restrains, present participle restraining, simple past and past participle restrained)
(transitive) To control or keep in check.
(transitive) To deprive of liberty.
(transitive) To restrict or limit.
Latin:
restringō (present infinitive restringere, perfect active restrīnxī, supine restrictum); third conjugation
I draw back tightly, bind back or fast, tighten.
I unfasten, unclose, open.
(figuratively) I restrain, confine, restrict.
From re- + stringō (“press, tighten, compress”).
stringō (present infinitive stringere, perfect active strīnxī, supine strictum); third conjugation
I press, tighten, compress.
I unsheath
from Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“line”). English - streak *streyg- to strike to shear
Germanic:
*strikiz m
line
From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“line, stroke, dash”).
*strīkaną
to stroke, to rub
From Proto-Indo-European *streyg- (“to stroke, rub, press”).
वृत्र • (vṛtrá) n
wealth
sound, noise
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SERPENT
serpent (plural serpents)
A snake.
(music) An obsolete wind instrument in the brass family, whose shape is suggestive of a snake (Wikipedia article).
(figuratively) A subtle, treacherous, malicious person.
A kind of firework with a serpentine motion.
Borrowed from Old French serpent (“snake, serpent”)
from Latin serpēns (“snake”)
from the verb serpō (“I creep, crawl”)
from Proto-Indo-European *serp-
serpēns m or f (genitive serpentis); third declension A serpent, snake (astronomy) either Draco or Serpens A louse Any creeping animal
Serpens
(astronomy) A large summer constellation of the northern sky said to resemble a snake. It is the only constellation consisting of two parts (Serpens Caput and Serpens Cauda) separated by the constellation Ophiuchus, representing the snake handler Asclepius.
serpō (present infinitive serpere, perfect active serpsī, supine serptum); third conjugation, no passive
I creep, crawl, move slowly.
Ancient Greek ἕρπω (hérpō)
ἕρπω • (hérpō)
to move slowly, walk; crawl, creep, slink
(Doric) I go or come
(of things, events, etc.) to come, happen
ἑρπετόν • (herpetón) n (genitive ἑρπετοῦ); second declension
Any animal which walks on four legs.
creeping animal, reptile, especially a snake
living being
Compare Sanskrit सर्प (sarpá, “snake, serpent”)
ἕρπης • (hérpēs) m (genitive ἕρπητος); third declension
herpes, shingles
shingles (uncountable)
(pathology, informal) Herpes zoster, caused by Human herpes virus 3, in genus Varicellovirus.
ζωστήρ • (zōstḗr) m (genitive ζωστῆρος); third declension
warrior’s belt
girdle
Proto-Indo-European *yeh₃s- (“gird”) + -τήρ (agent noun).
ζώνη • (zṓnē) f (genitive ζώνης); first declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Koine)
belt, sash
ζώνη • (zóni) f (plural ζώνες)
belt, sash, seat belt
zone
From Ancient Greek ζώνη (zṓnē, “belt; loins, waist”)
εύρος ζώνης n (évros zónis, “bandwidth”)
ζώννῡμι • (zṓnnūmi) to gird; especially to gird round the loins in wrestling (in the mediopassive) to gird oneself, especially of athletes (generally) to gird up one's loins for battle (passive) to be fastened by means of girths to be formed in belts and seams
Asclepius
(Greek mythology) A Greek mythological deity, the god of doctors, medicine and healing; a son of Apollo and the Thessalian princess Coronis, husband to the goddess Epione and father of the Asclepiades; identified with the Roman god Aesculapius.
The rod of Asclepius
(symbol: ⚕)
⚕
(“Rod of Asclepius”)
(a symbol associated with astrology, the Ancient Greek god Asclepius, and medicine)
This symbol for the rod of Asclepius should not be confused with ☤ (“the caduceus”).
☤
caduceus (a symbol associated with peace, commerce, diplomacy, and occasionally death, as well as with travellers and messengers)
☤ Caduceus (plural caducei)
The official wand carried by a herald in ancient Greece and Rome, specifically the one carried in mythology by Hermes, the messenger of the gods, usually represented with two snakes twined around it.
A symbol (☤) representing a staff with two snakes wrapped around it, used to indicate merchants and messengers. It is also sometimes incorrectly used as a symbol of medicine.
Via Latin cādūceus, cādūceum, adaptation of Doric Ancient Greek καρύκειον (karúkeion, “herald’s wand or staff”).
This and Attic Greek κηρύκειον (kērúkeion) are derived from κῆρυξ (kêrux, “herald, public messenger”). Related to κηρύσσω (kērússō, “I announce”).
cādūceum n (genitive cādūceī); second declension
a herald’s staff
the staff of Mercury as herald of the gods, the caduceus
Angel Messenger Announce Herald Nuncio Post man
κῆρῠξ • (kêrux) m (genitive κήρῡκος); third declension Noun herald, pursuivant public messenger, envoy Synonym: ἀπόστολος (apóstolos) crier, who made proclamation and kept order in assemblies auctioneer trumpet shell (Charonia lampas) Synonym: στρόμβος (strómbos)
ἱεροκῆρῠξ • (hierokêrux) m (genitive ἱεροκήρῡκος); third declension
herald or attendant at a sacrifice.
From ἱερός (hierós, “holy”) + κῆρυξ (kêrux, “herald”).
ψευδοκῆρῠξ • (pseudokêrux) m (genitive ψευδοκήρῡκος); third declension
false, lying herald
From ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false”) + κῆρυξ (kêrux, “herald”).
κηρῡ́κῐνος • (kērū́kinos) m (feminine κηρῡκῐ́νη, neuter κηρῡ́κῐνον); first/second declension
of a herald
SUFFIX
-ῐνος • (-inos) m (feminine -ῐ́νη, neuter -ῐνον); first/second declension
Added to nouns or adverbs to form adjectives relating to material, time, and so on: made of, during the time of
(with long ῑ) Forms adjectives of place: -ine
PIE
*-iHnos
Creates adjectives of materials.
κηρύσσω • (kērússō) Verb To be a herald or auctioneer To make a proclamation as herald (transitive) To summon by herald (transitive) To proclaim, announce (transitive) To command someone publicly to do something (with infinitive or dative of thing) (New Testament) To preach the gospel
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HERALD
herald (plural heralds)
A messenger, especially one bringing important news.
The herald blew his trumpet and shouted that the King was dead.
A harbinger, giving signs of things to come.
Daffodils are heralds of Spring.
(heraldry) An official whose speciality is heraldry, especially one between the ranks of pursuivant and king-of-arms.
Rouge Dragon is a herald at the College of Arms.
(entomology) A moth of the species Scoliopteryx libatrix.
Proto-Indo-European/h₂welh₁-
compound consisting of Proto-Indo-European *ker- (“army”) + *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong”).
Root
*h₂welh₁-
to rule
strong, powerful
Proto-Indo-European: *welh₁- Root *welh₁- (imperfective) to choose to want
Ancient Greek: ἔλπω (wish)
Latin: volō (wish, want, mean, intend)
Hail
herald (third-person singular simple present heralds, present participle heralding, simple past and past participle heralded)
(transitive) To proclaim or announce an event.
Daffodils herald the Spring.
(transitive, usually passive) To greet something with excitement; to hail.
The film was heralded by critics.
hail (third-person singular simple present hails, present participle hailing, simple past and past participle hailed)
(transitive) to greet; give salutation to; salute.
(transitive) To name; to designate; to call.
He was hailed as a hero.
(transitive) to call out loudly in order to gain the attention of
Hail a taxi.
(transitive) To signal in order to initiate communication with.
from Old English hæġl, hæġel
hæġl m
hail
the runic character ᚻ (/h/)
ᚻ
A letter of the Runic alphabet, with the reconstructed name *haglaz (“hail”), representing /x/ or /h/.
ᚼ
A letter of the Runic alphabet, present in the Younger Futhark (called hagall), representing /h/
ᚺ
A letter of the Runic alphabet, with the reconstructed name *haglaz (“hail”), representing /x/ or /h/.
