Rhetoric - Argument Flashcards

Question

παρομοίωση ὁμός ὁμαλός

Answer 1

SIMILE “This story describes the features shared by two different subjects” A simile (/ˈsɪməli/) is a figure of speech that directly compares two things. Similes differ from metaphors by highlighting the similarities between two things using words such as "like" or "as", while metaphors create an implicit comparison (i.e. saying something "is" something else). This distinction is evident in the etymology of the words: simile derives from the Latin word simile ("similar, like"), while metaphor derives from the Greek word metaphor in ("to transfer"). While similes are mainly used in forms of poetry that compare the inanimate and the living, there are also terms in which similes are used for very important things. simile ( countable and uncountable , plural similes Or similia ) A figure of speech in which one thing is explicitly compared to another, using eg like or as . Antonym: dissimile Coordinate term: metaphor ( when the comparison is implicit ) Hypernym: figure of speech From Latin simile ( " comparison, likeness, parallel " ) (first attested 1393), originally from simile , neuter form of similis ( " like, similar, resembling " ) . Confer the English similar . simile ( masculine and feminine plural imitation ) similar such similis ( neuter simile , comparative similior , superlative simillimus , adverb similiter ); third-declension two-termination adjective similar ( takes a dative object ) similar to, like , resembling from Proto-Indo-European * sem- ( “ together, one ” ) . Cognate with Ancient Greek ὁμαλός ( same, equal, level ) Adjective ὁμᾰλός • ( homalós ) m ( feminine , μᾰλή , neuter ὁμᾰλόν ); first / second declension ``` ( of a surface ) even , level Antonym: τραχύς ( trakhús ) ( of a sediment ) uniform in consistency ( of motion ) even , equable ( of circumstances ) equal , on a level not remarkable , middling , average , ordinary ``` The formation is like that of Latin similis ( “ similar ” ) and Old Irish samail ( “ likeness, similarity ” ) , thus from Proto-Indo-European * sem-h₂-lo- , from * sem- . The o- grade of the word is often thought to have been imported from omos ( homos , " similar " ) . Adjective ὁμός • ( homós ) m ( feminine ὁμή , neuter ὁμόν ); first / second declension same , common , joint From Proto-Indo-European * somHós , from the root * sem- , which also gave εἷς ( heîs , “ one ” ) . Cognate with Old English sama ( English same ), Sanskrit सम ( sama ) , Old Persian 𐏃𐎶 ( hama ) , Old Church Slavonic سامъ ( samŭ ) . ``` LATIN Adverb Simul ( not comparable ) At the same time; simultaneously . As soon as. ``` Adjective similis ( neuter simile , comparative similior , superlative simillimus , adverb similiter ); third-declension two-termination adjective similar ( takes a dative object ) similar to, like , resembling

Answer 2

APOLOGUE — APOLOGY “This speak in defense of that” from Greek ἀπολογία, "speaking in defense" An apologue or apolog (from the Greek ἀπόλογος, a "statement" or "account") is a brief fable or allegorical story with pointed or exaggerated details, meant to serve as a pleasant vehicle for a moral doctrine or to convey a useful lesson without stating it explicitly. Unlike a fable, the moral is more important than the narrative details.[1] As with the parable, the apologue is a tool of rhetorical argument used to convince or persuade. απολογία • (apología) f (plural απολογίες) (law) defence, justification, plea (excuse which provides support for behavior or for a belief or occurrence) Το δικαστήριο άκουσε την απολογία του κατηγορουμένου. To dikastírio ákouse tin apología tou katigorouménou. The court heard the defendant's plea. (literary, religion) apologia From Ancient Greek ἀπολογία (apología), equivalent to απο- (apo-, “from”) +‎ λόγος (lógos, “speech”) +‎ -ία (-ía). An apologia (Latin for apology, from Greek ἀπολογία, "speaking in defense") is a formal defense of an opinion, position or action.[1][2] The term's current use, often in the context of religion, theology and philosophy, derives from Justin Martyr's First Apology (AD 155–157) and was later employed by John Henry Newman's Apologia Pro Vita Sua (English: A Defense of One's Own Life) of 1864,[3] which presented a formal defense of the history of his Christian life, leading to his acceptance by the Catholic Church in 1845.[4] In modern usage, apologia describes a formal defense and should not be confused with the sense of the word 'apology' as an expression of regret; however, apology may mean apologia,[5] depending on the context of use.

Answer 3

IMAGINATION “This story attempts to invent possibilities of what could be” From φᾰ́ντᾰσῐς (phántasis) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā), from φᾰντᾰ́ζω (phantázō, “I make visible”), from φαίνω (phaínō, “I shine”). ``` Noun φᾰντᾰσῐ́ᾱ • (phantasíā) f (genitive φᾰντᾰσῐ́ᾱς); first declension look, appearance, presentation, display showy appearance, pomp, pageantry perception, impression image ``` ``` Verb φᾰντᾰ́ζω • (phantázō) to show; to make visible (in the mediopassive) to place before one's mind, to picture to oneself, to imagine (passive) to become visible, appear to be heard to be terrified by visions or phantasms ``` From φᾰντός (phantós, “visible”) +‎ -ᾰ́ζω (-ázō), verbal adjective of φαίνω (phaínō, “I cause to appear, bring to light”). Noun φάντασμα • (fántasma) n (plural φαντάσματα) ghost, fantasy, phantom, spectre (UK), specter (US) ``` Noun φᾰ́ντᾰσμᾰ • (phántasma) n (genitive φᾰντᾰ́σμᾰτος); third declension phantom, apparition, ghost vision, dream (in the plural) phenomena fantasy ``` From φᾰντᾰ́ζω (phantázō, “make visible”) +‎ -μᾰ (-ma). Verb φαίνω • (phaínō) (transitive) I cause to appear, bring to light; I show, uncover, reveal (transitive) I make known, reveal, disclose (of sound) (transitive) Ι show forth, expound (transitive) I denounce (intransitive) I shine, give light (passive) I appear; I shine I come into being I come about (copulative or control verb) I appear (to be) (φαίνεται as interjection) yes; so it appears; apparently (late, impersonal) it seems from *bʰeh₂- (“to shine”). from Old English scīnan ("to shine, flash; be resplendent"; preterite scān, past participle scinen) Verb sċīnan to shine English: shine shine (third-person singular simple present shines, present participle shining, simple past and past participle shone or shined) (intransitive, copulative) To emit or reflect light so as to glow. (intransitive, copulative) To reflect light. (intransitive, copulative) To distinguish oneself; to excel. My nephew tried other sports before deciding on football, which he shone at right away, quickly becoming the star of his school team. (intransitive, copulative) To be effulgent in splendour or beauty. (intransitive, copulative) To be eminent, conspicuous, or distinguished; to exhibit brilliant intellectual powers. (intransitive, copulative) To be immediately apparent. (transitive) To create light with (a flashlight, lamp, torch, or similar). I shone my light into the darkness to see what was making the noise. (transitive) To cause to shine, as a light. (US, transitive) To make bright; to cause to shine by reflected light. in hunting, to shine the eyes of a deer at night by throwing a light on them Imagination is the ability to produce and simulate novel objects, sensations, and ideas in the mind without any immediate input of the senses. It is also described as the forming of experiences in one's mind, which can be re-creations of past experiences such as vivid memories with imagined changes, or they can be completely invented and possibly fantastic scenes.[1] Imagination helps make knowledge applicable in solving problems and is fundamental to integrating experience and the learning process.[2][3][4][5] A basic training for imagination is listening to storytelling (narrative),[2][6] in which the exactness of the chosen words is the fundamental factor to "evoke worlds".[7] Imagination is a cognitive process used in mental functioning and sometimes used in conjunction with psychological imagery. It is considered as such because it involves thinking about possibilities.[8] The cognate term of mental imagery may be used in psychology for denoting the process of reviving in the mind recollections of objects formerly given in sense perception. Since this use of the term conflicts with that of ordinary language, some psychologists have preferred to describe this process as "imaging" or "imagery" or to speak of it as "reproductive" as opposed to "productive" or "constructive" imagination. Constructive imagination is further divided into voluntary imagination driven by the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and involuntary imagination (LPFC-independent), such as REM-sleep dreaming, daydreaming, hallucinations, and spontaneous insight.[9] The voluntary types of imagination include integration of modifiers, and mental rotation. Imagined images, both novel and recalled, are seen with the "mind's eye". Imagination, however, is not considered to be exclusively a cognitive activity because it is also linked to the body and place, particularly that it also involves setting up relationships with materials and people, precluding the sense that imagination is locked away in the head.[10] Imagination can also be expressed through stories such as fairy tales or fantasies. Children often use such narratives and pretend play in order to exercise their imaginations. When children develop fantasy they play at two levels: first, they use role playing to act out what they have developed with their imagination, and at the second level they play again with their make-believe situation by acting as if what they have developed is an actual reality.[

Answer 4

SUPPOSITION This attempts to guess what will happen or explain why it will happen” Noun υπόθεση • (ypóthesi) f (plural υποθέσεις) business, matter, affair (law) case (sciences, mathematics) hypothesis, conjecture hypothesis (film) plot assumption Υπόθεση Αβογκάντρο ― Ypóthesi Avogkántro ― Avogadro's supposition supposition (n.) early 15c., a term in logic, "assumption, hypothesis," from Medieval Latin suppositionem (nominative suppositio) "assumption, hypothesis, a supposition," noun of action from past participle stem of supponere (see suppose); influenced by Greek hypothesis. In classical Latin, "a putting under, substitution." Earlier in English in the same sense was supposal (late 14c.). Related: Suppositional; suppositionally. guess (n.) c. 1300, "indiscriminate conclusion, guesswork, doubtful supposition," from guess (v.). Mid-15c. as "considered opinion." Verbal shrug phrase your guess is as good as mine attested from 1902. Related entries & more indicative (adj.) mid-15c., "that points out, states, or declares" (grammatical), from Old French indicatif (14c.), from Late Latin indicativus "serving to point out," from indicat-, past participle stem of Latin indicare "to point out, show" (see indication). The "mood in the conjugation of a Latin verb whose essential function is to state a fact (as opposed to a wish, supposition or command)"