*haglaz m
hail (the precipitation)
(Runic alphabet) name of the H-rune (ᚺ, ᚻ)
Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”).
from Proto-Indo-European *kagʰlos (“pebble”).
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DRAGON
from Ancient Greek δράκων (drákōn, “a serpent of huge size, a python, a dragon”), probably from δέρκομαι (dérkomai, “I see clearly”).
δέρκομαι • (dérkomai) to see, see clearly to watch to live to flash, gleam
δέργμα (dérgma, “look, glance”) δέργμᾰ • (dérgma) n (genitive δέργμᾰτος); third declension Result noun A look, a glance A sight
From δέρκομαι (dérkomai, “I see clearly”) and the suffix -μα (-ma).
-μᾰ • (-ma) n (genitive -μᾰτος); third declension
Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action.
See Latin: -mentūm
-mentum (plural -menta)
instrument, medium, or result of; e.g.
Suffix
*(é)-mn̥ n
Creates action nouns or result nouns from verbs.
*-teh₂ f
Used to form nouns representing state of being
From Proto-Indo-European *derḱ-
Root
*derḱ- (perfective)
to see
Sanskrit
दृश् • (dṛś)
see, look
δρᾰ́κων • (drákōn) m (genitive δρᾰ́κοντος); third declension dragon, serpent a serpent-shaped bracelet Traditionally related to δέρκομαι (“to see”) δέρκομαι • (dérkomai) to see, see clearly to watch to live to flash, gleam Cognates δέργμα (a look, or a glance”)
DEAMŌN
Cognates
A borrowing of Latin daemon (“tutelary deity”)
from Ancient Greek δαίμων (daímōn, “dispenser, tutelary deity”).
From δαίομαι (‘to divide”) + -μων (-mōn)
from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂-i- (“to divide, cut”).
While δαίμων was sometimes used interchangeably with θεός (theós), when used together in a context, a δαίμων is usually a lower god than a θεός (theós).
compare Old Persian 𐎲𐎥 (b-g /baga/, “god”)
Sanskrit भग (bhága, “dispenser, patron”) (usually applied to gods)
beside Avestan 𐬠𐬀𐬔𐬀- (baga-, “part”)
Sanskrit भजति (bhájati, “to divide, apportion”).
δεισιδαίμων • (deisidaímōn)
superstitious
(Koine) god-fearing: pious or superstitious.
From δείδω (to fear, to dread) + δαίμων (tutor).
δράκος • (drákos) m (plural δράκοι, feminine δράκαινα or δρακόντισσα or δράκισσα)
dragon (legendary serpentine or reptilian creature)
δαίμων, ονος, ὁ Part of Speech: Noun, Masculine Transliteration: daimón Phonetic Spelling: (dah'-ee-mown) Definition: a demon Usage: an evil-spirit, demon.
perhaps from daió (to distribute destinies)
δαιμονίζομαι
Coming under the power of a demon (fallen angel).
Part of Speech: Verb
Transliteration: daimonizomai
Phonetic Spelling: (dahee-mon-id’-zom-ahee)
Definition: to be possessed by a demon
Usage: I am possessed, am under the power of an evil-spirit or demon.
Middle voice from daimon; to be exercised by a d?
Mon – have a (be vexed with, be possessed with) devil(-s).
1140 (daimónion) emphasizes the evil nature of fallen angels.
δαιμόνιον, ου, τό
Part of Speech: Noun, Neuter
Transliteration: daimonion
Phonetic Spelling: (dahee-mon’-ee-on)
Definition: an evil spirit, a demon
Usage: an evil-spirit, demon; a heathen deity.
(“demon”), the diminutive form of 1142 /daímōn (“demon”), conveys how utterly powerless demons (fallen angels) are against Christ (His plan).
a spirit, a being inferior to God, superior to men.
evil spirits or the messengers and ministers of the devil
According to a Jewish opinion which passed over to the Christians, the demons are the gods of the Gentiles and the authors of idolatry
1140 /daimónion (“little demon”).
Matthew 8:31 N-NMP GRK: οἱ δὲ δαίμονες παρεκάλουν αὐτὸν NAS: The demons [began] to entreat KJV: So the devils besought him, INT: and [the] demons begged him
From Proto-Indo-European *dedwóye
from *dwey- (“to fear”)
*dedwóye (stative)
to be afraid
Cognates Ancient Greek: δέδοικα (dédoika)
*dwey-
to fear
Cognates Ancient Greek: δεινός (fear, awe, dread)
δέος • (déos) n (genitive δέους); third declension
fear, alarm
reason for fear
δειμός • (deimós) m (genitive δειμοῦ); second declension
fear, terror
δειμᾰτόω • (deimatóō)
to frighten
Ο Άγιος Γεώργιος σκότωσε τον δράκο. ―
O Ágios Geórgios skótose ton dráko. ―
St George killed the dragon.
(figuratively) beast, monster (a serial rapist and/or murderer)
ο δράκος των βορείων προαστίων ―
o drákos ton voreíon proastíon ―
the beast of the northern suburbs.
(colloquial, archaic) A male baby born with a lot of hair (especially on the back), who in older times was thought to grow up to be brave and courageous.
δρᾰ́κος • (drákos) n (genitive δρᾰ́κεος); third declension
(“eye”)
From δέρκομαι (dérkomai, “I see”)
BEAST
beast
A person who behaves in a violent, antisocial or uncivilized manner.
from Latin bēstia (“animal, beast”)
A Proto-Indo-European preform *dʰwēstiā has been proposed, from the root dʰwēs- (“to breathe”) (compare Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌿𐍃 (dius) from *dʰews- (“to breathe”)
From Old English: betst (“Bested”) Old English Adjective betst (positive gōd) Alternative form of betest
—————————————-
FEAR - AFRIAD - FREE
From Middle English affrayed, affraied, past participle of afraien (“to affray”), from Anglo-Norman afrayer (“to terrify, disquiet, disturb”), from Old French effreer, esfreer (“to disturb, remove the peace from”), from es- (“out”) + freer (“to secure, secure the peace”), from Frankish *friþu (“security, peace”), from Proto-Germanic *friþuz (“peace”), from Proto-Germanic *frijōną (“to free; to love”), from Proto-Indo-European *prāy-, *prēy- (“to like, love”). Synchronically analyzable as affray + -ed. Compare also afeard. More at free, friend.
afraien
To frighten, terrify
Proto-Germanic/friþuz
*friþuz m
peace, tranquility
sanctuary, refuge
From *frijaz + *-þuz.
*frijaz
free
From Proto-Indo-European *priHós (“beloved”).
The original meaning was probably something like “from one’s own clan”, from which a meaning “being a free man, not a serf” developed.
*priHós
dear, beloved
happy, free
Celtic: *ɸriyos (“free”)
*rrɨð (feminine *rreð)
free
Proto-Indo-European Root *preyH- to love, to please Cognates Sanskrit: प्रीणाति (prīṇā́ti, “to please, to love”)
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SERF
serf (plural serfs)
a partially free peasant of a low hereditary class, attached like a slave to the land owned by a feudal lord and required to perform labour, enjoying minimal legal or customary rights
a similar agricultural labourer in 18th and 19th century Europe
(strategy games) a worker unit
Synonyms: peasant, peon, villager
from Latin servus (“slave, serf, servant”)
peasant (plural peasants)
A member of the lowly social class that toils on the land, constituted by small farmers and tenants, sharecroppers, farmhands and other laborers on the land where they form the main labor force in agriculture and horticulture.
A country person.
(derogatory) An uncouth, crude or ill-bred person.
(strategy games) A worker unit.
From Late Middle English paissaunt, from Anglo-Norman paisant, from Middle French païsant (“païsant”), from Old French païsan (“countryman, peasant”), from païs (“country”), from Late Latin pāgēnsis (“inhabitant of a district”), from Latin pāgus (“district”) + Old French -enc (“member of”), from Frankish -inc, -ing “-ing”. More at -ing. Doublet of paisano.
(lowly social class) peon, serf
churl
(country person) rustic, villager
(crude person) boor
peon (plural peons)
A lowly person; a peasant or serf; a labourer who is obliged to do menial work.
(figuratively) A person of low rank or importance.
(India, historical) A messenger, foot soldier, or native policeman.
from Late Latin pedō, pedōnem (“footsoldier”). Doublet of pawn.
pawn (plural pawns)
(chess) The most common chess piece, or a similar piece in a similar game. In chess each side has eight; moves are only forward, and attacks are only forward diagonally or en passant.
(figuratively) Someone who is being manipulated or used to some end.
Though a pawn of the gods, her departure is the precipitating cause of the Trojan War.
From Middle English pown, pawn, from Anglo-Norman paun, poun (“pawn, pedestrian”) ( = Old French poon, päon, pëon), from Late Latin pedō, pedōnis (“footsoldier”), from Latin pēs, pēd- (“foot”). Doublet of peon.
pawn (third-person singular simple present pawns, present participle pawning, simple past and past participle pawned)
To pledge; to stake or wager.
To give as security on a loan of money; especially, to deposit (something) at a pawn shop.
From Middle French pan (“pledge, security”)
pawn (countable and uncountable, plural pawns)
(uncountable) The state of being held as security for a loan, or as a pledge.
All our jewellery was in pawn by this stage.
An instance of pawning something.
(now rare) An item given as security on a loan, or as a pledge.
(rare) A pawnshop; pawnbroker.
pedō (present infinitive pedāre, perfect active pedāvī, supine pedātum); first conjugation
I furnish with feet, foot; prop up trees or vines.
Borrowed from English pedal
pedo (plural pedi)
(anatomy and figuratively) foot
paw (of an animal)
foot (of a verse)
peonage (plural peonages)
The state of being a peon; the system of paying back debt through servitude and labour; loosely, any system of involuntary servitude.
debt (countable and uncountable, plural debts)
An action, state of mind, or object one has an obligation to perform for another, adopt toward another, or give to another.
The state or condition of owing something to another.
I am in your debt.
(finance) Money that one person or entity owes or is required to pay to another, generally as a result of a loan or other financial transaction.
(law) An action at law to recover a certain specified sum of money alleged to be due.
From Middle English dette, dett, borrowed from Old French dete (French dette), from Medieval Latin dēbita,
from Latin dēbitum (“what is owed, a debt, a duty”)
neuter of dēbitus
perfect passive participle of dēbeō (“I owe”)
contraction of *dehibeō (“I have from”)
from de (“from”) + habeō (“I have”).
English: boor boor (plural boors) A peasant. A Boer, white South African of Dutch or Huguenot descent. A yokel, country bumpkin. An uncultured person.
Borrowed from Dutch boer (“peasant”)
ultimately from Proto-Germanic *būraz (“dweller, inhabitant”)
boor (plural boors) A peasant. A Boer, white South African of Dutch or Huguenot descent. A yokel, country bumpkin. An uncultured person.
boorish (comparative more boorish, superlative most boorish)
Behaving as a boor; rough in manners.
Synonyms: rude, uncultured
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GOD
Old English: gōd
god n or m
(“a god”)
From Old Norse góðr
from Proto-Germanic *gōdaz]from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to join, to unite”).
Akin to English good.
góðr (comparative betri, superlative beztr) good, righteous, morally commendable good, honest, true góðir vinir — good friends kind, friendly góð orð — good, kind words good, gifted gott skáld — a good poet goodly, fine
Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- Root *gʰedʰ- to join to unite to suit
West Germanic: *gad
*gad m
A union, assembly, joining, fellowship
Suitable
GATHER - TOGETHER
Old English: gæd
gæd n (nominative plural gædas)
union, assembly, joining, fellowship
Nolde gæd geador in Godes rīce, ēadiges engles and ðæs ofermōdan
There would not (be) a union together in God’s kingdom, of the blessed angel and the proud one
collection, congregation
From Proto-West Germanic *gad
from Proto-Indo-European *gʰedʰ- (“to unite, assemble, keep”).
Related to gaderian, gaderung, geador, gadere.
More at gather and together.
Old High German: gigat (“suitable”)
Gothic
Adjective
𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 • (gōþs) (comparative 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌶𐌰 / 𐌹𐌿𐍃𐌹𐌶𐌰, superlative 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃)
𐌲𐍉𐌸 • (gōþ)
Nominative and accusative singular neuter strong form of 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs).
𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 • (þiuþeigs)
good
good
Synonym: 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 (þiuþeigs) goodness
Antonym: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils) evil
𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌴𐌹𐌲𐍃 • (þiuþeigs)
good
- 𐌲𐍃 • (-gs)
- y, -ic; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs with a sense of ‘being, having or doing’.
𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐌹𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 • (gastigōþs)
hospitable, welcoming
From 𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 (gasts, “guest”) + 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs, “good”).
𐌲𐌰𐍃𐍄𐍃 • (gasts) m
guest
From Proto-Germanic *gastiz (“guest, stranger”)
GHOST / HOST From Proto-Indo-European *gʰóstis. Ghost *gʰóstis m stranger, host guest enemy
Possibly from *gʰes- (“to eat”) + *-tis (abstract action noun)
*(é)-tis f
Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots.
Germanic: *gōdaz *gōdaz (adverb *wela, comparative *batizô, superlative *batistaz) good Synonym: *bataz Antonym: *ubilaz
*bataz (adverb *wela, comparative *batizô, superlative *batistaz)
good
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰed- (“good”).
Cognate with Sanskrit भद्र (bhadrá).
SANSKRIT
भद्र • (bhadrá)
Adjective
blessed, auspicious, fortunate, prosperous, happy
good, gracious, friendly, kind
excellent, fair, beautiful, lovely, pleasant, dear
भद्र • (bhadrá) n
Noun
prosperity, happiness, health, welfare, good fortune.
from Proto-Indo-European *bʰn̥d-ró-s, from *bʰend- (“to be happy”).
—————————————
EVIL
*ubilaz (adverb *wirsiz, comparative *wirsizô, superlative *wirsistaz)
bad, evil
Synonym: *ilhilaz
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂upélos from *h₂wep-, *h₂wap- (“bad”). Cognate with Old Irish fel (“bad”), Hittite [script needed] (huwap(p)-/hup(p)-, “to mistreat”).
Alternative etymology traces *ubilaz to Proto-Indo-European *upélos (“evil”, literally “going over or beyond (acceptable limits)”), from Proto-Indo-European *upo, *up, *eup (“down, up, over”).
Old English: yfel, efel, eofel
Middle English: yvel, uvel, evel
English: evil
Scots: evil, ewil
Gothic: 𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 (ubils)
𐌿𐌱𐌹𐌻𐍃 • (ubils) (comparative 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌹𐌶𐌰, superlative 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍃𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃)
bad, evil
Antonym: 𐌲𐍉𐌸𐍃 (gōþs)
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STRANGER
stranger (plural strangers)
A person whom one does not know; a person who is neither a friend nor an acquaintance.
That gentleman is a stranger to me.
Children are taught not to talk to strangers.
An outsider or foreigner.
One not admitted to communion or fellowship.
A newcomer.
(humorous) One who has not been seen for a long time.
Hello, stranger!
(obsolete) One not belonging to the family or household; a guest; a visitor.
(law) One not privy or party to an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right.
Actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title.
(obsolete) A superstitious premonition of the coming of a visitor by a bit of stalk in a cup of tea, the guttering of a candle, etc.
From Middle English straunger
straunger (plural straungers or straungeres)
foreigner, alien
from Old French estrangier (“foreign, alien”) from estrange
from Latin extraneus (“foreign, external”)
whence also English estrange), from extra (“outside of”).
Displaced native Old English eldritch.
Cognate with French étranger (“foreigner, stranger”)
stranger (plural strangers)
A person whom one does not know; a person who is neither a friend nor an acquaintance.