Answer 5

ALLEGORY “This is like that” — “This is similar to that” As a literary device, an allegory is a narrative in which a character, place, or event is used to deliver a broader message about real-world issues and occurrences. Many allegories use personification of abstract concepts. First attested in English in 1382, the word allegory comes from Latin allegoria, the latinisation of the Greek ἀλληγορία (allegoría), "veiled language, figurative",[3] which in turn comes from both ἄλλος (allos), "another, different"[4] and ἀγορεύω (agoreuo), "to harangue, to speak in the assembly",[5] which originates from ἀγορά (agora), "assembly". Noun ᾰ̓λληγορῐ́ᾱ • (allēgoríā) f (genitive ᾰ̓λληγορῐ́ᾱς); first declension (Koine) veiled language, allegory Etymology Compound of ἄλλος (állos, “other”) +‎ ἀγορεύω (agoreúō, “I speak”). Adjective ἄλλος • (állos) m (feminine ἄλλη, neuter ἄλλο); first/second declension other, another, different, else (with article) all others, all besides, the rest (with numerals) yet, still (in lists) as well, besides, too equivalent to ἀλλοῖος (alloîos) of another sort than (with genitive) (in phrases) in combination with τις (tis) any other; anyone else, anything else in the phrase ἄλλος τε καὶ (állos te kaì) especially, most of all in the phrase εἴ τις καὶ ἄλλος (eí tis kaì állos) or εἴ τι καὶ ἄλλο (eí ti kaì állo) if anyone, whoever else; if anything, whatever else ``` from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos Proto-Indo-European Alternative reconstructions *ályos Etymology From *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Determiner *h₂élyos other, another ``` ``` Adjective alius (feminine alia, neuter aliud); first/second-declension adjective (pronominal) other, another, any other else different ``` from Proto-Indo-European *h₂élyos, from *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ἄλλος (állos) (Modern Greek αλλιώς (alliós)), αἶλος (aîlos) Proto-Indo-European Root *h₂el- (imperfective) to grow, nourish Adjective alumnus (feminine alumna, neuter alumnum); first/second-declension adjective Nourished, fostered, etc. Alternatively from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el- (“to nourish, grow”) + *-mno- (see *-mn̥). from Proto-Indo-European *h₂el-o-mh₁no- (“being nourished”), mediopassive participle (see *-mh₁nos) Noun alumnus m (genitive alumnī); second declension Nursling, pupil foster son. ——————————————————————- Verb ᾰ̓γορᾰ́ζω • (agorázō) (intransitive) to be in the market, to frequent it (transitive) to buy in the market, buy, purchase (intransitive) to haunt the market, lounge there, as a mark of idle fellows From ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (agorā́, “market”) +‎ -ᾰ́ζω (-ázō, denominative verb suffix). Verb αγοράζω • (agorázo) (past αγόρασα, passive αγοράζομαι) buy, purchase From Ancient Greek ἀγοράζω (agorázō, “frequent the market”). Related terms see: αγορά f (agorá, “market, bazaar”) See also ψωνίζω (psonízo, “I go shopping”) ——————————————————————- ``` Verb ἀγορεύω • (agoreúō) to speak in the assembly to say, speak to proclaim ``` From ἀγορᾱ́ (agorā́, “assembly”) +‎ -εύω (-eúō, “denominative verb-forming suffix”). Noun ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ • (agorā́) f (genitive ᾰ̓γορᾶς); first declension assembly, especially an assembly of the people (as opposed to a council, βουλή (boulḗ)) the place of assembly speech market, marketplace things sold at market, provisions, supplies sale the time of market: midday From Proto-Hellenic *agorā́; equivalent to ᾰ̓γείρω (ageírō, “to gather”) +‎ -η (-ē, abstract noun suffix). Verb ἀγείρω • (ageírō) to collect, gather From Proto-Hellenic *agéřřō from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- (“to assemble, gather together”). Cognate with Latin grex (“flock, herd”) Sanskrit गण (gaṇá, “flock, troop, group”). ``` Proto-Indo-European Root *h₂ger- to gather flock, herd ``` Noun grex m (genitive gregis); third declension (zoology) A group of smaller animals: a flock (of birds, sheep, etc.), a pack (of dogs, wolves, etc.), a swarm (of insects), etc. (figuratively) A similar group of other things, particularly: A group of people: a crowd, a clique, a company, a band, a troop, etc. (sports) A team of charioteers. (theater) A troupe of actors. Verb gregō (present infinitive gregāre, perfect active gregāvī, supine gregātum); first conjugation I herd, assemble Prefix Greco- (“Greek”) Derived terms aggregō congregō sēgregō Verb aggregō (present infinitive aggregāre, perfect active aggregāvī, supine aggregātum); first conjugation I bring, attach or add to a crowd or flock; lump together. (reflexive) I attach to myself, follow or adhere to. ``` From ad- +‎ gregō (“collect, assemble”). Prefix ad- to usually prefixed to verbs, in which cases it often has the effect of intensifying the verbal action ``` For euphony, ad- can assimilate the attached stem's initial consonant, becoming: a- (before sc, sp and st), ac- (before c and q), af- (before f), ag-, al-, ap-, ar-, as-, or at-. ``` Verb congregō (present infinitive congregāre, perfect active congregāvī, supine congregātum); first conjugation I gather into a flock I swarm I assemble, collect, associate ``` From con- (“with”) +‎ gregō (“herd, assemble”). ``` Verb sēgregō (present infinitive sēgregāre, perfect active sēgregāvī, supine sēgregātum); first conjugation I separate I remove I segregate ``` From sē- (“apart”) +‎ gregō (“herd, assemble”). Prefix sē- apart-, aside-, away- claudō ( “ to close, shut, confine ” ) → sēclūdō ( “ to shut off ” ) dūcō ( “ to lead ” ) → sēdūcō ( “ to lead away or astray, separate from ” ) (in a privative sense) without, lacking, wanting, -less cūra ( “ care, worry ” ) → sēcūrus ( “ free from care, easy; careless ” ) cor ( “ heart as the seat of vitality ” ) → socors ( “ lacking in vitality or alertness, sluggish, inactive, dull ” ) —————————————————— Determiner suus (feminine sua, neuter suum); first/second-declension determiner (possessive, reflexive) his, her, its, their (own) Latin suescere (“to accustom, get accustomed”) and sodalis (“companion”), Sanskrit स्व (sva, “one's own”). from Proto-Indo-European *sewos, from *swé (“self”). See also Ancient Greek ἑός (heós) Pronoun ἑός • (heós) (possessive) his/her own Pronoun ὅς • (hós) m, ἥ f (hḗ), ὅ n (hó) (in Homeric Greek, often demonstrative pronoun) this (relative) who, which, that Derived terms οἷος (hoîos) ὅτε (hóte) ὡς (hōs) Determiner ὅς • (hós) m (feminine ἥ, neuter ὅν); first/second declension (third person singular possessive determiner) (with noun) his, her, its (as substantive, sometimes with article) his, hers (in the plural) his or her people, friends, family; his possessions —————————————————— Adjective grego m (feminine singular grega, masculine plural gregos, feminine plural gregas, comparable) Greek (of, from or relating to Greece) Synonyms: helénico, greco- (combining form) Noun[edit] grego m (plural gregos, feminine grega, feminine plural gregas) Greek (person from Greece) (uncountable) Greek (Indo-European language spoken in Greece and Cyprus) (colloquial) Greek (incomprehensible speech or jargon) ———————————————————- Suffix -εύω • (-eúō) Added to the stems of agent or other nouns in -εύς (-eús) to form a denominative verb of condition or activity: meaning "be x" or "do what x typically does" ‎ βᾰσῐλεύς ( basileús, “ king ” ) + ‎ -εύω ( -eúō ) → ‎ βᾰσῐλεύω ( basileúō, “ to rule ” ) ‎ ᾰ̔λῐεύς ( halieús, “ fisherman ” ) + ‎ -εύω ( -eúō ) → ‎ ᾰ̔λῐεύω ( halieúō, “ to fish ” ) Added to other nouns ‎ βουλή ( boulḗ, “ plan ” ) + ‎ -εύω ( -eúō ) → ‎ βουλεύω ( bouleúō, “ to plan ” ) ‎ παῖς ( paîs, “ child ” ) + ‎ -εύω ( -eúō ) → ‎ παιδεύω ( paideúō, “ to teach ” ) ‎ ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ ( agorā́, “ assembly, marketplace ” ) + ‎ -εύω ( -eúō ) → ‎ ᾰ̓γορεύω ( agoreúō, “ to talk ” ) Suffix -εύς • (-eús) m (genitive -έως); third declension Added to noun or adjective stems to form a masculine noun of the person concerned with a thing Added to an ancestor's or place name to form a demonym: -ian Added to verbal stems to form a masculine agent noun: -er Synonyms (person concerned): -ειᾰ (-eia) (feminine), -ίς (-ís) (feminine), -της (-tēs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine), -ττᾰ (-tta) (feminine), -σσᾰ (-ssa) (feminine), -αινᾰ (-aina) (feminine) (agent noun): -της (-tēs), -τής (-tḗs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine), -τήρ (-tḗr), -τειρᾰ (-teira) (feminine), -τωρ (-tōr), -τρός (-trós), -τρίᾱ (-tríā) (feminine), -τρίς (-trís) (feminine) (demonym): -ίς (-ís) (feminine), -της (-tēs), -τίς (-tís) (feminine), -ῐος (-ios), -κός (-kós), -ῐκός (-ikós), -ᾱνός (-ānós) -ηνός (-ēnós), -ῖνος (-înos) Suffix -εῖος • (-eîos) m (feminine -είᾱ, neuter -εῖον); first/second declension Forms adjectives, usually with a meaning of "of" or "from". ``` Suffix -īvus (feminine -īva, neuter -īvum); first/second-declension suffix Adjective suffix. Added to the perfect passive participial stem of verbs, forming a deverbal adjective meaning “doing” or “related to doing” agō → āctus → āctīvus stō → status → statīvus Less frequently added to noun stems fēstum → fēstīvus fūrtum → fūrtīvus ``` Cognate with Ancient Greek -εῖος (-eîos) (whence also some Latin forms in -ēus). Suffix -eus (feminine -ea, neuter -eum); first/second-declension suffix (with materials) Used to form adjectives from nouns, and so to nominally indicate the source of an attribute. ‎ argentum ( “ silver ” ) + ‎ -eus → ‎ argenteus ( “ made of silver ” ) ‎ ferrum ( “ iron ” ) + ‎ -eus → ‎ ferreus ( “ made of iron ” ) ‎ marmor ( “ marble ” ) + ‎ -eus → ‎ marmoreus ( “ made of marble ” ) ‎ pīnus ( “ pine tree ” ) + ‎ -eus → ‎ pīneus ( “ made of pine ” ) Declension Suffix -ēus (feminine -ēa, neuter -ēum); first/second-declension suffix In adopted Greek words, surviving thus or as -īvus. mūsēum ( μουσεῖον ( mouseîon ), cf. mūsīvum from the same source) ``` Old French Alternative forms -eus, -eux, -os, -ous Etymology From Latin -ōsus. Suffix -us -ous, used for forming adjectives ``` Suffix -ῐος • (-ios) m (feminine -ῐ́ᾱ, neuter -ῐον); first/second declension Suffix added to nouns or adjectives, forming adjectives: pertaining to, belonging to ("of"). Suffix -ιος • (-ios) m (feminine -ια, neuter -ιο) Used to form nouns and adjectives indicating origin: ‎ Κύπρος ( Kýpros, “ Cyprus ” ) + ‎ -ιος ( -ios ) → ‎ Κύπριος ( Kýprios, “ Cypriot ” ) ( noun, demonym ) Related term: -αίος ( -aíos ) for demonyms ‎ θάλασσα ( thálassa, “ sea ” ) + ‎ -ιος ( -ios ) → ‎ θαλάσσιος ( thalássios, “ marine ” ) ( adjective ) ‎ αιώνας ( aiónas, “ century ” ) + ‎ -ιος ( -ios ) → ‎ αιώνιος ( aiónios, “ eternal ” ) ( adjective ) Suffix -ιος • (-ios) m (feminine -ια, neuter -ιο) Used to form adjectives indicating property, characteristic of the prototype word: ‎ σαπίζω ( sapízo, “ I rot ” ) + ‎ -ιος ( -ios ) → ‎ σάπιος ( sápios, “ rotten ” ) /ˈsapços/ ( from verb ) ‎ καθαρός ( katharós, “ clean ” ) + ‎ -ιος ( -ios ) → ‎ καθάριος ( kathários, “ clear ” ) /kaˈθaɾʝos/ ( from adjective ) ————————————————————- Noun αγορά • (agorá) f (plural αγορές) (historical) agora, the ancient square or marketplace, the centre of public life Η αρχαία αγορά στην Αθήνα είναι κάτω από την Ακρόπολη. I archaía agorá stin Athína eínai káto apó tin Akrópoli. The ancient agora in Athens is just under the Acropolis. marketplace, market Πάω στην αγορά να ψωνίσω. Páo stin agorá na psoníso. I am going to the market to do some shopping. purchase αγορά τοις μετρητοίς ― agorá tois metritoís ― cash purchase αγορά με δόσεις ― agorá me dóseis ― installment buying commerce, trade Οι αγορές κατέρρευσαν στο κραχ. Oi agorés katérrefsan sto krach. The markets collapsed during the crash. ελεύθερη αγορά ― eléftheri agorá ― free market αγορά εργασίας ― agorá ergasías ― labour market Synonyms (market) : μαγαζιά n (magaziá, “the shops”) (plural) (market) : παζάρι n (pazári, “market, bazaar”) (informal) ``` Noun παζάρι • (pazári) n (plural παζάρια) an open market (organised, often periodic, trading event); fair; bazaar market place negotiation, haggling, bargaining ``` παζάρι n (pazári, “haggling; market”) From Ottoman Turkish پازار‎ (pazar) / بازار‎ (bazar), from Persian بازار‎ (bâzâr), ultimately from Middle Persian wʾčʾl (wāzār, “market”) Noun παζάρεμα • (pazárema) n (plural παζαρέματα) haggling, bargaining, negotiation over price, etc σκλαβοπάζαρο n (sklavopázaro, “slave market”) Etymology From σκλάβος (sklávos, “slave”) +‎ παζάρι (pazári, “market”). Noun σκλαβοπάζαρο • (sklavopázaro) n (plural σκλαβοπάζαρα) slave market Noun σκλάβος • (sklávos) m (plural σκλάβοι, feminine σκλάβα) slave Synonyms: δούλος (doúlos), ανδράποδο (andrápodo) σκλάβα f (skláva, “female slave”) σκλαβιά f (sklaviá, “slavery”) σκλαβοπάζαρο n (sklavopázaro, “slave market”) Noun Σκλᾰ́βος • (Sklábos) m (genitive Σκλᾰ́βου); second declension (Byzantine) Slav Noun Slav (plural Slavs or (archaic) Slavi) A member of any of the peoples from Eastern Europe who speak the Slavic languages. (Britain, birdwatching) The Slavonian grebe. Noun Latin: Sclavus m (genitive Sclavī, feminine Sclava); second declension a Slav from Proto-Slavic *slověninъ. Etymology[edit] Roman Jakobson believes the word is from *slovo (“word”), with a link to Old East Slavic кличане (kličane, “hunters, who raise game by shout”) : кличь (kličʹ), and also perceives an opposition of *slověne vs. *němьci. Trubachev (Трубачёв) says Jakobson's etymology is promising, with the verb *slovǫ, *sluti (“to speak (understandably)”). Vasmer says it has nothing to do with *slava (“glory, fame”) which influenced it in terms of folk etymology later. *slověne can't be formed from *slovo because *-ěninъ, *-aninъ only occurs in derivations from place names, however a local name *Slovy is not attested. Most likely it's derived from a hydronym. Compare Old East Slavic Словутичь ( Slovutičĭ ) ― Dnepr epithet, Russian Слуя ( Sluja ) ― affluent of Вазуза ( Vazuza ), Polish river names Sława, Sławica, Serbo-Croatian Славница and others, which brings together with Ancient Greek κλύζω ( klúzō, “ I lave ” ), κλύζωει ( klúzōei ) · πλημμυρεῖ ( plēmmureî ), ῥέει ( rhéei ), βρύει ( brúei ), κλύδων ( klúdōn, “ surf ” ), Latin cluō ( “ I clean ” ), cloāca ( “ sewer pipe ” ). Other etymologies are less likely. Otrębski brings up an interesting parallel, the Lithuanian village name Šlavė́nai on the river Šlavė̃ which is identical to Proto-Slavic slověne. Bernstein repeats this etymology: from *slawos (“people, nation, folk”). Maher agrees with Trubachev's connection of it to *sluti (“to be known”),[1] on the grounds that *slovo (“word”) is an s-stem, *sloves-, which would have led to an expected form *slovesěni (compare Russian слове́сность (slovésnostʹ) ———————————————————————— Noun ανδράποδο • (andrápodo) n (plural ανδράποδα) slave Synonyms: σκλάβος (sklávos), δούλος (doúlos) (figuratively) creep (a grovelling or obsequious person) ανδραποδίζω (andrapodízo, “to enslave”) ανδραποδισμός m (andrapodismós, “bondage, slavery”) Noun ᾰ̓νδρᾰ́ποδον • (andrápodon) n (genitive ᾰ̓νδρᾰπόδου); second declension slave, especially one made in war, captive Uncertain. Perhaps from ἀνήρ (anḗr, “man”) +‎ πούς (poús, “foot”). Could also be from ἀνήρ (anḗr) + ἀποδίδωμι (apodídōmi, “I pay”). Verb ἀποδίδωμι • (apodídōmi) to give up or back, restore, return, to render what is due, pay to assign to refer to one, as belonging to his department to return, render, yield to concede, allow, to suffer or allow a person to do (like ἀποδείκνυμι (apodeíknumi)) to render or make to exhibit, display to deliver over, give up to deliver to bring to a conclusion, wind it up to render, give an account to render, give an account, to define, interpret to attach or append, make dependent upon to affirm (intransitive) to increase to return, recur (in rhetoric and grammar) to be construed with, refer to (middle) to give away of one's own will, to sell Etymology From ἀπο- (apo-, “from”) +‎ δῐ́δωμῐ (dídōmi, “to give”). ``` Noun ἀπόδοσις • (apódosis) f (genitive ἀποδόσεως); third declension giving back, restitution, return payment assignment, attribution rendering by way of definition (grammar) clause answering to the protasis interpretation, explanation ``` From ἀποδίδωμι (apodídōmi) +‎ -σις (-sis). Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀢𐀉𐀯 (a-pu-du-si). Noun 𐀀𐀢𐀉𐀯 (a-pu-du-si) delivery attribution ``` Noun απόδοση • (apódosi) f (plural αποδόσεις) imputation performance, yield, efficiency (grammar) apodosis ``` ανταπόδοση f (antapódosi, “repayment”) αποδίδω (apodído) and see: δόση f (dósi, “dose”) ``` Noun δόση • (dósi) f (plural δόσεις) dose, instalment, tranche (medicine) dose (of medication) (sciences) dose (of radiation) ισοδύναμη δόση ― isodýnami dósi ― equivalent dose ``` αναμετάδοση f (anametádosi, “retransmission; broadcast”) ανταπόδοση f (antapódosi, “repayment”) απόδοση f (apódosi, “imputation, performance”) διάδοση f (diádosi) έκδοση f (ékdosi, “publication, edition”) επανέκδοση f (epanékdosi, “republication”) επίδοση f (epídosi) κατάδοση f (katádosi, “informing against, betrayal”) καταπρόδοση f (katapródosi, “betrayal without regrets”) μετάδοση f (metádosi, “transmission; broadcast”) παράδοση f (parádosi, “delivery; tradition; surrender; lecture”) Inherited from Ancient Greek δόσις (dósis). Stem δο- + -σις (-sis), modern -ση (-si) (see δίδω (dído), δίδωμι (dídōmi)) Verb δίδω • (dído) (past έδωσα, passive δίδομαι, p‑past δόθηκα, ppp δεδομένος) (formal) Alternative form of δίνω (díno) αναδίδω (anadído, “emit”), αναδίνω (anadíno) αναμεταδίδω (anametadído, “rebroadcast”) ανταποδίδω (antapodído, “repay”) αποδίδω (apodído, “I attribute”) διαδίδω (diadído, “spread”) εκδίδω (ekdído, “publish”) ενδίδω (endído, “give in”) επανεκδίδω (epanekdído, “republish”) επιδίδω (epidído, “hand over -formal-”) καταδίδω (katadído, “inform against”) καταπροδίδω (kataprodído, “betray completely”), καταπροδίνω (kataprodíno) μεταδίδω (metadído, “transmit”) παραδίδω (paradído, “hand over”), παραδίνω (paradíno) προδίδω (prodído, “betray”), προδίνω (prodíno) προσδίδω (prosdído, “give -formal-”) ``` Verb δίδωμι • (dídōmi) I give, present, offer I grant, allow, permit (perfect active) to allow; (perfect passive) to be allowed ``` ``` Derived terms ἀναδίδωμι (anadídōmi) ἀντιδίδωμι (antidídōmi) ἀποδίδωμι (apodídōmi) Ἀπολλόδοτος (Apollódotos) διαδίδωμι (diadídōmi) ἐκδίδωμι (ekdídōmi) ἐνδίδωμι (endídōmi) ἐπιδίδωμι (epidídōmi) Ἡρόδοτος (Hēródotos) Θεόδοτος (Theódotos) καταδίδωμι (katadídōmi) παραδίδωμι (paradídōmi) περιδίδωμι (peridídōmi) προδίδωμι (prodídōmi) προσδίδωμι (prosdídōmi) συνδίδωμι (sundídōmi) ὑπερδίδωμι (huperdídōmi) ὑποδίδωμι (hupodídōmi) ``` Verb δίνω • (díno) (past έδωσα, passive δίνομαι, p‑past δόθηκα, ppp δοσμένος) give (pass something; transfer ownership) Δίνει το βιβλίο. ― Dínei to vivlío. ― She gives the book. Δώσε μου λίγο το μολύβι σου. ― Dóse mou lígo to molývi sou. ― Give me your pencil. give, hold (an event) Η Ελένη έδωσε ένα πάρτι γενεθλίων. ― I Eléni édose éna párti genethlíon. ― Eleni threw a birthday party. from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, reduplicated present of *deh₃- (“to give”). ``` Verb αναδίδω • (anadído) (imperfect ανέδιδα) found chiefly in the present and imperfect tenses give off steam, steam smell give off, emit exhale, breathe out ``` Verb εκπνέω • (ekpnéo) (past εξέπνευσα) and rarely in the passive: εκπνέομαι exhale, breathe out expire, die εισπνέω (eispnéo, “inhale”) ``` Related terms εκπνευστικός (ekpnefstikós, “exhaling”) (physiology) εκπνοή f (ekpnoḯ, “exhaling”) and αναπνέω (anapnéo, “breathe”) εισπνέω (eispnéo, “inhale”) πνεύμονας m (pnévmonas, “lung”) and see: πνέω (pnéo, “blow”) ``` αναδίνω (anadíno), αναδίδω (anadído, “emit, spring up, discharge”) αναπνέω (anapnéo, “I breathe”) αποπνέω (apopnéo, “I give off, emit”) διαπνέω (diapnéo, “I inspire”) εισπνέω (eispnéo, “I inhale”) εκπνέω (ekpnéo, “I exhale”) εμπνέω (empnéo, “I inspire”) From stems πνε-, πνευσ-, πνευμ- and πνο- απνευστί (apnefstí, “without stopping”, adverb) άπνοια f (ápnoia, “stillness; without breath”) δύσπνοια f (dýspnoia, “dyspnoea, breathlessness”) δυσπνοϊκός (dyspnoïkós, “suffering from breathlessness”) θεόπνευστος (theópnefstos, “inspired by God”) μακρόπνοος (makrópnoos, “far-reaching”) μεγαλόπνευστος (megalópnefstos, “of high inspiration”) ξέπνοος (xépnoos, “breathless”) πνεύμα n (pnévma, “spirit”) & related πνεύμονας m (pnévmonas, “lung”) & related πνευστά n pl (pnefstá, “wind instruments”) (music) πνευστός (pnefstós, “functioning with air”) πνοή f (pnoḯ, “breath; breeze”) & related σύμπνοια f (sýmpnoia) πνέω μένεα (pnéo ménea, “I am very angry -literlly: I breathe heavily from wrath-”) πνέω τα λοίσθια (pnéo ta loísthia, “to breathe one's last”) ``` Verb πνέω • (pnéō) I blow to breathe (with accusative) I breathe out breathe in, smell (of perceptible breathing) I breathe, live (figuratively, with cognate accusative) I breathe forth I speak ``` Synonyms ψύχω (psúkhō) ``` Verb ψῡ́χω • (psū́khō) I breathe, blow I chill, make cold I cool, refresh (passive, figuratively) I am frigid (transitive) I dry ``` Noun ψῡχή • (psūkhḗ) f (genitive ψῡχῆς); first declension The animating principle of a human or animal body, vital spirit, soul, life (the animating principle of life) (poetic) Life-breath, life-blood (‘the animating principle of life’ in corporeal interpretation). (philosophy, since the early physicists) Animating principle in primary substances, the source of life and consciousness. Animate existence, viewed as a possession, one’s life. The spirit or soul thought of as distinct from the body and leaving it at death (the immortal part of a person). A disembodied spirit, a shade or ghost (the spirit of a dead person). Spirit (animated attitude), conscious self, personality as centre of emotions, desires and affections, heart. (philosophy, after Plato) The spirit of the universe, the immaterial principle of movement and life. The mind (seat or organ of thought), (the faculty of) reason. (rare, extended from the meaning ‘soul’) Butterfly. From ψῡ́χω (psū́khō, “I blow”) +‎ -η (-ē), but never had the meaning "breath" ``` Derived terms[edit] ἐλευθερόψῡχος (eleutherópsūkhos) εὔψυχος (eúpsukhos) ψῡχικός (psūkhikós) ψυχοπομπός (psukhopompós) ψῡχοτρόφος (psūkhotróphos) ``` Adjective εὔψῡχος • (eúpsūkhos) m or f (neuter εὔψῡχον); second declension of good courage, stout of heart (in comparative) cooling εὐ- (eu-, “good”) +‎ ψῡχή (psūkhḗ, “spirit, soul”) Adjective ψῡχῐκός • (psūkhikós) m (feminine ψῡχῐκή, neuter ψῡχῐκόν); first/second declension of or relating to life or the soul concerned only with the life or animal qualities, as opposed with spiritual concerns ψῡχή (psūkhḗ, “breath, spirit”) +‎ -ῐκός (-ikós) ψῡχοπομπός; ψῡχοπομπόν ( Attic) Noun ψῡχοπομπός • (psūkhopompós) m ψῡχοπομπός • (psūkhopompós) m or f (neuter ψῡχοπομπόν); second declension soul-guiding, -conducting Noun πομπός • (pompós) m (genitive πομποῦ); second declension conductor, guide Formed from Ancient Greek πέμπω (pémpō, “send, conduct”). πομπός • (pompós) m (plural πομποί) (electricity) transmitter (radio, etc) ``` Verb πέμπω • (pémpō) I send, dispatch (with accusative of place) (with adverbs) (with infinitive of purpose) I nominate I send forth; I dismiss I discharge, shoot (of words) I utter I conduct, escort (with πομπήν (pompḗn)) I conduct or take part in (a procession) I send as a gift I produce (middle) I send for (middle) I send in my service; I cause to be sent ``` ``` ἀναπέμπω (anapémpō) ἀντιπέμπω (antipémpō) ἀποπέμπω (apopémpō) δῐᾰπέμπω (diapémpō) εἰσπέμπω (eispémpō) ἐκπέμπω (ekpémpō) ἐπιπέμπω (epipémpō) Θεόπομπος (Theópompos) περιπέμπω (peripémpō) προπέμπω (propémpō) προσπέμπω (prospémpō) σῠμπέμπω (sumpémpō) ὑποπέμπω (hupopémpō) ψυχοπομπός (psukhopompós) ``` Adjective ψῡχοτρόφος • (psūkhotróphos) m or f (neuter ψῡχοτρόφον); second declension sustaining life or soul From ψῡχή (psūkhḗ, “soul”) +‎ τρέφω (tréphō, “to maintain, sustain”). Verb τρέφω • (tréphō) to thicken, congeal, curdle to make to grow, to increase, bring up, breed, rear (especially of children) (of slaves, cattle, etc.) to rear and keep, raise to tend, cherish (of parts of the body) to let grown, cherish, foster (poetic, of earth and sea) to breed, produce, teem with (poetic) to have within oneself, to contain, keep, have to maintain, support (in historical writers) to maintain or subsist an army (of land) to feed, maintain one to bring up, rear, educate the passive sometimes came to mean little more than "to be" Adjective ἐλευθερόψῡχος • (eleutherópsūkhos) m or f (neuter ἐλευθερόψῡχον); second declension free-souled From ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros, “free”) +‎ ψῡχή (psūkhḗ, “spirit, soul”) +‎ -ος (-os). ``` Adjective ἐλεύθερος • (eleútheros) m (feminine ἐλευθέρᾱ, neuter ἐλεύθερον); first/second declension free (substantive) freedom fit for a freeman ``` From Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ-. Cognates include Latin līber, Old Church Slavonic людинъ (ljudinŭ, “free man”), and Old English leōd. ``` Noun ἐλευθερῐ́ᾱ • (eleutheríā) f (genitive ἐλευθερῐ́ᾱς); first declension freedom, liberty Ἐλευθερία ἢ Θάνατος. Eleuthería ḕ Thánatos. Freedom or Death. manumission license ``` Noun ελευθερία • (elefthería) f (plural ελευθερίες) freedom, liberty Synonym: λευτεριά (lefteriá) Antonym: ανελευθερία (anelefthería) Κάθε πρόσωπο έχει δικαίωμα στην ελευθερία σκέψης, συνείδησης και θρησκείας. Káthe prósopo échei dikaíoma stin elefthería sképsis, syneídisis kai thriskeías. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. ανελευθερία f (anelefthería, “lack of freedom”) ανελεύθερος (aneléftheros, “despotic”) ελεύθερη αγορά f (eléftheri agorá, “free market”) ελευθεριάζω (eleftheriázo, “to take liberties”) ελευθέριος (elefthérios, “liberal”) ελευθεριότητα f (eleftheriótita, “liberality”) ελεύθερο n (eléfthero, “authorisation, freestyle”) ελεύθερος (eléftheros, “free, unmarried”) ελευθεροστομία f (eleftherostomía, “outspokenness”) ελευθερόστομος (eleftheróstomos, “outspoken”) ελεύθερος χρόνος m (eléftheros chrónos, “free time”) ελευθεροτεκτονισμός m (eleftherotektonismós, “freemasonry”) ελευθεροτυπία f (eleftherotypía, “free press”) ελευθεροφροσύνη (eleftherofrosýni, “freethinking”) ελευθερόφρων (eleftherófron, “liberal”) ελευθερώνομαι (eleftherónomai, “to give birth”) ελευθερώνω (eleftheróno, “to free, to liberate”) ελευθέρωση f (elefthérosi, “liberation”) ελευθερωτής m (eleftherotís, “liberator”) ελευθερώτρια f (eleftherótria, “liberator”) Stem λευτερ- see λεύτερος (léfteros, “free”) (colloquial, literature) Adjective λεύτερος • (léfteros) m (feminine λεύτερη, neuter λεύτερο) (colloquial) Alternative form of ελεύθερος (eléftheros) Verb ελευθερώνω • (eleftheróno) (past ελευθέρωσα) free, liberate untie Adjective ἐλευθερόστομος • (eleutheróstomos) m or f (neuter ἐλευθερόστομον); second declension free-spoken From ἐλεύθερος (eleútheros, “free”) +‎ στόμα (stóma, “mouth”) +‎ -ος (-os). Noun ἐλευθεροστομῐ́ᾱ • (eleutherostomíā) f (genitive ἐλευθεροστομῐ́ᾱς); first declension freedom of speech From ἐλευθερόστομος (eleutheróstomos, “free-spoken”) +‎ -ία (-ía). —————————————————— ``` Old English: lēod Noun lēod m man, chief, leader (poetic) a prince a fine for slaying a man, wergild ``` ``` Noun lēod f a people, people group, nation lēodbealu ― national tragedy, calamity to a people lēodgryre ― general terror lēodriht ― law of the land lēodweard ― government lēodhata ― tyrant (in compounds) one's own people; home lēodbyġen ― traffic in one's own compatriots, slave trade lēodwynn ― joy of home lēodhwæt ― brave, valliant Alternative form of lēode ``` from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“men, people”). Cognates include Old High German liut, Old Norse ljōðr, and West Frisian -lju; and, outside the Germanic languages, Lithuanian liáudis (“common people”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“men, people”). Cognates include Old High German liut, Old Norse ljōðr, and West Frisian -lju; and, outside the Germanic languages, Lithuanian liáudis (“common people”) ``` Proto-Indo-European Root *h₁lewdʰ- to grow people ``` ``` Old English: lēodan Verb lēodan to grow Of ðam twige ludon reðe wæstme ― from that branch sprang dire fruits. ( Cædmon's Metrical Paraphrase) ``` Noun lēode m pl or f pl men, people, people of a country from Proto-Germanic *liudiz (“people”) From Middle English leod (“people”), from Old English lēode ("people, men"; plural of lēod (“person, man”)), from Proto-Germanic *liudīz (“people”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁lewdʰ- (“man, people”). Cognate with Scots lede (“people”), West Frisian lie (“people”), Dutch lieden (“people”) and Dutch lui(den) (“people”), German Leute (“people”), Norwegian lyd (“people”), Polish lud (“people”), Russian люди (ljudi, “people”).