That gentleman is a stranger to me. Children are taught not to talk to strangers.
An outsider or foreigner.
One not admitted to communion or fellowship.
A newcomer.
(humorous) One who has not been seen for a long time.
Hello, stranger!
(obsolete) One not belonging to the family or household; a guest; a visitor.
(law) One not privy or party to an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right.
Actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title.
(obsolete) A superstitious premonition of the coming of a visitor by a bit of stalk in a cup of tea, the guttering of a candle, etc.
Displaced native Old English eldritch.
eldritch (comparative more eldritch, superlative most eldritch)
Unearthly, supernatural, eerie.
From eld + ritch
The second element, -ritch, is generally taken to be Old English rīċe (“realm, kingdom”)
rīċe n kingdom, empire Rōmāna rīċe the Roman Empire Godes rīċe the Kingdom of God authority, dominion
rīċe
rich
powerful
From Proto-Germanic *rīkiją
from Proto-Celtic *rīgiom (“kingdom”)
derived from *rīxs (“king”).
Cognate with Old Frisian rīke, Old Saxon rīki, Old Dutch rīki, Old High German rīhhi, Old Norse ríki, Gothic 𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐌹 (reiki).
The Indo-European root is also the source of Latin rēx.
Latin: rēx m (genitive rēgis); third declension
king, ruler
(derogatory) despot, tyrant (during the time of the Republic when there were no kings and executive power was usually divided)
(Late Latin, chess) king
From Proto-Italic *rēks
from Proto-Indo-European *h₃rḗǵs (“ruler, king”).
Cognates include Sanskrit राजन् (rā́jan, “king”)
and Old Irish rí (“king”).
Proto-Indo-European Root *h₃reǵ- to straighten, to right oneself right just
- h₃rḗǵ-s (“king”)
- h₃reǵ-tó-s (“straightened, right”)
Celtic: *rextus
*rextus m
rule, law
from Old English rǣċan (“to reach”)
from the Proto-Indo-European *reyǵ- (“to bind, reach”)
Proto-Indo-European: *reyǵ-
Root
*reyǵ-
to reach, stretch out
English: reach
(intransitive) To extend, stretch, or thrust out (for example a limb or object held in the hand).
(transitive) Hence, to extend an action, effort, or influence to; to penetrate to; to pierce, or cut.
(transitive) To arrive at (a place) by effort of any kind.
(transitive, figuratively) To connect with (someone) on an emotional level, making them receptive of (one); to get through to (someone).
(transitive, figuratively) To make contact with.
Synonyms: contact, get hold of, get in touch
(obsolete) To understand; to comprehend. (reach a conclusion)
From Old English: rǣċan
to reach, attain
From Proto-Indo-European *reyǵ- (“to bind; reach”).
Cognate with Old Irish rigim (“I stretch”).
*raikijaną
To stretch out; reach
See Tendon and Ligament
(“To bind, tie or fasten”)
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ALIEN
alien (plural aliens)
Any life form of extraterrestrial or extradimensional origin.
A person, animal, plant, or other thing which is from outside the family, group, organization, or territory under consideration.
A foreigner residing in a country.
One excluded from certain privileges; one alienated or estranged.
alien (comparative more alien, superlative most alien)
Not belonging to the same country, land, or government, or to the citizens or subjects thereof; foreign.
alien subjects, enemies, property, or shores
Very unfamiliar, strange, or removed.
principles alien to our religion
Pertaining to extraterrestrial life.
from Latin aliēnus (“belonging to someone else, later exotic, foreign”), from Latin alius (“other”)
from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos. *h₂élyos other, another From *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). *h₂el- (imperfective) to grow, nourish
Latin: alumnus m (genitive alumnī); second declension
Nursling, pupil
foster son.
from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-o-mh₁no- (“being nourished”)
mediopassive participle (see *-mh₁nos) of *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”) (whence alō)
alō (present infinitive alere, perfect active aluī, supine altum or alitum); third conjugation
I foster, I nourish
I raise (as a child, an animal, etc.)
I feed, I maintain, I develop
Hominum gratia generatur, aluntur bestiae.
It is for the sake of man that beasts are bred.
Latin: aliēnus (feminine aliēna, neuter aliēnum, comparative aliēnior, superlative aliēnissimus); first/second-declension adjective
Of that which belongs to another person, place, or object—of another, alien, foreign
unfriendly, inimical, hostile, suspicious
unfamiliar with something or a stranger to something
unsuitable, incongruous, inconsistent, strange
(of the body) dead; corrupted; paralyzed
(of the mind) insane, mad.
From alius (“other, another”). alius (feminine alia, neuter aliud); first/second-declension adjective (pronominal) other, another, any other else different
Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos)
ἄλλος • (állos) m (feminine ἄλλη, neuter ἄλλο); first/second declension
other, another, different, else
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ELSE
Related to English else.
from Old English elles (“other, otherwise, different”)
from Proto-West Germanic *alljas
from Proto-Germanic *aljas (“of another, of something else”)
genitive of *aljaz (“other”)
from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos, from *h₂el- (“other”)
Cognates Gothic: 𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌹𐍃 (aljis, “other”)
Latin: alius (“other, another”)
from Proto-Germanic *aljas (“of another, of something else”) genitive of *aljaz (“other”) Determiner *aljaz other, another, else Synonym: *anþeraz
*anþeraz
Adjective
(“second”)
other (of two)
From Proto-Indo-European *ályos
*h₂élyos
other, another
From *h₂el- (“beyond, other”)
Cognates Latin: alius
Hellenic: *áľľos
*áľľos
other, another
Old English: ōþer; ander- (prefix) ōþer other second one of two next
Hē hrædlīċe his sealmas ġeleornode and ēac fela ōðerra bōca.
He quickly learned his psalms and many other books too.
Lēofre mē is þæt iċ hīe selle þē þonne ōðrum menn. Wuna mid mē!
I’d rather give her to you than to someone else. Stay with me!
ōþer
second
(“2nd person? = you”)
(“Dopple ganger”)
dop·pel·gäng·er
/ˈdäpəlˌɡaNGər/
noun
noun: doppelgänger; plural noun: doppelgängers
an apparition or double of a living person.
Description
DescriptionA doppelgänger is a biologically unrelated look-alike, or a double, of a living person. In fiction and mythology, a doppelgänger is often portrayed as a ghostly or paranormal phenomenon and usually seen as a harbinger of bad luck. Other traditions and stories equate a doppelgänger with an evil twin.
However, the concept of alter egos and double spirits has appeared in the folklore, myths, religious concepts, and traditions of many cultures throughout human history.
In Ancient Egyptian mythology, a ka was a tangible “spirit double” having the same memories and feelings as the person to whom the counterpart belongs.
The Greek Princess presents an Egyptian view of the Trojan War in which a ka of Helen misleads Paris, helping to stop the war.
This memic sense also appears in Euripides’ play Helen, and in Norse mythology, a vardøger is a ghostly double who is seen performing the person’s actions in advance.
In Finnish mythology, this pattern is described as having an etiäinen, “a firstcomer”.
The doppelgänger is a version of the Ankou, which is a personification of death that appears in Breton, Cornish, and Norman folklore.
Ankou
Ankou (Breton: /ɑːnkuː/ an Ankoù) is a servant of Death commonly mistaken for a personification of death in Breton mythology as well as in Cornish (an Ankow in Cornish), Welsh (yr Angau in Welsh) and Norman French folklore.
Ankou is reported by Anatole Le Braz—a 19th-century writer and collector of legends. In his work, The Legend of Death, he wrote:
The Ankou is the henchman of Death (oberour ar maro) and he is also known as the grave yard watcher, they said that he protects the graveyard and the souls around it for some unknown reason and he collects the lost souls on his land. The last dead of the year, in each parish, becomes the Ankou of his parish for all of the following year. When there has been, in a year, more deaths than usual, one says about the Ankou:
– War ma fé, heman zo eun Anko drouk. (“On my faith, this one is a nasty Ankou.”)