Answer 6

ANECDOTE “This is a little story describing that” From ανα (up, above, re-) + έκ (“out from) + δίνω / δίδω (“to give”) From Latin: fabella story, tale, anecdote, fable, play From Latin: narratiuncula short narrative, anecdote An anecdote is a short, revealing narrative of an individual or an incident Occasionally cheerful, jokes differ from jokes because their primary purpose is not just to make you laugh but to reveal a general truth, characterizing a person, revealing specific quirks or characteristics, persons, places or things, through the specific details of a short story. The anecdote can be real or imaginary and the anecdotal deviation is a common feature of literary works. Even oral anecdotes typically include excessive and dramatic form designed to entertain the listener [5] . However, the anecdote is always presented as a record of a fact, which concerns real persons and usually in a recognizable place. According to Juergen Hein (Jürgen Hein), exhibiting "a highly realistic" and "historical dimension" [6] . The word anecdote comes from Procopius of Caesarea , a biographer of Justinian I , who wrote a work entitled Anecdotes , primarily a collection of small events from the private life of the Byzantine court. Gradually, the term "anecdote" began to apply to any short story used to highlight or illustrate any point the author wished. In the context of humor, the term anecdote refers to any short humorous story, without the need for real or biographical origins. anecdote (n.) 1670s, "secret or private stories," from French anecdote (17c.) or directly from Medieval Latin anecdota, from Greek anekdota "things unpublished," neuter plural of anekdotos, from an- "not" (see an- (1)) + ekdotos "published," from ek- "out" (see ex-) + didonai "to give" (from PIE root *do- "to give"). Procopius' 6c. Anecdota, unpublished memoirs of Emperor Justinian full of court gossip, gave the word a sense of "revelation of secrets," which decayed in English to "brief, amusing story" (1761). Related entries & more

Answer 7

ANTHROPOMORPHISM “This describes an inanimate object as if it were human” Noun anthropomorphism (countable and uncountable, plural anthropomorphisms) The attribution of human characteristics and behavior to something not human. [from the mid-18th c.] (theology) the attribution of human characteristics to divine beings

Answer 8

HYPERBOLE (exaggeration) “This is an exaggerated description emphasizing that” From ὑπερβάλλω (“to go beyond, exceed”) +‎ -η (verbal noun suffix). Hyperbole (/haɪˈpɜːrbəli/; Ancient Greek: ὑπερβολή, huperbolḗ from ὑπέρ (hupér, 'above') and βάλλω (bállō, 'I throw')) is the use of exaggeration as a rhetorical device or figure of speech. In rhetoric, it is also sometimes known as auxesis (literally 'growth'). In poetry and oratory, it emphasizes, evokes strong feelings, and creates strong impressions. As a figure of speech, it is usually not meant to be taken literally. ``` ὑπερβολή • (huperbolḗ) f (genitive ὑπερβολῆς); first declension overshooting superiority excess, extremity A crossing over, passage delay (geometry) hyperbola ``` Noun υπερβολή • (ypervolí) f (plural υπερβολές) (mathematics, geometry) hyperbola (geometric curve) (linguistics) hyperbole (figure of speech) Verb υπερβάλλω • (ypervállo) (past υπερέβαλα, passive —) (intransitive) exaggerate, overstate (transitive) surpass, exceed, better

Answer 9

PARABLE (comparative story) “This story compares this to the likeness of that” The word parable comes from the Greek παραβολή (parabolē), literally "throwing" (bolē) "alongside" (para-), by extension meaning "comparison, illustration, analogy."[5][6] It was the name given by Greek rhetoricians to an illustration in the form of a brief fictional narrative. A parable is a succinct, didactic story, in prose or verse, that illustrates one or more instructive lessons or principles. It differs from a fable in that fables employ animals, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature as characters, whereas parables have human characters.[1] A parable is a type of metaphorical analogy.[2] Some scholars of the canonical gospels and the New Testament apply the term "parable" only to the parables of Jesus,[3][need quotation to verify][4][page needed] though that is not a common restriction of the term. Parables such as "The Prodigal Son" are important to Jesus's teaching-method in the canonical narratives and the apocrypha. A parable is a short tale that illustrates a universal truth; it is a simple narrative. It sketches a setting, describes an action, and shows the results. It may sometimes be distinguished from similar narrative types, such as the allegory and the apologue.

Answer 10

METABOLIZE - CHANGE - TRANSFORM - TRANSMUTE “This story describes a change from this to that” Noun μετᾰβολή • (metabolḗ) f (genitive μετᾰβολῆς); first declension change, mutation, transformation. ``` Verb μεταβάλλω • (metabállō) I throw into a different position, turn quickly or suddenly; I turn, plough (the earth); I change the course of (the river) I turn about, change, alter I translate (with a spoon) I stir I undergo a change; I come in exchange for or instead of I vary I change my course I turn around, shift (a load) I cause to be removed I order to be paid, remit I change what is my own I exchange I turn myself, turn about I change my purpose or mind; I change sides I turn or wheel round; I turn about ``` Etymology From μεταβάλλω (metabállō, “to change”) +‎ -η (-ē, abstract noun suffix). Noun μετᾰβολή • (metabolḗ) f (genitive μετᾰβολῆς); first declension change, mutation, transformation

Answer 11

SLANDERER - DIABLO - DEVIL - SATAN “This describes that in a way that is not true and defamatory” From διαβάλλω (diabállō, “I slander”) ``` Verb βᾰ́λλω • (bállō) (transitive) I throw, cast, hurl (transitive) I let fall (transitive) I strike, touch (transitive) I put, place (intransitive) I fall, tumble ``` Prefix δῐᾰ- • (dia-) through, right through, across, over ‎δια- (across) + ‎βαίνω (step) → ‎διαβαίνω (“step across, pass over”) From Proto-Indo-European *gʷl̥-ne-h₁- nasal-infix from *gʷelH- (“to hit by throwing”). —————————————————- SYCOPHANT Noun σῡκοφᾰ́ντης • (sūkophántēs) m (genitive σῡκοφᾰ́ντου); first declension (Attic, Koine) informant, denouncer (in court) professional swindler Noun συκοφάντης • (sykofántis) m (feminine συκοφάντισσα or συκοφάντρια) calumniator From the Ancient Greek συκοφάντης (sukophántēs, “informant”). But how a φάντης (“who shows”) σῦκα (sûka, “figs”) came to mean "informant", is debated. συκοφάντης is a false friend, and does not have the nowadays meaning of English sycophant. Related terms συκοφάντηση f (sykofántisi, “calumniation”) συκοφαντία f (sykofantía, “calumniation”) συκοφαντικός (sykofantikós, “calumniatory”) συκοφαντώ (sykofantó, “calumniatε”) and see at φαντάζω (fantázo) and σύκο n (sýko, “fig”) calumniator (plural calumniators) A person who calumniates (slanders, or makes personal attacks upon, others). Verb calumniate (third-person singular simple present calumniates, present participle calumniating, simple past and past participle calumniated) (transitive) To make hurtful untrue comments about. (transitive) To levy a false charge against, especially of a vague offense, with the intent to damage someone's reputation or standing. From Latin calumniātus, perfect active participle of calumnior (“I accuse falsely”). Noun sycophant (plural sycophants) One who uses obsequious compliments to gain self-serving favor or advantage from another; a servile flatterer. Synonyms: ass-kisser, brown noser, suck up, yes man; see also Thesaurus:sycophant One who seeks to gain through the powerful and influential. Synonyms: parasite, flunky, lackey; see also Thesaurus:sycophant (obsolete) An informer; a talebearer. Verb sycophant (third-person singular simple present sycophants, present participle sycophanting, simple past and past participle sycophanted) (transitive) To inform against; hence, to calumniate. (transitive) To play the sycophant toward; to flatter obsequiously. ``` σῦκον • (sûkon) n (genitive σῡ́κου); second declension fig, the fruit of the συκῆ (sukê) a large wart on the eyelids hemorrhoids vulva ``` Noun σῡκών • (sūkṓn) m (genitive σῡκῶνος); third declension fig-yard From σῦκον (sûkon, “fig”) +‎ -ών (-ṓn, plantation, grove). Adjective σῡ́κῐνος • (sū́kinos) m (feminine σῡκῐ́νη, neuter σῡ́κῐνον); first/second declension of the fig tree (figuratively) worthless, futile, useless, good-for-nothing (because its wood was proverbially cheap and useless) of figs Adjective σῡκοτρᾰ́γος • (sūkotrágos) m or f (neuter σῡκοτρᾰ́γον); second declension fig-eating From σῦκον (sûkon, “fig”) +‎ τράγω (trágō, “to munch”) +‎ -ος (-os). From Hebrew שִׁקְמָה‎ (shikmá, “sycamore”), with assimilation to σῦκον (sûkon, “fig”). Hebrew שקמה Alternative forms שִׁיקְמָה‎ (šiqmā́) Noun שִׁקְמָה • (šiqmā́) f (plural indefinite שְׁקָמִים‎, singular construct שִׁקְמַת־‎, plural construct שִׁקְמֵי־‎) [pattern: קִטְלָה] sycamore fig, a tree of the species Ficus sycomorus sycophant (plural sycophants) One who uses obsequious compliments to gain self-serving favor or advantage from another; a servile flatterer. Synonyms: ass-kisser, brown noser, suck up, yes man; see also Thesaurus:sycophant One who seeks to gain through the powerful and influential. Synonyms: parasite, flunky, lackey; see also Thesaurus:sycophant (obsolete) An informer; a talebearer. From Latin sȳcophanta (“informer, trickster”), from Ancient Greek συκοφάντης (sukophántēs), itself from σῦκον (sûkon, “fig”) + φαίνω (phaínō, “I show, demonstrate”). The gesture of "showing the fig" was a vulgar one, which was made by sticking the thumb between two fingers, a display which vaguely resembles a fig, which is itself symbolic of a σῦκον (sûkon), which also meant vulva. The story behind this etymology is that politicians in ancient Greece steered clear of displaying that vulgar gesture, but urged their followers sub rosa to taunt their opponents by using it. συκοφαντία Slander is a false accusation made against another person. Defamation - the fact is false and the perpetrator knew it was false. In Rhodes “slanderers” were called those responsible for “collecting taxes” from citizens, paid in kind (figs, oil and wine) - and in fact that they chose for this job the most reliable citizens. So the eighth version, by K. Romeos from the Lexicographical Bulletin of the Academy (vol. 4, pp. 129-136), that the original slanderer was the one who, in the Eleusinian Mysteries, revealed the "fig" of the gods; that is, he sees a cult beginning, with the slanderer being roughly synonymous with the hierophant and being a mimetic intercourse. Let us say here that the Roman considers that the ancients said figs not specifically the female molecule but the vulva in general and in fact that the far le fiche symbolized intercourse, with the male fig being the thumb and the index finger with the middle symbolizing the female . The slanderer is borrowed from the Latin language, sycophanta, and from there it passes to the newer European languages. However, in English the word undergoes, from an early age, an interesting semantic change, and so the meaning of the slanderer is lost and the meaning of the gangster prevails, and in fact of the humble and servile gangster, and this is the current meaning of the English word sycophant. This is a typical example of a pseudophile word, and we have discussed it extensively, and it happens from time to time, e.g. in subtitles, sycophants are mistranslated as "slanderers" instead of flatterers. But it is not inexplicable the change of meaning in English, which even appears from 1575, if we consider that the powerful of the time were surrounded by various minions who also played the role of slanderer, that is, they spread false rumors about political opponents, but also of the tsanakogleiftis, of the kolakas, of the hexapterygos we would say today. Indeed, if we look at the current representatives of the ordered journalism, how crudely they flatter the doblet while at the same time slandering those who disagree with the official opinion, it becomes clear how the meaning has changed! Latin ficus sycamore < Latin ficus ( fig ) FIG https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni Yoni (IAST: yoni; sometimes also IAST: yonī), sometimes referred to as pindika, is an aniconic representation of the goddess Shakti in Hinduism.[3][4] It is usually shown with linga – its masculine counterpart.[3][5] Together, they symbolize the merging of microcosmos and macrocosmos,[5] the divine eternal process of creation and regeneration, and the union of the feminine and the masculine that recreates all of existence.[4][2] The yoni is conceptualized as nature's gateway of all births, particularly in the esoteric Kaula and Tantra practices, as well as the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism. Yoni is a Sanskrit word that has been interpreted to literally mean the womb, and the female organs of generation.[8][9] It also connotes the female sexual organs such as "vagina", "vulva", and "uterus", or alternatively to "origin, abode, or source" of anything in other contexts. For example, the Vedanta text Brahma Sutras metaphorically refers to the metaphysical concept Brahman as the "yoni of the universe". The yoni with linga iconography is found in Shiva temples and archaeological sites of the Indian subcontinent and southeast Asia, as well in sculptures such as the Lajja Gauri. Yoni (Sanskrit: योनि), states Monier Monier-Williams, appears in the Rigveda and other Vedic literature in the sense of feminine life-creating regenerative and reproductive organs, as well as in the sense of "source, origin, fountain, place of birth, womb, nest, abode, fire pit of incubation". It is a spiritual metaphor and icon in Hinduism for the origin and the feminine regenerative powers in the nature of existence. The yoni symbolizes the female principle in all life forms as well as the "earth's seasonal and vegetative cycles", thus is an emblem of cosmological significance. The yoni is a metaphor for nature's gateway of all births, particularly in the Shaktism and Shaivism traditions of Hinduism, as well as the esoteric Kaula and Tantra sects. Yoni together with the lingam is a symbol for prakriti, its cyclic creation and dissolution. According to Corinne Dempsey – a professor of Religious Studies, yoni is an "aniconic form of the goddess" in Hinduism, the feminine principle Shakti. The yoni is sometimes referred to as pindika. The base on which the linga-yoni sit is called the pitha, but in some texts such as the Nisvasa tattva samhita and Mohacudottara, the term pitha generically refers to the base and the yoni.