Every parish in Brittany is said to have its own Ankou.[1] In Breton tradition, the squealing of railway wheels outside one’s home is supposed to be Karrigell an Ankou (“The Wheelbarrow of Ankou”).[5] Similarly, the cry of the owl is referred to as Labous an Ankou (“The Death Bird”).[5] The Ankou is also found on the baptismal font at La Martyre where he is shown holding a human head.
In Ireland, there is proverb that states, “When the Ankou comes, he will not go away empty”.
It is said that the Ankou is a death omen that collects the souls of the deceased and is the king of the dead whose subjects have their own particular paths along which their sacred processions move.
The Ankou is the last person to die in a parish every year and will assume the duty of calling for the dead.
There are many tales involving Ankou, who appears as a man or skeleton wearing a cloak and wielding a scythe, and in some stories he is described as a shadow, often atop a cart for collecting the dead. He is said to wear a black robe with a large hat which conceals his face.[1] According to a Celtic local legend, he was the first child of Adam and Eve.[2] Other versions depict Ankou as being the first dead person of the year (though he is always depicted as a male adult), charged with collecting others’ souls before he can go to the afterlife.[3] He is said to drive a large, black coach pulled by four black horses and accompanied by two ghostly figures on foot.
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂énteros (“other”).
*h₂énteros
second, other
Middle English: other
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ἀλλοῖος • (alloîos) m (feminine ἀλλοίᾱ, neuter ἀλλοῖον); first/second declension
of another sort or kind, different
(with genitive of comparison) of another sort than
(adverbial) otherwise, differently
From ἄλλος (állos, “other, different”) + -ιος (-ios, adjective suffix).
ἕτερος • (héteros) m (feminine ἑτέρᾱ, neuter ἕτερον); first/second declension
one or the other of two
(repeated at a distance) either … or …
(repeated consecutively) one after the other
other, another, second (often of pairs)
different.
From Ancient Greek εἷς (heîs), “one”) + *-teros (contrastive suffix, from which also comes Ancient Greek -τερος (-teros))
From the root *sem- (“one”, from which also comes Ancient Greek εἷς (heîs), “one”)
Compare Old English sunder (English asunder).
sunder
apart, separate, private, aloof, by one’s self
Ne scealt ðú sunder beón from ðínum geférum on Ongelcyricean. ― Thou shouldst not be aloof from thy brethren in the English Church.
From Proto-Germanic *sundraz
*sundraz
separate, isolated, alone
From Proto-Indo-European *sn̥Htros
from *senH- (“apart, without, for oneself”)
Cognate with Sanskrit सनितुर् (sanitúr)
सनितुर् • (sanitúr)
without
सनुतर् (sanutar, “away, off; secretly”)
Cognates Latin: sine (“without”)
Ancient Greek ἄτερ (áter, “without”)
Old English sundor (whence English sunder).
from Old English sundor- (“separate, different”), from Proto-Germanic *sundraz (“isolated, particular, alone”), from Proto-Indo-European *snter-, *seni-, *senu-, *san- (“apart, without, for oneself”). Cognate with Old Saxon sundar (“particular, special”), Dutch zonder (“without”), German sonder (“special, set apart”), Old Norse sundr (“separate”), Danish sønder (“apart, asunder”), Latin sine (“without”).
From Middle English sundren (“to separate, part, divide”), from Old English sundrian (“to separate, split, part, divide”), from Proto-Germanic *sundrōną (“to separate”), from Proto-Indo-European *sen(e)- (“separate, without”). Cognate with Scots sinder, sunder (“to separate, divide, split up”), Dutch zonderen (“to isolate”), German sondern (“to separate”), Swedish söndra (“to divide”). More at sundry.
sunder (third-person singular simple present sunders, present participle sundering, simple past and past participle sundered)
(transitive) To break or separate or to break apart, especially with force.
(intransitive) To part, separate.
(Britain, dialect, dated, transitive) To expose to the sun and wind.
sunder (plural sunders)
a separation into parts; a division or severance .
Old English sundor- apart, aloof, separately, in a manner that separates or divides; single, singular, unique separate, different; special sundorcræft ― special power sundorfrēols ― privilege, immunity private sundorfeoh ― private property
-τερος • (-teros) m (feminine -τέρᾱ, neuter -τερον); first/second declension
Used on adjectives that express some notion of contrast with an antonym
Added to adjective stems to form comparative forms
-τερος • (-teros)
Added to many adjectives and some adverbs to form the comparative forms.
βαθύς (vathýs, “deep”) + -τερος (-teros) → βαθύτερος (vathýteros, “deeper”)
όμορφος (ómorfos, “beautiful”) + -τερος (-teros) → ομορφότερος (omorfóteros, “more beautiful”)
Added to many adjectives and some adverbs to form the relative superlative forms.
βαθύς (vathýs, “deep”) + -τερος (-teros) → ο βαθύτερος (o vathýteros, “deepest”)
From Proto-Indo-European *-teros.
*-teros
Contrastive or oppositional adjectival suffix.
μέτοχος
MEMBER
From Latin: membrum membrum n (genitive membrī); second declension (anatomy) limb of the body; member. (euphemistic) the penis (membrum virīle) a portion, division apartment, room in a house member of the state
(Late Latin, Christianity)
Member of the Body of Christ, member of the church.
(grammar) clause of a sentence
Proto-Indo-European / *(s)mer-
Root
*(s)mer-
to fall into thinking, remember, care for
Proto-Indo-European / *(s)mer-
Root
*(s)mer-
to assign, allot
from Proto-Indo-European *mḗms, *mēms-rom (“flesh”).
Proto-Indo-European / *mḗms
Etymology
From *mems- (meat, flesh) + *-s (derives nouns from roots)
Noun
*mḗms n
flesh, meat
Root
*mems-
flesh, meat
*(ó)-s f
Derives nouns from roots.
*(ḗ)-s m
Derives nouns from roots.
membro m (plural membros, feminine membra (nonstandard), feminine plural membras)
member (one who officially belongs to a group)
Synonym: participante
From Latin membrum (“member; limb”)
membro m (plural membri m, alternative plural membra f) member (one who belongs to a a group; an element of a set)
(anatomy, chiefly in the plural) member, limb
—————————————-
GREEK
μέτοχος
Thayer’s
sharing in, partaking
a partner (in a work, office, dignity)
μέτοχος, ου, ὁ Part of Speech: Adjective Transliteration: metochos Phonetic Spelling: (met'-okh-os) Definition: sharing in Usage: a sharer, partner, associate.
3353 métoxos (from 3348 /metéxō, “share in,” derived from 3326 /metá, “with change afterward” and 2192 /éxō, “have”) – properly, change due to sharing, i.e. from being an “active partaker with.”
μετέχω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: metechó Phonetic Spelling: (met-ekh'-o) Definition: to partake of, share in Usage: I have a share of, participate in, share, partake of, am a member of.
from meta and echó
μετά
Part of Speech: Preposition
Transliteration: meta
Phonetic Spelling: (met-ah')
Definition: with, among, after
Usage: (a) gen: with, in company with, (b) acc: (1) behind, beyond, after, of place, (2) after, of time, with nouns, neut. of adjectives.
HELPS Word-studies
3326 metá (a preposition) – properly, with ("after with"), implying "change afterward" (i.e. what results after the activity). As an active "with," 3326 (metá) looks towards the after-effect (change, result) which is only defined by the context.
ἔχω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: echó Phonetic Spelling: (ekh'-o) Definition: to have, hold Usage: I have, hold, possess.
member (n.)
c. 1300, “body part or organ, an integral part of an animal body having a distinct function” (in plural, “the body”), from Old French membre “part, portion; topic, subject; limb, member of the body; member” (of a group, etc.),” 11c.
from Latin membrum “limb, member of the body, part,”
probably from PIE *mems-ro, from root *mems- “flesh, meat” (source
also of Sanskrit mamsam “flesh;”
Greek meninx “membrane,” mēros “thigh” (the “fleshy part”);
Gothic mimz “flesh”).
In common use, “one of the limbs or extremities.” Especially “the sex organ” (c. 1300, compare Latin membrum virile, but in English originally of women as well as men).
Figurative sense of “anything likened to a part of the body” is by 14c., hence “a component part of any aggregate or whole, constituent part of a complex structure, one of a number of associated parts or entities.”
The transferred sense of “person belonging to a group” is attested from mid-14c., from notion of “person considered in relation to an aggregate of individuals to which he or she belongs,” especially one who has united with or been formally chosen as a corporate part of an association or public body.
This meaning was reinforced by, if not directly from, the use of member in Christian theology and discourse from mid-14c.
for “a Christian” (a “member” of the Church as the “Body of Christ”). Meaning “one who has been elected to parliament” is from early 15c.
————————————————-
μέλος • (mélos) n (plural μέλη)
member (of organisation, group, etc)
(anatomy) limb, body member
μέλος • (mélos) n (genitive μέλους or μέλεος); third declension part of a body, limb, member, part Synonyms: κῶλον (kôlon), ῥέθος (rhéthos) part of a group, member song, strain tune melody
Likely from Proto-Indo-European *mel- (“limb”).
μελῳδῐ́ᾱ • (melōidíā) f (genitive μελῳδῐ́ᾱς); first declension
song, singing; chant; music, melody
From μελῳδός (melōidós, “musical”) + -ία (-ía), from μέλος (mélos) “musical phrase” + ᾠδή (ōidḗ), contracted form of ἀοιδή (aoidḗ) “song”.
μελωδία • (melodía) f (plural μελωδίες)
(music) melody, tune
(music) carol, tune
μελωδικός (melodikós, “melodious”)
————————————————
μέρος
From μερ- (mer-), the root of μείρομαι (meíromai, “to receive as one’s portion”), + -ος (-os). Compare μέλος (mélos).
μέρος • (méros) n (genitive μέρεος or μέρους); third declension part, component, region share, portion one's turn heritage, lot, destiny member of a set, kind, type
μέρος • (méros) n (plural μέρη)
(“Part, part of a whole, portion, share”)
(“part in a play, drama”)
(most senses) part (a fraction of a whole)
Το αγγλικό Βικιλεξικό αποτελεί μέρος ενός πολυεθνικού διαδικτυακού εγχειρήματος.
To anglikó Vikilexikó apoteleí méros enós polyethnikoú diadiktyakoú encheirímatos.
English Wiktionary is part of an online multinational project.
place (an area; somewhere within an area)
Σ’ αυτό το μέρος είναι κρυμμένος ένας θησαυρός.
S’ aftó to méros eínai krymménos énas thisavrós.
There’s treasure hidden at this place.
(music) movement, part
Το τρίτο μέρος της συμφωνίας.
To tríto méros tis symfonías.
The third movement of the symphony.
party, side (group of people forming one side in a given dispute)
Τα ενδιαφερόμενα μέρη κατέληξαν σε συμβιβαστική λύση.
Ta endiaferómena méri katélixan se symvivastikí lýsi.
The interested parties reached a compromise.
(euphemistic) loo, privy, commode, lavatory (toilet)
πάω στο μέρος ― páo sto méros ― to go to the loo
μείρομαι • (meíromai)
I receive as my portion
From Proto-Indo-European *(s)mer- (“to assign, allot”).
See also Latin mereō, merx
See also Hittite (“mark, “to divide a sacrifice”).
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*(s)mer-
to fall into thinking, remember, care for
χρήση
USER
χρήση • (chrísi) f (plural χρήσεις)
use, application, usage
για χρήση από τους μαθητές ― gia chrísi apó tous mathités ― for use by students
φάρμακο για εξωτερική χρήση ― fármako gia exoterikí chrísi ― medication for external use
χρῆσῐς • (khrêsis) f (genitive χρήσεως); third declension
use, usage, employment
utility, usefulness
intimacy, relationship, sexual intercourse
(grammar) use, example, quotation
the response of an oracle
loan
From χρᾰ́ω (“I use, lend, declare”) + -σῐς (-abstract noun)
χράω • (khráō)
(active, of the gods and their oracles) to furnish the needful answer, to declare, pronounce, proclaim
(passive) to be declared, proclaimed, delivered
(middle, of the person to whom the response is given) to consult a god or oracle, to inquire of a god or oracle, consult them
(of applicants seeking something of the great king)
(in perfect passive) to receive an oracular response
to furnish with a thing
(deponent) to use
to bring into action some feeling, faculty, passion, state of mind; to exercise, indulge
(of external things) to experience, be subject to
(paraphrases the verb cognate to its dative)
(with duplicate dative) to use as such and such
to use for an end or purpose
(of persons, with an adverb of manner) to treat them in such a manner
to be intimate with, to deal with, make use of, employ
(especially of sexual intercourse)
to make use of oneself or one’s powers
(absolute or with an adverb) to be wont to do
(with accusative of object)
(perfect with a present sense) to be in need or want of, to yearn after
(perfect as a strengthened present) to have in use, to have, possess
(aorist passive)
χρῄζω • (khrḗizō)
(with genitive) need, lack
χρειάζομαι • (chreiázomai) deponent (past χρειάστηκα)
need, require
3rd persons singular are impersonal e.g. χρειάζεται: it is needed
χρείᾱ • (khreíā) f (genitive χρείᾱς); first declension need, want, necessity want, poverty business, purpose (especially military purpose) employment, function use use, advantage, service familiarity, intimacy maxim
From χρή (khrḗ, “it is necessary”)
χρή • (khrḗ)
(impersonal, expressing necessity) have to, ought, should (with accusative of person and present or aorist infinitive)
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn”).
To yearn for…
—————————————————
Related to: χαίρω
χαίρω • (khaírō)
To be full of cheer, i.e. calmly happy or well off
To enjoy [+dative = something], [+participle = doing something]
(perfect) To be very glad; to enjoy [+dative = something], [+participle = doing something] a great deal
(on meeting or parting, as an imperative) Be well; farewell, be glad, God speed, greetings, hail, joy(‐fully), rejoice (as a salutation)
-χᾰρής (-kharḗs)
χᾰρᾱ́ f (kharā́, “joy”)
χᾰ́ρῐς f (kháris, “elegance; influence”), εὐχᾰρῐστέω (eukharistéō, “thank”), χᾰριεντῐ́ζομαι (kharientízomai, “jest”)
χᾰ́ρμᾰ n (khárma, “delight”)
ἀντιχαίρω (antikhaírō, “rejoice in turn”)
ἐπῐχαίρω (epikhaírō, “rejoice over”)
κᾰτᾰχαίρω (katakhaírō, “exult over”)
περῐχαίρω (perikhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”)
προσχαίρω (proskhaírō, “rejoice at”)
προχαίρω (prokhaírō, “rejoice beforehand”)
συγχαίρω (sunkhaírō, “rejoice with”)
ῠ̔περχαίρω (huperkhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”)
ῠ̔ποχαίρω (hupokhaírō, “rejoice secretly”)
From χαίρω (“joy”)
from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer-
χᾰρᾱ́ • (kharā́) f (genitive χᾰρᾶς); first declension
joy, exultation
From χαίρω (joy) + -η (-abstract noun).