Answer 12

TO PUT ON - THROW ON to put on, to throw on (e.g. clothing) Verb ἀμφιβάλλω • (amphibállō) to put on (e.g. clothing)

Answer 13

TO DOUBT - TO REJECT - TO REBUKE αμφιβάλλω • (amfivállo) (simple past αμφέβαλα, passive —) doubt, have doubts. To be unpersuaded. From Ancient Greek ἀμφιβάλλω (amphibállō). Morphologically αμφι- (amfi-) +‎ βάλλω (vállo). _______________________________ From Proto-Indo-European *gʷl̥-ne-h₁-, nasal-infix from *gʷelH- (“to hit by throwing”). Cognates are uncertain, but... compare Sanskrit उद्गूर्ण (ud-gūrṇa) and Old Irish at·baill (“dies”). _______________________________ αμφι- • (amfi-) added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicates something on two sides or in two places; amphi-, ambi-, bi-: αμφι- (amfi-) + ‎βίος (víos, “life”) → ‎αμφίβιος (amfívios, “amphibian, amphibious”) αμφι- (amfi-) + ‎δέξιος (déxios, “dextrous”) → ‎αμφιδέξιος (amfidéxios, “ambidextrous”) αμφι- (amfi-) + ‎θέατρο (théatro, “theatre”) → ‎αμφιθέατρο (amfithéatro, “amphitheatre”) αμφι- (amfi-) + ‎-φυλόφιλος (-fylófilos, “-sexual”) → ‎αμφιφυλόφιλος (amfifylófilos, “bisexual”) αμφι- (amfi-) + ‎λεγόμενος (legómenos, “spoken, so-called, would be”) → ‎αμφιλεγόμενος (amfilegómenos, “controversial”) added before a noun, adjective or verb to create words that indicates something between two opposing senses or between two places; amphi-, ambi-, bi-: αμφι- (amfi-) + ‎θυμία (thymía, “willingness”) → ‎αμφιθυμία (amfithymía, “ambivalence”) αμφι- (amfi-) + ‎ταλάντευση (talántefsi, “fluctuation, oscillation”) → ‎αμφιταλάντευση (amfitalántefsi, “vacillation, dithering”) Greek words prefixed with... ``` Recent additions to the category αμφιβάλλω αμφιφυλόφιλος αμφιθέατρο αμφιδέξιος Oldest pages ordered by last edit αμφιδέξιος αμφιθέατρο αμφιβάλλω αμφιφυλόφιλος ``` _________________________________ βάλλω • (vállo) (simple past έβαλα, passive βάλλομαι) attack fire, shoot (figuratively) accuse, reprove, criticise. αποβάλλω ("to reject, to vomit, to miscarry”) _______________________________ CERTAIN - CERTAINTY βεβαιότητα certainty, certitude, surety, sureness, assuredness σιγουριά confidence, certainty, security, safety. να είσαι σίγουρος To be certain. (certainty, absence of doubt) Confidence.

Answer 14

SLANDER - LIBEL ``` Verb διαβάλλω • (diabállō) throw over or across pass over, cross set at variance, make a quarrel between slander, libel deceive by false accounts ``` Adjective ζᾰ́βολος • (zábolos) m or f (neuter ζᾰ́βολον); second declension Aeolic form of διάβολος (diábolos) δῐᾰ́βολος • (diábolos) m (genitive δῐᾰβόλου); second declension slanderer the Devil (Biblical figure)

Answer 15

THROW IN - INVADE - EMPTY INTO ``` Verb εἰσβᾰ́λλω • (eisbállō) to throw into (of an army) to assault, invade (of a river) to empty into to begin ``` Etymology εἰσ- (eis-, “into”) +‎ βᾰ́λλω (bállō, “to throw”)

Answer 16

THROW IN - CAST IN - INFUSE - INSPIRE - EMBOLISM From ἐμβάλλω (“to throw in; to burst in, rush in”) +‎ -ος (nominal suffix) from ἐν (“in, into”) +‎ βάλλω (“to throw”). From ἐμβάλλω (“I put in”) from ἐν (“in”) + βάλλω (“I put, place, throw”) ``` Verb ἐμβάλλω • (embállō) to throw in, cast in to put into (someone's hands) to bring (to a place) to infuse with, inspire with to apply oneself to ``` ``` An embolus (plural emboli) from the Greek ἔμβολος "wedge", "plug") is an unattached mass that travels through the bloodstream and is capable of creating blockages. ``` εμβολισμός embolize ( passive voice : embolize ) I pierce another ship with a piston in the bow of my own ship , causing it to rupture ( Hence ) (for ship or vehicle ) beat the front my portion the side of another ( ship or vehicle ( By extension ) rush and beat something or someone with some object that I use as a piston εμβολίζω Plunger Noun ἔμβολος • (émbolos) m (genitive ἐμβόλου); second declension (anything pointed so as to be easily thrust in) A peg, stopper; linchpin. (geography) Tongue (of land); headland. (historical, military) Brazen beak, ram. Synonym of rostrum, tribune of the Roman forum. (military) Wedge-shaped order of battle. (in neuter form) Half of ῥόμβος (rhómbos) of cavalry. Bolt, bar. Graft. (architecture) Portico. Noun ἔμβολον • (émbolon) n (genitive ἐμβόλου); second declension wedge, peg, stopper bolt, bar architrave prow of warships (rammed into opposing ships) (in the plural) The rostra, or tribune of the Latin forum wedge-shaped order of battle (Latin cuneus, acies cuneata) graft ``` Verb βᾰ́λλω • (bállō) (transitive) I throw, cast, hurl (transitive) I let fall (transitive) I strike, touch (transitive) I put, place (intransitive) I fall, tumble ``` Synonyms (throw) : ῥῑ́πτω (rhī́ptō) (fall) : πίπτω (píptō)

Answer 17

THROW UPON Verb ἐπῐβάλλω • (epibállō) to throw, cast, fling upon

Answer 18

OVERCOME — HUMILIATE — DEFEAT καταβάλλω • (katavállo) (past κατέβαλα, passive καταβάλλομαι) (transitive) overcome, defeat, humiliate exhaust, make an effort Synonym: εξαντλώ (exantló) (formal) pay an amount (money) Θα καταβάλω το ποσό της αμοιβής σας στην τράπεζα. Tha kataválo to posó tis amoivís sas stin trápeza. I will deposit the amount of your fee at the bank. Synonym: πληρώνω (pliróno) Antonym: εισπράττω (eisprátto) ακατάβλητος (akatávlitos, “indomitable; unpaid”) αντικαταβάλλω (antikatavállo) & derivatives καταβεβλημένος (katavevliménos, “exhausted”, participle) (formal) καταβλημένος (katavliménos, “paid”, participle) (rare) προκαταβάλλω (prokatavállo, “prepay”) & derivatives καταβολή f (katavolí, “payment”) and see: βάλλω (vállo, “cast, strike”)

Answer 19

COMPARE - COLLATE - THROW SIDE BY SIDE Verb παραβάλλω • (paravállo) (past παρέβαλα, passive παραβάλλομαι) compare parallel, collate from Ancient Greek πᾰρᾰβᾰ́λλω (parabállō, “I set side by side”). Morphologically παρά- (pará-, “beside”) +‎ βάλλω (vállo, “to throw”). αντιπαραβάλλω (antiparavállo, “juxtapose”) αντιπαραβολή f (antiparavolí) απαράβλητος (aparávlitos, “uncomparable”) παραβολή (paravolí, “parabola, parable, comparison”) παραβολικός (paravolikós, “parabolic”) παράβολο n (parávolo) παραβολοειδής (paravoloeidís, “parabolical”) παρεμβάλλω (paremvállo)

Answer 20

THROW BEFORE - PROBLEM From πρό (pró, “before”) +‎ βάλλω (bállō, “throw, cast”) προβάλλω (probállō, “I throw before”) ``` Verb προβᾰ́λλω • (probállō) (active) to throw or lay before, throw to to put forward as a defense to put forward, begin to put forward as an argument or plea to put forward or propose for an office to propose a question, task, problem, riddle to put forth beyond to expose, give up to send forth, emit (intransitive) to fall forward (medium and perfect passive) to throw or toss before one, to throw away, expose to lay before or first to set before oneself, propose to oneself to put forward, propose for election to throw beyond, beat in throwing; to surpass, excel to hold before oneself so as to protect (metaphoric) to put forward to bring forward or cite on one's own part, in defense to put before (Attic law) to accuse a person before the Ecclesia by the process called προβολή (probolḗ), literally to present him as guilty of the offense. ``` Noun πρόβλημᾰ • (próblēma) n (genitive προβλήμᾰτος); third declension anything thrown forward or projecting a hindrance, obstacle anything put before one as a defense, bulwark, barrier, screen, shield, wall (with genitive) a defense against a thing anything put forward as an excuse or screen that which is proposed as a task, business (geometry) problem (Logic of Aristotle) a question as to whether a statement is so or not a problem, difficulty Noun πρόβλημα • (próvlima) n (plural προβλήματα) problem, trouble (mathematics) problem, sum

Answer 21

TO STRIKE- ATTACK - ASSIGN - PROCURE Verb προσβᾰ́λλω • (prosbállō) to strike [+accusative = something] [+dative = against something], [+dative = something] to attack, assault [+dative = something, someone] to apply, affix to carry out to procure for; to assign to

Answer 22

THROW AROUND - ENCOMPASS - COMPREHEND Verb περῐβᾰ́λλω • (peribállō) to throw round, about, or over, put on or over (figuratively) to put round or upon a person, to invest them with (reversely, with dative of object) to surround, encompass, enclose with (with accusative) to encompass, surround to fetch a compass round, double (middle) to bring into one's power, aim at to appropriate mentally, comprehend to cloak or veil in words to throw beyond, beat in throwing, to beat, excel, surpass From περῐ- (peri-, “around”) +‎ βᾰ́λλω (bállō, “to throw”)

Answer 23

SUBJECT (philosophy) + CITIZEN + SERFDOM from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + ἀκοή (akoḗ, “listening”). υπήκοος citizen, subject citizen • ( ypikoos ) m or f ( plural nationals ) citizen , national ( of a country ) From Ancient Greek ὑπήκοος (hupḗkoos, “listening to someone more important, obeying”) from ὑπό (hupó, “under”) + ἀκοή (akoḗ, “listening”). υπηκοότητα f (ypikoótita, “citizenship”) Etymology υπήκοος (ypíkoos, “citizen, national”) +‎ -ότητα (-ótita, “-ity, -ness”). First attested 1831. Noun υπηκοότητα • (ypikoótita) f (uncountable) citizenship, nationality ——————————————————————- ``` Translations of subject Part of speech Translation Reverse translations Frequency help_outline Noun θέμα theme, subject, topic, thesis, text ``` υποκείμενο subject, person ζήτημα issue, question, matter, subject, topic, case υπήκοος citizen, subject Adjective υποκείμενος subject, liable, subjacent Verb υποτάσσω subjugate, subject, conquer, subdue, get under, subject to εκθέτω expose, display, exhibit, state, write up, subject υποβάλλω subject, present, send in ——————————————————————- ιθαγένεια • (ithagéneia) f (uncountable) nationality — citizenship ιθαγένεια (citizenship) is called "the legal bond of public law that binds the individual to the κράτος (state) to which he belongs". In other words, "the legal and political status of an individual as a citizen of a state with the state to which he belongs". The term citizenship in the Greek legal language is identical to that of citizenship, and is used in parallel (say eg Greek citizenship, but Greek citizen (not Greek citizen) Every person acquires citizenship at the time of birth, usually the same as one of his or her parents ( blood law ) or under the conditions of his or her place of birth ( land law ). During his lifetime he may acquire new citizenship voluntarily - this process is called naturalization . He may also be deprived of his citizenship if he commits acts of treason or participates in opposition to authoritarian regimes - in which case he is also stateless if he does not have the citizenship of another state . Citizenship and nationality Processing Because most modern states are structured in the logic of the nation-state , their members can have the same citizenship and nationality. This has led to the misconception that these are identical concepts, but in reality the two terms mean different relationships: Citizenship contains a political-legal meaning: it expresses the state-citizen relationship, with the rights and obligations that arise for both parties from it. On the contrary, the concept of nationality is moral-cultural: it expresses the relationship of man with the culture from which his family comes and with the values of which he grows up. Citizenship is the status of a person recognized under the law of a country (and/or local jurisdiction) of belonging to thereof. In international law it is membership to a sovereign state (a country).[1] Each state is free to determine the conditions under which it will recognize persons as its citizens, and the conditions under which that status will be withdrawn. Recognition by a state as a citizen generally carries with it recognition of civil, political, and social rights which are not afforded to non-citizens. In general, the basic rights normally regarded as arising from citizenship are the right to a passport, the right to leave and return to the country/ies of citizenship, the right to live in that country and to work there. ——————————————————————- Citizenship by birth (jus sanguinis). Born within a country (jus soli). Citizenship by marriage (jus matrimonii). Citizenship by investment or Economic Citizenship. Excluded categories. In the past there have been exclusions on entitlement to citizenship on grounds such as skin color, ethnicity, sex, and free status (not being a slave). Most of these exclusions no longer apply in most places. Modern examples include some Arab countries which rarely grant citizenship to non-Muslims, e.g. Qatar is known for granting citizenship to foreign athletes, but they all have to profess the Islamic faith in order to receive citizenship. The United States grants citizenship to those born as a result of reproductive technologies, and internationally adopted children born after February 27, 1983. Some exclusions still persist for internationally adopted children born before February 27, 1983 even though their parents meet citizenship criteria. ——————————————————————- υποκείμενο • (ypokeímeno) n (plural υποκείμενα) (grammar) subject Το υποκείμενο του ρήματος βρίσκεται πάντα σε ονομαστική πτώση. To ypokeímeno tou rímatos vrísketai pánta se onomastikí ptósi. The subject of the verb is always in the nominative case. A subject is a being who has a unique consciousness and/or unique personal experiences, or an entity that has a relationship with another entity that exists outside itself (called an "object"). A subject is an observer and an object is a thing observed. This concept is especially important in Continental philosophy, where 'the subject' is a central term in debates over the nature of the self.[1] The nature of the subject is also central in debates over the nature of subjective experience within the Anglo-American tradition of analytical philosophy. The sharp distinction between subject and object corresponds to the distinction, in the philosophy of René Descartes, between thought and extension. Descartes believed that thought (subjectivity) was the essence of the mind, and that extension (the occupation of space) was the essence of matter. CONSCIOUSNESS (subject) Consciousness, at its simplest, is "sentience or awareness of internal or external existence".[1] Despite millennia of analyses, definitions, explanations and debates by philosophers and scientists, consciousness remains puzzling and controversial,[2] being "at once the most familiar and most mysterious aspect of our lives".[3] Perhaps the only widely agreed notion about the topic is the intuition that it exists.[4] Opinions differ about what exactly needs to be studied and explained as consciousness. Sometimes, it is synonymous with the mind, and at other times, an aspect of it. In the past, it was one's "inner life", the world of introspection, of private thought, imagination and volition.[5] Today, it often includes some kind of experience, cognition, feeling or perception. It may be awareness, awareness of awareness, or self-awareness.[6] There might be different levels or orders of consciousness,[7] or different kinds of consciousness, or just one kind with different features.[8] Other questions include whether only humans are conscious, all animals, or even the whole universe. The disparate range of research, notions and speculations raises doubts about whether the right questions are being asked.[9] Examples of the range of descriptions, definitions or explanations are: simple wakefulness, one's sense of selfhood or soul explored by "looking within"; being a metaphorical "stream" of contents, or being a mental state, mental event or mental process of the brain; having phanera or qualia and subjectivity; being the 'something that it is like' to 'have' or 'be' it; being the "inner theatre" or the executive control system of the mind. AWARENESS Awareness is the state of being conscious of something. More specifically, it is the ability to directly know and perceive, to feel, or to be cognizant of events. Another definition describes it as a state wherein a subject is aware of some information when that information is directly available to bring to bear in the direction of a wide range of behavioral actions.[1] The concept is often synonymous to consciousness and is also understood as being consciousness itself.[2] SENTIENCE Sentience is the capacity to be aware of feelings and sensations.[1] The word was first coined by philosophers in the 1630s for the concept of an ability to feel, derived from Latin sentientem (a feeling),[2] to distinguish it from the ability to think (reason).[citation needed] In modern Western philosophy, sentience is the ability to experience sensations. In different Asian religions, the word 'sentience' has been used to translate a variety of concepts. In science fiction, the word 'sentience' is sometimes used interchangeably with 'sapience', 'self-awareness', or 'consciousness'. —————————————————————— CITIZEN citizen (plural citizens) A resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties. [from 14th c.] Synonyms: burgess, burgher, cityite, freeman Hyponyms: citess, citizeness (female) A legally-recognized member of a state, with associated rights and obligations; a person considered in terms of this role. [from 14th c.] I am a Roman citizen. Synonyms: countryman, national Antonyms: alien, illegal alien, foreigner, illegal (colloquial) Hyponyms: first-class citizen, second-class citizen, third-class citizen, native, naturalized citizen, senior citizen An inhabitant or occupant: a member of any place. [from 14th c.] Diogenes reckoned himself a citizen of the world. Synonyms: denizen, local, inhabitant, native, occupant, resident Antonyms: alien, outsider, stranger (Christianity) A resident of the heavenly city or (later) of the kingdom of God: a Christian; a good Christian. [from 15th c.] A civilian, as opposed to a police officer, soldier, or member of some other specialized (usually state) group. [from 16th c.] (obsolete) An ordinary person, as opposed to nobles and landed gentry on one side and peasants, craftsmen, and laborers on the other. [17th–19th c.] (now historical, usually capitalized) A term of address among French citizens during the French Revolution or towards its supporters elsewhere; (later, dated) a term of address among socialists and communists. [from 18th c.] Synonym: comrade (term of address among communists) (computing) An object. Hyponyms: first-class citizen, second-class citizen, third-class citizen. From Middle English citeseyn, citezein, borrowed from Anglo-Norman citesain (“burgher; city-dweller”), citezein &c., probably a variant of cithein under influence of deinzein (“denizen”), from Anglo-Norman and Old French citeain &c. and citaien, citeien &c. ("burgher"; modern French citoyen), from cité ("settlement; cathedral city, city"; modern French cité) + -ain or -ien (“-an, -ian”). See city and hewe. —————————————————————- DENIZEN From dē (“from”) + intus (“within, inside”) (Britain, historical) A person with rights between those of naturalized citizen and resident alien (roughly permanent resident), obtained through letters patent. denizen (plural denizens) An inhabitant of a place; one who dwells in. The giant squid is one of many denizens of the deep. One who frequents a place. The denizens of that pub are of the roughest sort. Though born in Iceland, he became a denizen of Britain after leaving Oxford. (biology) An animal or plant from a particular range or habitat. The bald eagle is a denizen of the northern part of the state. A foreign word that has become naturalised in another language. Verb denizen (third-person singular simple present denizens, present participle denizening, simple past and past participle denizened) (transitive, Britain, historical) To grant rights of citizenship to; to naturalize. He was denizened to Ireland after fleeing his home country. (transitive) To provide with denizens; to populate with adopted or naturalized occupants. From Middle English denisein, from Old French denzein, from deinz (“within”) +‎ -ein, from Late Latin deintus (“from within”), whence French dans. Noun denization (countable and uncountable, plural denizations) The act of making one a denizen or adopted citizen; naturalization. —————————————————————- LETTERS PATENT ``` Letters patent (Latin: litterae patentes) (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for granting city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern intellectual property patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). ``` In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it both to avoid infringement and understand how to put it into practical use. In the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary, imperial patent was also the highest form of generally binding legal regulations, e.g. Patent of Toleration, Serfdom Patent etc. —————————————————————- LETTERS CLOSE The opposite of letters patent are letters close (Latin: litterae clausae), which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide. ``` Letters close (Latin: litterae clausae) are a type of obsolete legal document once used by the British monarchy, certain officers of government and by the Pope, which is a sealed letter granting a right, monopoly, title, or status to an individual or to some entity such as a corporation. These letters were personal in nature, and were delivered folded and sealed, so that only the recipient could read their contents.[1] This type of letter contrasts with the better-known letters patent. It was necessary to break the seal to open and read the letter, and so its arrival with the seal intact showed that it had not been intercepted or tampered with. However, once the seal was broken, it could no longer confirm the authenticity of the document. ``` Litterae clausae of the Pope Another example of letters close is papal letters close. These often had the leaden papal bulla attached to the letter with a hemp cord that was a sign that the letter contains an order or the fine silk cord which meant a "gift" or a "grace" being announced to the addressee. The cords were often threaded through the letter to keep it folded, with the address written on the dorse (back) of the document (endorsed) for the entrusted deliverers to read. CLOSE ROLLS The Close Rolls are an administrative record created in medieval England by the royal chancery, in order to preserve a central record of all letters close issued by the chancery in the name of the Crown. The first surviving Close Roll was started in 1204 (in the reign of King John), under the Chancellorship of Hubert Walter, though the actual practice may reach back to 1200, or even before.[1] Copies of the texts of the letters were written on sheets of parchment, which were stitched together into long rolls to form a roll for each year. —————————————————————- SERFDOM PATENT The Serfdom Patent of 1 November 1781 aimed to abolish aspects of the traditional serfdom (German: Leibeigenschaft) system of the Habsburg Monarchy through the establishment of basic civil liberties for the serfs. The feudal system bound farmers to inherited pieces of land and subjected them to the absolute control of their landlord. The landlord was obligated to provide protection, in exchange for the serfs' labor and goods. The Serfdom Patent, issued by the enlightened absolutist Emperor Joseph II, diminished the long-established mastery of the landlords; thus allowing the serfs to independently choose marriage partners, pursue career choices, and move between estates. SERFDOM Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery, which developed during the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century. Unlike slaves, serfs could not be bought, sold, or traded individually though they could, depending on the area, be sold together with land. The kholops in Russia and villeins in gross in England, in contrast, could be traded like regular slaves, could be abused with no rights over their own bodies, could not leave the land they were bound to, and could marry only with their lord's permission. Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the lord of the manor who owned that land. In return, they were entitled to protection, justice, and the right to cultivate certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence. Serfs were often required not only to work on the lord's fields, but also in his mines and forests and to labor to maintain roads. The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society, and the lord of the manor and the villeins, and to a certain extent the serfs, were bound legally: by taxation in the case of the former, and economically and socially in the latter. HISTORY OF CITIZENSHIP https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy#First_Act_of_Supremacy_1534 Polis Main article: Polis Many thinkers point to the concept of citizenship beginning in the early city-states of ancient Greece, although others see it as primarily a modern phenomenon dating back only a few hundred years and, for humanity, that the concept of citizenship arose with the first laws. Polis meant both the political assembly of the city-state as well as the entire society.[8] Citizenship concept has generally been identified as a western phenomenon.[9] There is a general view that citizenship in ancient times was a simpler relation than modern forms of citizenship, although this view has come under scrutiny.[10] The relation of citizenship has not been a fixed or static relation, but constantly changed within each society, and that according to one view, citizenship might "really have worked" only at select periods during certain times, such as when the Athenian politician Solon made reforms in the early Athenian state.[11] Historian Geoffrey Hosking in his 2005 Modern Scholar lecture course suggested that citizenship in ancient Greece arose from an appreciation for the importance of freedom.[12] Hosking explained: It can be argued that this growth of slavery was what made Greeks particularly conscious of the value of freedom. After all, any Greek farmer might fall into debt and therefore might become a slave, at almost any time ... When the Greeks fought together, they fought in order to avoid being enslaved by warfare, to avoid being defeated by those who might take them into slavery. And they also arranged their political institutions so as to remain free men. Slavery permitted slave-owners to have substantial free time, and enabled participation in public life.[12] Polis citizenship was marked by exclusivity. Inequality of status was widespread; citizens (πολίτης politēs < πόλις 'city') had a higher status than non-citizens, such as women, slaves, and resident foreigners (metics).[13][14] The first form of citizenship was based on the way people lived in the ancient Greek times, in small-scale organic communities of the polis. Citizenship was not seen as a separate activity from the private life of the individual person, in the sense that there was not a distinction between public and private life.[citation needed] The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected into one's everyday life in the polis. These small-scale organic communities were generally seen as a new development in world history, in contrast to the established ancient civilizations of Egypt or Persia, or the hunter-gatherer bands elsewhere. From the viewpoint of the ancient Greeks, a person's public life was not separated from their private life, and Greeks did not distinguish between the two worlds according to the modern western conception. The obligations of citizenship were deeply connected with everyday life. To be truly human, one had to be an active citizen to the community, which Aristotle famously expressed: "To take no part in the running of the community's affairs is to be either a beast or a god!" This form of citizenship was based on obligations of citizens towards the community, rather than rights given to the citizens of the community. This was not a problem because they all had a strong affinity with the polis; their own destiny and the destiny of the community were strongly linked. Also, citizens of the polis saw obligations to the community as an opportunity to be virtuous, it was a source of honour and respect. In Athens, citizens were both ruler and ruled, important political and judicial offices were rotated and all citizens had the right to speak and vote in the political assembly. Roman ideas[edit] In the Roman Empire, citizenship expanded from small-scale communities to the entirety of the empire. Romans realized that granting citizenship to people from all over the empire legitimized Roman rule over conquered areas. Roman citizenship was no longer a status of political agency, as it had been reduced to a judicial safeguard and the expression of rule and law.[15] Rome carried forth Greek ideas of citizenship such as the principles of equality under the law, civic participation in government, and notions that "no one citizen should have too much power for too long",[16] but Rome offered relatively generous terms to its captives, including chances for lesser forms of citizenship.[16] If Greek citizenship was an "emancipation from the world of things",[17] the Roman sense increasingly reflected the fact that citizens could act upon material things as well as other citizens, in the sense of buying or selling property, possessions, titles, goods. One historian explained: The person was defined and represented through his actions upon things; in the course of time, the term property came to mean, first, the defining characteristic of a human or other being; second, the relation which a person had with a thing; and third, the thing defined as the possession of some person. — J. G. A. Pocock, 1998[18] Roman citizenship reflected a struggle between the upper-class patrician interests against the lower-order working groups known as the plebeian class.[16] A citizen came to be understood as a person "free to act by law, free to ask and expect the law's protection, a citizen of such and such a legal community, of such and such a legal standing in that community".[19] Citizenship meant having rights to have possessions, immunities, expectations, which were "available in many kinds and degrees, available or unavailable to many kinds of person for many kinds of reason".[19] The law itself was a kind of bond uniting people.[20] Roman citizenship was more impersonal, universal, multiform, having different degrees and applications. Middle Ages[edit] During the European Middle Ages, citizenship was usually associated with cities and towns (see medieval commune), and applied mainly to middle class folk. Titles such as burgher, grand burgher (German Großbürger) and bourgeoisie denoted political affiliation and identity in relation to a particular locality, as well as membership in a mercantile or trading class; thus, individuals of respectable means and socioeconomic status were interchangeable with citizens. During this era, members of the nobility had a range of privileges above commoners (see aristocracy), though political upheavals and reforms, beginning most prominently with the French Revolution, abolished privileges and created an egalitarian concept of citizenship. Renaissance[edit] During the Renaissance, people transitioned from being subjects of a king or queen to being citizens of a city and later to a nation.[21]:p.161 Each city had its own law, courts, and independent administration.[22] And being a citizen often meant being subject to the city's law in addition to having power in some instances to help choose officials.[22] City dwellers who had fought alongside nobles in battles to defend their cities were no longer content with having a subordinate social status, but demanded a greater role in the form of citizenship.[23] Membership in guilds was an indirect form of citizenship in that it helped their members succeed financially.[24] The rise of citizenship was linked to the rise of republicanism, according to one account, since independent citizens meant that kings had less power.[25] Citizenship became an idealized, almost abstract, concept,[11] and did not signify a submissive relation with a lord or count, but rather indicated the bond between a person and the state in the rather abstract sense of having rights and duties.[11] Modern times[edit] The modern idea of citizenship still respects the idea of political participation, but it is usually done through "elaborate systems of political representation at a distance" such as representative democracy.[10] Modern citizenship is much more passive; action is delegated to others; citizenship is often a constraint on acting, not an impetus to act.[10] Nevertheless, citizens are usually aware of their obligations to authorities, and are aware that these bonds often limit what they can do. United States[edit] Main article: Citizenship of the United States Portrait of Dred Scott, plaintiff in the infamous Dred Scott v. Sandford case at the Supreme Court of the United States, commissioned by a "group of Negro citizens" and presented to the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis, in 1888 From 1790 until the mid-twentieth century, United States law used racial criteria to establish citizenship rights and regulate who was eligible to become a naturalized citizen.[26] The Naturalization Act of 1790, the first law in U.S. history to establish rules for citizenship and naturalization, barred citizenship to all people who were not of European descent, stating that "any alien being a free white person, who shall have resided within the limits and under the jurisdiction of the United States for the term of two years, may be admitted to become a citizen thereof."[27] Under early U.S. laws, African Americans were not eligible for citizenship. In 1857, these laws were upheld in the US Supreme Court case Dred Scott v. Sandford, which ruled that "a free negro of the African race, whose ancestors were brought to this country and sold as slaves, is not a 'citizen' within the meaning of the Constitution of the United States," and that "the special rights and immunities guarantied to citizens do not apply to them."[28] It was not until the abolition of slavery following the American Civil War that African Americans were granted citizenship rights. The 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified on July 9, 1868, stated that "all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside."[29] Two years later, the Naturalization Act of 1870 would extend the right to become a naturalized citizen to include "aliens of African nativity and to persons of African descent".