χαίρω • (chaíro) (past —) (largely found in the expressions shown)
be happy, be glad
Χαίρε Μαρία ― Chaíre María ― Hail Mary
χαίρετε ― chaírete ― hi, hello, greetings
χαίρω πολύ ― chaíro polý ― pleased to meet you
χαίρω καλής φήμης ― chaíro kalís fímis ― have a good reputation
χαίρω μεγάλης εκτιμήσεως ― chaíro megális ektimíseos ― to hold in high esteem
χαίρω άκρας υγείας ― chaíro ákras ygeías ― to enjoy good health
χάρηκα πολύ ― chárika polý ― pleased to have met you
χαίρομαι (chaíromai) (a deponent verb, morphologically passive form of χαίρω)
Derived terms[edit]
Χαίρε Μαρία (Chaíre María, “Hail Mary”)
χαίρετε (chaírete, “hello, greetings”)
χαίρω πολύ (chaíro polý, “pleased to meet you”)
Related terms[edit]
And their derived terms:
-χαρής (-charís)
-χαρος (-charos)
επιχαίρω (epichaíro, “gloat, rejoice over failure”)
συγχαίρω (synchaíro, “congratulate”)
χαρά f (chará, “joy”), χαρούμενος (charoúmenos, “happy”)
χαιρετώ (chairetó, “to say hello”)
χαιρετίζω (chairetízo, “greet”)
χαιρέκακος (chairékakos, “spiteful”)
χαίρομαι (chaíromai)
καταχαίρομαι (katachaíromai, “exult, rejoice extremely”)
χάρη f (chári, “grace; favour”)
χάρις f (cháris, “grace”), ευχαριστώ (efcharistó, “thank”)
απόλαυση f (apólafsi, “enjoyment, delight, pleasure”)
ευτυχία f (eftychía, “happiness, contentment”)
ευχαρίστηση f (efcharístisi, “pleasure, contentment”)
ικανοποίηση f (ikanopoíisi, “contentment, satisfaction”)
τέρψη f (térpsi, “delight, enjoyment, pleasure”)
χαρά f (chará, “joy, exhilaration, delight”)
[edit]
γεια χαρά (geia chará, “hi”)
είμαι μια χαρά (eímai mia chará, “I am ok”)
μετά χαράς (metá charás, “gladly, with great pleasure”)
ολόχαρος (olócharos, “full of joy”)
παιδική χαρά f (paidikí chará, “playground”)
χαρά Θεού (chará Theoú, “sunny day”)
χαράς ευαγγέλια (charás evangélia, “joyful news”)
μες στην καλή χαρά (mes stin kalí chará)
μες στην τρελή χαρά (mes stin trelí chará)
μια χαρά και δυο τρομάρες (mia chará kai dyo tromáres)
χαρά στο πράμα (chará sto práma)
χαρούλα (charoúla)
χάρμᾰ • (khárma) n (genitive χάρμᾰτος); third declension
source of joy, delight
joy, delight
From χαίρω (khaírō, “rejoice”) + -μᾰ (-instance of).
————————————————-
LATIN
Usus m (genitive Usus, no plural) custom (long-established practice)
ūsus m (genitive ūsūs); fourth declension use, employment, exercise, advantage practice experience, discipline, skill habit, usage, custom
ūsus m (genitive ūsūs); fourth declension use, employment, exercise, advantage practice experience, discipline, skill habit, usage, custom
Perfect participle of ūtor (“make use of”).
ūtor (present infinitive ūtī, perfect active ūsus sum); third conjugation, deponent I use, employ. I enjoy, take advantage of. I experience, undergo, encounter. I wear. I consume.
Compare the future tense οἴσω (oísō) of Ancient Greek φέρω (phérō, “carry”).
Usage notes
The verb ūtor and others like it, fruor, fungor, potior, vescor, and their compounds, regularly govern the ablative case.
For example: The soldier uses a sword. Mīles gladiō ūtitur.
fruor (present infinitive fruī, perfect active frūctus sum); third conjugation, deponent
I enjoy; I derive pleasure from.
I engage (in)
from Proto-Indo-European *bʰruHg- (“to use, enjoy”).
frūmen (“sacrificial porridge”)
Etymology
From Vulgar Latin *fruere, from Latin fruor (“I enjoy”).
Verb[edit]
fruir (first-person singular present frueixo, past participle fruït)
to enjoy
FRUIT
past participle fruït
fungor (present infinitive fungī, perfect active fūnctus sum); third conjugation, deponent I perform, execute, administer, discharge, observe I finish (something), complete (something), end (something)
From Proto-Indo-European *bʰewg- (“to enjoy”). Etymology 2 Root *bʰewg- to enjoy, benefit
Root *bʰegʷ- to flee Synonym: *bʰewg- to run
potior (present infinitive potīrī or potīrier, perfect active potītus sum); fourth conjugation, deponent I obtain, acquire, get I grasp I attain I seize, capture I control
potior (neuter potius, positive potis); third declension
more able, capable; more possible; more preferable
comparative of potis (“able, capable”)
potis m or f (neuter potis or pote, comparative potior, superlative potissimus)
able, capable, possible
πόσις • (pósis) m (genitive πόσιος); third declension
husband
πόσις • (pósis) f (genitive πόσιος or πόσεως); third declension
the act of drinking
drink, beverage
From Proto-Indo-European *ph₃tis, from *peh₃- (“to drink”) (compare πίνω (pínō, “I drink”)).
vēscor (present infinitive vēscī); third conjugation, deponent, no perfect or supine stem
(with accusative or ablative) I eat, feed upon.
(with accusative or ablative) I make use of, enjoy, use.
(intransitive) I eat.
From vē- + ēsca (“food”).
use (n.)
c. 1200, “act of employing,” from Anglo-French and Old French us “custom, practice, usage,” from Latin usus “use, custom, practice, employment, skill, habit,” from past participle stem of uti “make use of, profit by, take advantage of” (see use (v.)).
use (v.)
c. 1200, “employ for a purpose,” from Old French user “employ, make use of, practice, frequent,” from Vulgar Latin *usare “use,” frequentative form of past participle stem of Latin uti “make use of, profit by, take advantage of, enjoy, apply, consume,” in Old Latin oeti “use, employ, exercise, perform,” of uncertain origin. Related: Used; using. Replaced Old English brucan (see brook (v.)). From late 14c. as “take advantage of.”
Related entries & more
υπήκοος
SUBJECT - CITIZEN
From ὑπο- (“under”) + ἀκούω (“to listen”)
υπήκοος • (ypíkoos) m or f (plural υπήκοοι)
citizen, national (of a country)
Μπορείτε να ταξιδέψετε στην Αυστραλία εάν είστε Αυστραλός υπήκοος, μόνιμος κάτοικος ή υπήκοος Νέας Ζηλανδίας που διαμένει συνήθως στην Αυστραλία.
Boreíte na taxidépsete stin Afstralía eán eíste Afstralós ypíkoos, mónimos kátoikos í ypíkoos Néas Zilandías pou diaménei syníthos stin Afstralía.
You can travel to Australia if you are an Australian national, permanent resident or New Zealand national who normally resides in Australia.
subject (of a monarch)
From Ancient Greek ὑπήκοος (hupḗkoos, “listening to someone more important, obeying”), from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + ἀκοή (akoḗ, “listening”).
υπηκοότητα f (ypikoótita, “citizenship”)
υπηκοότητα • (ypikoótita) f (uncountable)
citizenship, nationality
υπήκοος (ypíkoos, “citizen, national”) + -ότητα (-ótita, “-ity, -ness”). First attested 1831.
Adjective[edit]
ῠ̔πήκοος • (hupḗkoos) m or f (neuter ῠ̔πήκοον); second declension
listening [+dative = to someone]
subject, obedient [+genitive or dative = to someone]
-ος • (-os) m (genitive -ου); second declension
Added to verbal roots to form an o-grade action noun.
ὑπακούω (hupakoúō) + -ος (-action noun)
Suffix
-ος • (-os) n (genitive -εος or -ους); third declension
Added to verbal roots to form a noun of result or an abstract noun of action.
-ος • (-os)
An ending found in nouns
-ος • (-os) m (genitive -ου); second declension
Added to verbal roots to form an o-grade action noun.
—————————————————
UNDER - LISTENING
ῠ̔πᾰκούω • (hupakoúō)
(absolute) to listen, hearken, give ear
to make answer when called
(with the genitive of object) to listen or hearken to, give ear to, heed, attend to
(special senses)
(of porters) to answer a knock at the door
(of a judge) to listen to a complaint
(of dependents, subjects) to obey, submit to
to answer one’s expectations, to succeed
(figuratively) to be subject to the sun’s rays
(of ailments) to yield, give way to a remedy
to concede a point in a dispute
to understand under
(grammar) to understand a word omitted
From ὑπο- (hupo-, “under”) + ἀκούω (akoúō, “to listen”)
ᾰ̓κούω • (akoúō) (transitive) I hear [+accusative = something], [+genitive = someone] (transitive) I hear about, learn (transitive) I listen, pay attention to, heed Ἄκουε τοῦ διδασκάλου! Ákoue toû didaskálou! Listen to the teacher! Νῦν δὲ ἄκουσον μου! Nûn dè ákouson mou! Now listen to me! (transitive) I understand (transitive) I obey (passive) I am called, am spoken of, am known as
cīvis
Civilian
CITIZEN
cīvis m or f (genitive cīvis); third declension
citizen
Civis romanus sum.
I am a Roman citizen.
(by extension) a subject (i.e., a person subject to a ruler)
citizen (n.)
c. 1300, citisein (fem. citeseine) “inhabitant of a city or town,” from Anglo-French citesein, citezein “city-dweller, town-dweller, citizen” (Old French citeien, 12c., Modern French citoyen), from cite (see city) + -ain (see -ian). According to Middle English Compendium, the -s-/-z- in Anglo-French presumably replaced an earlier *-th-. Old English words were burhsittend and ceasterware.
Sense of “freeman or inhabitant of a country, member of the state or nation, not an alien” is late 14c. Meaning “private person” (as opposed to a civil officer or soldier) is from c. 1600. As a title, 1795, from French: During the French Revolution, citoyen was used as a republican alternative to Monsieur.
Citizen’s arrest, one carried out by a private person, without a warrant, allowable in certain cases, is recorded from 1941; citizen’s band (radio) from 1947. Citizen of the world (late 15c.) translates Latin civem totius mundi, Greek kosmopolites.
He is not a citizen who is not disposed to respect the laws and to obey the civil magistrate; and he is certainly not a good citizen who does not wish to promote, by every means in his power, the welfare of the whole society of his fellow-citizens. [Adam Smith, “Theory of Moral Sentiments”]
cit (n.)
“inhabitant of a city,” colloquial shortening of citizen, 1640s; especially “a London cockney,” as contrasted to a country man or a gentleman, usually with some measure of opprobrium (Johnson defines it as “A pert low townsman; a pragmatical trader”).
civil (adj.)
late 14c., “relating to civil law or life; pertaining to the internal affairs of a state,”
from Old French civil “civil, relating to civil law” (13c.) and directly from Latin civilis “relating to a society, pertaining to public life, relating to the civic order, befitting a citizen,” hence by extension “popular, affable, courteous;” alternative adjectival derivative of civis “townsman” (see city).
Meaning “not barbarous, civilized” is from 1550s.
Specifically “relating to the commonwealth as secularly organized” (as opposed to military or ecclesiastical) by 1610s.
Meaning “relating to the citizen in his relation to the commonwealth or to fellow citizens” also is from 1610s.
The word civil has about twelve different meanings; it is applied to all manner of objects, which are perfectly disparate.
As opposed to criminal, it means all law not criminal. As opposed to ecclesiastical, it means all law not ecclesiastical: as opposed to military, it means all law not military, and so on. [John Austin, “
Lectures on Jurisprudence,” 1873]
The sense of “polite” was in classical Latin, but English did not pick up this nuance of the word until late 16c., and it has tended to descend in meaning to “meeting minimum standards of courtesy.” “Courteous is thus more commonly said of superiors, civil of inferiors, since it implies or suggests the possibility of incivility or rudeness” [OED].
Civil, literally, applies to one who fulfills the duty of a citizen; It may mean simply not rude, or observant of the external courtesies of intercourse, or quick to do and say gratifying and complimentary things. … Courteous, literally, expresses that style of politeness which belongs to courts: a courteous man is one who is gracefully respectful in his address and manner — one who exhibits a union of dignified complaisance and kindness. The word applies to all sincere kindness and attention. [Century Dictionary, 1895]
city (n.)
c. 1200, from Old French cite “town, city” (10c., Modern French cité), from earlier citet,
from Latin civitatem (nominative civitas; in
Late Latin sometimes citatem) originally “citizenship, condition or rights of a citizen, membership in the community,”
later “community of citizens, state, commonwealth” (used, for instance of the Gaulish tribes),
from civis “townsman,”
from PIE root *kei- (1) “to lie,”
also forming words for “bed, couch,” and with a secondary sense of “beloved, dear.”
Now “a large and important town,” but originally in early Middle English a walled town, a capital or cathedral town.
Distinction from town is early 14c. OED calls it “Not a native designation, but app[arently] at first a somewhat grandiose title, used instead of the OE. burh”(see borough).
Between Latin and English the sense was transferred from the inhabitants to the place.
The Latin word for “city” was urbs, but a resident was civis.
Civitas seems to have replaced urbs as Rome (the ultimate urbs) lost its prestige. Loss of Latin -v- is regular in French in some situations (compare alleger from alleviare; neige from nivea; jeune from juvenis.
A different sound evolution from the Latin word yielded Italian citta, Catalan ciutat, Spanish ciudad, Portuguese cidade.
London is the city from 1550s. As an adjective, “pertaining to a city, urban,” from c. 1300. City hall “chief municipal offices” is first recorded 1670s; to fight city hall is 1913, American English. City slicker “a smart and plausible rogue, of a kind usu. found in cities” [OED] is first recorded 1916 (see slick (adj.)). City limits is from 1825.
The newspaper city-editor, who superintends the collection and publication of local news, is from 1834, American English; hence city desk attested from 1878. Inner city first attested 1968.
From Middle English citeseyn, citezein, borrowed from Anglo-Norman citesain (“burgher; city-dweller”), citezein &c., probably a variant of cithein under influence of deinzein (“denizen”), from Anglo-Norman and Old French citeain &c. and citaien, citeien &c. (“burgher”; modern French citoyen), from cité (“settlement; cathedral city, city”; modern French cité) + -ain or -ien (“-an, -ian”). See city and hewe.
burgher (plural burghers)
A citizen of a borough or town, especially one belonging to the middle class.
A member of the medieval mercantile class.
A citizen of a medieval city.
A prosperous member of the community; a middle class citizen (may connote complacency).
cyborg (plural cyborgs)
(science fiction) A person who is part machine, a robot who is part organic.
(science fiction) A robot who has an organic past.
A human with electronic or bionic prostheses.
cyborg m anim
cyborg (person who is part machine)
bion (plural bions)
(science fiction) A cyborg or robot.
bionic (comparative more bionic, superlative most bionic)
(not comparable) Related to bionics.
Of a biological organism, having been enhanced by electronic or mechanical parts; cyborg.
Superhuman
*kei- (1)
Proto-Indo-European root meaning “to lie,” also forming words for “bed, couch,” and with a secondary sense of “beloved, dear.”
It forms all or part of: ceilidh; cemetery; city; civic; civil; civilian; civilization; civilize; hide (n.2) measure of land; incivility; incunabula; Siva.
It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit Sivah “propitious, gracious;” Greek keisthai “to lie, lie asleep;” Latin cunae “a cradle;” Old Church Slavonic semija “family, domestic servants;” Lithuanian šeima “domestic servants,” Lettish sieva “wife;” Old English hiwan “members of a household.”
civilian (n.)
late 14c., “judge or authority on civil law,” from noun use of Old French civilien “of the civil law,” created from Latin civilis “relating to a citizen, relating to public life, befitting a citizen; popular, affable, courteous,” alternative adjectival derivative of civis “townsman” (see city). Sense of “non-military and non-clerical person, one whose pursuits are those of civilian life” is attested by 1766. As an adjective, “pertaining to or characteristic of a civilian,” from 1640s.