Answer 24

ENTITY — OBJECT — Something (concept) SERFDOM - CIVIS Something (οντότητα) entity αντικείμενο • (antikeímeno) n (plural αντικείμενα) object, subject (a physical thing) Προτιμώ να αγοράζω χρήσιμα αντικείμενα και όχι διακοσμητικά. Protimó na agorázo chrísima antikeímena kai óchi diakosmitiká. I prefer to buy useful objects, rather than decorative. ``` (grammar) object (of sentence) Synonym: αντικ. (antik.) (abbreviation) Antonym: υποκείμενο (ypokeímeno) ("subject") object (of desire, or affection, etc) (computing) object (of object-oriented) ``` ``` κεῖμαι From Proto-Indo-European *ḱéytor, from *ḱey- (“to lie down”). Cognate with Latin cunae, cīvis Old Armenian սէր (sēr) Hittite 𒆠𒀉𒋫𒊑, 𒆠𒀉𒁕𒊑 (kittari) Sanskrit शेते (śéte). ``` Latin: civis Noun cīvis m or f (genitive cīvis); third declension citizen Civis romanus sum. I am a Roman citizen. (by extension) a subject (i.e., a person subject to a ruler) From Proto-Italic *keiwis from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to settle, be lying down”). Noun cūnae f pl (genitive cūnārum); first declension (usually plural) cradle (metonymically) nest of young birds (metonymically) birth or early childhood, infancy; compare cūnābulum From Proto-Indo-European *ḱoy-no- (“lair, cradle”), from *ḱey- (“to lie down”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κοίτη (koítē). ``` RECLINE - BED Verb κεῖμαι • (keîmai) to lie, lie outstretched to lie asleep, repose, lie idle, lie still to lie sick or wounded, lie in misery to lie dead to lie neglected, uncared for, unburied (of wrestlers) to have a fall (of places) to lie, be situated (of things) to lie in a place to be laid up, be in store (of goods, property, etc.) to be set up, proposed (of laws) to be laid down (of arguments) to be laid down (of names) to be given (figuratively) to be in the power of to be in such a manner to be to settle down, deposit a sediment (grammar, of words and phrases) to be found, to occur ``` ``` Noun κοίτη • (koítē) f (genitive κοίτης); first declension bed, resting place Synonyms: εὐνή (eunḗ), κλίνη (klínē), κράββατος (krábbatos) (geography) riverbed lair of a wild beast pen, fold for cattle act of going to bed; bedtime lodging, entertainment ``` Noun κοίτη • (koíti) f (plural κοίτες) river bed (archaic, very rare, law) bed (used only in legal expression:)[1] χωρισμός από τραπέζης και κοίτης chorismós apó trapézis kai koítis lit.: "separation of table and bed". Legal separation. Synonyms κρεβάτι n (kreváti) (standard) κλίνη f (klíni) (formal) ευνή f (evní) (archaic) Etymology From the Ancient Greek κλίνη (klínē, “bed”). Noun[edit] κλίνη • (klíni) f (plural κλίνες) (formal) bed ξενοδοχείο 300 κλινών ― xenodocheío 300 klinón ― a hotel with 300 beds κλινική 300 κλινών ― klinikí 300 klinón ― a clinic with 300 beds Noun κλῑ́νη • (klī́nē) f (genitive κλῑ́νης); first declension bed, couch ``` Verb κλῑ́νω • (klī́nō) to bend, slant to cause to give way, cause to retreat to lean, prop something on another to turn aside to decline, wane to seat, cause to lie down (grammar) to inflect, decline, conjugate (passive) to lean, be sloping (passive) to wander, stray ``` From *ḱley- ("lean"). ``` Noun κλῖμᾰξ • (klîmax) f (genitive κλῑ́μᾰκος); third declension ladder staircase torture instrument shaped like a ladder a certain wrestling move (rhetoric) climax the blocks of wood placed above the wheels of a chariot ``` From κλῑ́νω (klī́nō, “I bend, lean”). Noun κλῐ́μᾰ • (klíma) n (genitive κλῐ́μᾰτος); third declension a slope, incline, inclination the supposed slope of the earth from the equator to the pole; (terrestrial) latitude a region, zone or belt of the earth; a clime From κλῐ́νω (klínō, “to slope, incline”) +‎ -μᾰ (-ma). Noun κρεβάτι • (kreváti) n (plural κρεβάτια) bed A marriage custom, usually some days before the marriage, during which friends and relatives throw money on the marriage bed. Noun κρᾰ́ββᾰτος • (krábbatos) m (genitive κρᾰββᾰ́του); second declension couch, mattress, pallet From Ancient Macedonian *γράβος (grabos, “oak”) (attested by γράβιον (grabion, “torch”)). Compare Latin grabātus. Noun grabātus m (genitive grabātī); second declension cot, pallet, camp bed —————————————————————— οντότητα Something and anything are concepts of existence in ontology, contrasting with the concept of nothing. Both are used to describe the understanding that what exists is not nothing without needing to address the existence of everything. The philosopher, David Lewis, has pointed out that these are necessarily vague terms, asserting that "ontological assertions of common sense are correct if the quantifiers—such words as "something" and "anything"—are restricted roughly to ordinary or familiar things." Grammatically, "something and anything are commonly classified as pronouns, although they do not stand for another noun so clearly as does thing itself, a word always classified as a noun". OBJECT Etymology In English the word object is derived from the Latin objectus (p.p. of obicere) with the meaning "to throw, or put before or against", from ob- and jacere, "to throw".[4] As such it is a root for several important words used to derive meaning, such as objectify (to materialize), objective (a future reference), and objectivism (a philosophical doctrine that knowledge is based on objective reality). ———————————————————- THING thing (n.) Old English þing "meeting, assembly, council, discussion," later "entity, being, matter" (subject of deliberation in an assembly), also "act, deed, event, material object, body, being, creature," from Proto-Germanic *thinga- "assembly" (source also of Old Frisian thing "assembly, council, suit, matter, thing," Middle Dutch dinc "court-day, suit, plea, concern, affair, thing," Dutch ding "thing," Old High German ding "public assembly for judgment and business, lawsuit," German Ding "affair, matter, thing," Old Norse þing "public assembly"). The Germanic word is perhaps literally "appointed time," from a PIE *tenk- (1), from root *ten- "stretch," perhaps on notion of "stretch of time for a meeting or assembly." The sense "meeting, assembly" did not survive Old English. For sense evolution, compare French chose, Spanish cosa "thing," from Latin causa "judicial process, lawsuit, case;" Latin res "affair, thing," also "case at law, cause." Old sense is preserved in second element of hustings and in Icelandic Althing, the nation's general assembly. Of persons, often pityingly, from late 13c. Used colloquially since c. 1600 to indicate things the speaker can't name at the moment, often with various meaningless suffixes (see thingamajig). HOUSE-THING hustings (n.) Old English husting "meeting, court, tribunal," from Old Norse husðing "council," from hus "house" (see house (n.)) + ðing "assembly" (see thing); so called because it was a meeting of the men who formed the "household" of a nobleman or king. The native Anglo-Saxon word for this was folc-gemot. The plural became the usual form c. 1500; sense of "temporary platform for political speeches" developed by 1719, apparently from London's Court of Hustings, presided over by the Lord Mayor, which was held on a platform in the Guildhall. This sense then broadened by mid-19c. to "the election process generally." house (n.) Old English hus "dwelling, shelter, building designed to be used as a residence," from Proto-Germanic *hūsan (source also of Old Norse, Old Frisian hus, Dutch huis, German Haus), of unknown origin, perhaps connected to the root of hide (v.) [OED]. In Gothic only in gudhus "temple," literally "god-house;" the usual word for "house" in Gothic being according to OED razn. —————————————————————— CITIZEN citizen (plural citizens) A resident of a city or town, especially one with legally-recognized rights or duties. [from 14th c.] Synonyms: burgess, burgher, cityite, freeman Hyponyms: citess, citizeness (female) A legally-recognized member of a state, with associated rights and obligations; a person considered in terms of this role. [from 14th c.] I am a Roman citizen. Synonyms: countryman, national Antonyms: alien, illegal alien, foreigner, illegal (colloquial) Hyponyms: first-class citizen, second-class citizen, third-class citizen, native, naturalized citizen, senior citizen An inhabitant or occupant: a member of any place. [from 14th c.] Diogenes reckoned himself a citizen of the world. Synonyms: denizen, local, inhabitant, native, occupant, resident Antonyms: alien, outsider, stranger (Christianity) A resident of the heavenly city or (later) of the kingdom of God: a Christian; a good Christian. [from 15th c.] A civilian, as opposed to a police officer, soldier, or member of some other specialized (usually state) group. [from 16th c.] (obsolete) An ordinary person, as opposed to nobles and landed gentry on one side and peasants, craftsmen, and laborers on the other. [17th–19th c.] (now historical, usually capitalized) A term of address among French citizens during the French Revolution or towards its supporters elsewhere; (later, dated) a term of address among socialists and communists. [from 18th c.] Synonym: comrade (term of address among communists) (computing) An object. Hyponyms: first-class citizen, second-class citizen, third-class citizen. From Middle English citeseyn, citezein, borrowed from Anglo-Norman citesain (“burgher; city-dweller”), citezein &c., probably a variant of cithein under influence of deinzein (“denizen”), from Anglo-Norman and Old French citeain &c. and citaien, citeien &c. ("burgher"; modern French citoyen), from cité ("settlement; cathedral city, city"; modern French cité) + -ain or -ien (“-an, -ian”). See city and hewe. —————————————————————- DENIZEN From dē (“from”) + intus (“within, inside”) (Britain, historical) A person with rights between those of naturalized citizen and resident alien (roughly permanent resident), obtained through letters patent. denizen (plural denizens) An inhabitant of a place; one who dwells in. The giant squid is one of many denizens of the deep. One who frequents a place. The denizens of that pub are of the roughest sort. Though born in Iceland, he became a denizen of Britain after leaving Oxford. (biology) An animal or plant from a particular range or habitat. The bald eagle is a denizen of the northern part of the state. A foreign word that has become naturalised in another language. Verb denizen (third-person singular simple present denizens, present participle denizening, simple past and past participle denizened) (transitive, Britain, historical) To grant rights of citizenship to; to naturalize. He was denizened to Ireland after fleeing his home country. (transitive) To provide with denizens; to populate with adopted or naturalized occupants. From Middle English denisein, from Old French denzein, from deinz (“within”) +‎ -ein, from Late Latin deintus (“from within”), whence French dans. Noun denization (countable and uncountable, plural denizations) The act of making one a denizen or adopted citizen; naturalization. —————————————————————- LETTERS PATENT ``` Letters patent (Latin: litterae patentes) (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, president, or other head of state, generally granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices, or for granting city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as governors and governors-general of Commonwealth realms, as well as appointing a Royal Commission. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern intellectual property patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law) granting exclusive rights in an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). ``` In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it both to avoid infringement and understand how to put it into practical use. In the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary, imperial patent was also the highest form of generally binding legal regulations, e.g. Patent of Toleration, Serfdom Patent etc. —————————————————————- LETTERS CLOSE The opposite of letters patent are letters close (Latin: litterae clausae), which are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are thus comparable to other kinds of open letter in that their audience is wide. ``` Letters close (Latin: litterae clausae) are a type of obsolete legal document once used by the British monarchy, certain officers of government and by the Pope, which is a sealed letter granting a right, monopoly, title, or status to an individual or to some entity such as a corporation. These letters were personal in nature, and were delivered folded and sealed, so that only the recipient could read their contents.[1] This type of letter contrasts with the better-known letters patent. It was necessary to break the seal to open and read the letter, and so its arrival with the seal intact showed that it had not been intercepted or tampered with. However, once the seal was broken, it could no longer confirm the authenticity of the document. ``` Litterae clausae of the Pope Another example of letters close is papal letters close. These often had the leaden papal bulla attached to the letter with a hemp cord that was a sign that the letter contains an order or the fine silk cord which meant a "gift" or a "grace" being announced to the addressee. The cords were often threaded through the letter to keep it folded, with the address written on the dorse (back) of the document (endorsed) for the entrusted deliverers to read. CLOSE ROLLS The Close Rolls are an administrative record created in medieval England by the royal chancery, in order to preserve a central record of all letters close issued by the chancery in the name of the Crown. The first surviving Close Roll was started in 1204 (in the reign of King John), under the Chancellorship of Hubert Walter, though the actual practice may reach back to 1200, or even before.[1] Copies of the texts of the letters were written on sheets of parchment, which were stitched together into long rolls to form a roll for each year. —————————————————————- SERFDOM PATENT The Serfdom Patent of 1 November 1781 aimed to abolish aspects of the traditional serfdom (German: Leibeigenschaft) system of the Habsburg Monarchy through the establishment of basic civil liberties for the serfs. The feudal system bound farmers to inherited pieces of land and subjected them to the absolute control of their landlord. The landlord was obligated to provide protection, in exchange for the serfs' labor and goods. The Serfdom Patent, issued by the enlightened absolutist Emperor Joseph II, diminished the long-established mastery of the landlords; thus allowing the serfs to independently choose marriage partners, pursue career choices, and move between estates. SERFDOM Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery, which developed during the Late Antiquity and Early Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century. Unlike slaves, serfs could not be bought, sold, or traded individually though they could, depending on the area, be sold together with land. The kholops in Russia and villeins in gross in England, in contrast, could be traded like regular slaves, could be abused with no rights over their own bodies, could not leave the land they were bound to, and could marry only with their lord's permission. Serfs who occupied a plot of land were required to work for the lord of the manor who owned that land. In return, they were entitled to protection, justice, and the right to cultivate certain fields within the manor to maintain their own subsistence. Serfs were often required not only to work on the lord's fields, but also in his mines and forests and to labor to maintain roads. The manor formed the basic unit of feudal society, and the lord of the manor and the villeins, and to a certain extent the serfs, were bound legally: by taxation in the case of the former, and economically and socially in the latter.

Answer 25

ACTS OF SUPREMACY — GOD KINGS — SUBJECT — CITIZENS https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizenship https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantation_Act_1740 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1701 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy_1558 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acts_of_Supremacy#First_Act_of_Supremacy_1534 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1558 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits,_etc._Act_1584 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominus_ac_Redemptor https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_Act_1580 https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Reformation https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decet_Romanum_Pontificem ————————————————————- The title of Supreme Head of the Church of England was created in 1531[1] for King Henry VIII when he first began to separate the Church of England from the authority of the Holy See and allegiance to the papacy, then represented by Pope Clement VII. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 confirmed the King's status as having supremacy over the church and required the nobility to swear an oath recognising Henry's supremacy.[1] By 1536, Henry had broken with Rome, seized assets of the Catholic Church in England and Wales and declared the Church of England as the established church with himself as its head. Pope Paul III excommunicated Henry in 1538 over his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Henry's daughter, Queen Mary I, a staunch Catholic, attempted to restore the English church's allegiance to the Pope and repealed the Act of Supremacy in 1555.[2] Her half-sister, Elizabeth I, took the throne in 1558 and Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy of 1558 that restored the original act.[3] The new Oath of Supremacy that nobles were required to swear gave the Queen's title as supreme governor of the church rather than supreme head, to avoid the charge that the monarchy was claiming divinity or usurping Christ, whom the Bible explicitly identifies as Head of the Church. ——————————————————————- The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England. The 1534 Act declared King Henry VIII and his successors as the Supreme Head of the Church, replacing the pope. The Act was repealed during the reign of the Catholic Queen Mary I. The 1558 Act declared Queen Elizabeth I and her successors the Supreme Governor of the Church, a title that the British monarch still holds. ——————————————————————- OATH OF SUPREMACY The Oath of Supremacy required any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Failure to do so was to be treated as treasonable. The Oath of Supremacy was originally imposed by King Henry VIII of England through the Act of Supremacy 1534, but repealed by his elder daughter, Queen Mary I of England, and reinstated under Henry's other daughter and Mary's half-sister, Queen Elizabeth I of England, under the Act of Supremacy 1559. The Oath was later extended to include Members of Parliament and people studying at universities. Catholics were first allowed to become members of parliament in 1829, and the requirement to take the oath for Oxford University students was lifted by the Oxford University Act 1854. Oath of Supremacy[edit] The Oath of Supremacy, imposed by the Act of Supremacy 1558, provided for any person taking public or church office in England to swear allegiance to the monarch as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Failure to so swear was a crime, although it did not become treason until 1562, when the Supremacy of the Crown Act 1562[5] made refusal to take the oath a treasonable offence. The Oath was later extended to include Members of Parliament and people studying at universities: all but one of the bishops lost their posts and a hundred fellows of Oxford colleges were deprived, as many dignitaries resigned rather than take the oath. The bishops who were removed from the ecclesiastical bench were replaced by appointees who would agree to the reforms. Text of the oath as published in 1559: I, A. B., do utterly testify and declare in my conscience that the Queen's Highness is the only supreme governor of this realm, and of all other her Highness's dominions and countries, as well in all spiritual or ecclesiastical things or causes, as temporal, and that no foreign prince, person, prelate, state or potentate hath or ought to have any jurisdiction, power, superiority, pre-eminence or authority ecclesiastical or spiritual within this realm; and therefore I do utterly renounce and forsake all foreign jurisdictions, powers, superiorities and authorities, and do promise that from henceforth I shall bear faith and true allegiance to the Queen's Highness, her heirs and lawful successors, and to my power shall assist and defend all jurisdictions, pre-eminences, privileges and authorities granted or belonging to the Queen's Highness, her heirs or successors, or united or annexed to the imperial crown of this realm. So help me God, and by the contents of this Book. This had a specific impact on English Roman Catholics since it expressly indicates that they must forswear allegiance to Roman Catholicism, inasmuch as the Church of Rome was directly a foreign jurisdiction, power, superiority and authority. However, during the early years of her reign Elizabeth practiced religious clemency and tolerance, which was an attempt to harmonise the state of affairs between the Roman Catholics and the Church of England. This was necessary for Elizabeth to fully establish her power, hold off threats of invasion from France and Spain, and to counter accusations of illegitimacy that plagued her early years. In the last twenty years of her reign, as the Pope issued official encouragement to topple, and even kill, Elizabeth, as Jesuits infiltrated England, and as the threat of Spanish invasion loomed, Catholics became targets for oppression. Later, Roman Catholic power within England waned (because Roman Catholics were forbidden to take public office and were slowly deprived of their lands and fortunes) but their influence grew until they attempted the Gunpowder Plot in 1605 – whereupon they were oppressed for nearly 200 years. Text in force today Section 8 still remains in force in Great Britain, and reads as follows: AND That suche Jurisdictions Privileges Superiorities and Preheminences Spirituall and Ecclesiasticall, as by any Spirituall or Ecclesiasticall Power or Aucthorite hathe heretofore bene or may lawfully be exercised or used for the Visitacion of the Ecclesiasticall State and Persons, and for Reformacion Order and Correccion of the same and of all maner of Errours Heresies Scismes Abuses Offences Contemptes and Enormities, shall for ever by aucthorite of this present Parliament be united and annexed to the Imperiall Crowne of this Realme: ... (The words at the end were repealed in 1641 by the Act 16 Ch.1 c.11.) ——————————————————————- The Act of Supremacy 1558 (1 Eliz 1 c 1), sometimes referred to as the Act of Supremacy 1559,[nb 1] is an act of the Parliament of England, passed under the auspices of Elizabeth I. It replaced the original Act of Supremacy 1534 issued by Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII, which arrogated ecclesiastical authority to the monarchy, and which had been repealed by Mary I. Along with the Act of Uniformity 1558 it made up what is generally referred to as the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. The act remained in place until the 19th century, when some sections began to be repealed. By 1969 all save section 8 had been repealed by various acts. The whole Act was repealed in Northern Ireland in 1950 and 1953. Section 8 is still in force in Great Britain as of 2018. ——————————————————————- Act of 1559 The act revived 10 acts which Mary I had reverted, significantly clarified and narrowed the definition of what constituted heresy, and confirmed Elizabeth as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Supreme Governor was a suitably equivocal title that made Elizabeth head of the Church without ever saying she was. This was important because many felt that a woman could not rule the church. The act also made it a crime to assert the authority of any foreign prince, prelate, or other authority, and was aimed at abolishing the authority of the Pope in England. A third offence was high treason, punishable by death. ——————————————————————- JESUITS Jesuits, etc. Act 1584 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Jesuits, etc. Act 1584 Parliament of England Long title An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons Citation 27 Eliz.1, c. 2 Status: Repealed Revised text of statute as amended An act against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like disobedient persons, also known as the Jesuits, etc. Act 1584, (27 Eliz.1, c. 2) was an Act of the Parliament of England passed during the English Reformation. The Act commanded all Roman Catholic priests to leave the country within 40 days or they would be punished for high treason, unless within the 40 days they swore an oath to obey the Queen. Those who harboured them, and all those who knew of their presence and failed to inform the authorities, would be fined and imprisoned for felony, or if the authorities wished to make a particular example of them, they might be executed for treason.[1] Anyone who was brought up as a Jesuit overseas (i.e. if they were educated abroad in a Jesuit seminary) had to return to England within six months, and then within two days of arriving swear to submit to the Queen and also take the oath required by the Act of Supremacy 1558. Failure to do so was treason. Any person who did take the oath was forbidden from coming within 10 miles of the Queen for 10 years, unless they had her personal written permission. Again, failure to observe this requirement was treason. ——————————————————————- ``` Religion Act 1580 From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search Religion Act 1580 Act of Parliament ``` Parliament of England Long title An Act to retain the Queen's Majesty's Subjects in their due Obedience. Citation 23 Eliz. I. c.1 Territorial extent Kingdom of England Medieval England Other legislation Relates to 29 Eliz. I. c.6 (1587) 3 Jac. I. c.4 (1605) 31 Geo. III. c.32 (1791) Text of statute as originally enacted The Religion Act 1580 (23 Eliz.1 c. 1) was an Act of the Parliament of England during the English Reformation.[1] The Act made it high treason to persuade English subjects to withdraw their allegiance to the Queen, or from the Church of England to Rome, or to promise obedience to a foreign authority. The Act also increased the fine for absenteeism from Church to £20 a month or imprisonment until they conformed. Finally, the Act fined and imprisoned those who celebrated the mass and attended a mass. ——————————————————————- ——————————————————————-

Answer 26

APPEAR - SEEMS LIKE THIS εμφανίζομαι appear (pass.) I present myself, I become visible while before I was not ... and then I suddenly appear in front of them Verb φαίνομαι • (faínomai) deponent (past φάνηκα) seem, appear Ο Γιώργος φαίνεται άρρωστος σήμερα. O Giórgos faínetai árrostos símera. George seems ill today. αυτά μου φαίνονται κινέζικα aftá mou faínontai kinézika it's all Greek to me ``` (literally, “this seems Chinese to me”) appear Το πλοίο φαίνεται στον ορίζοντα. To ploío faínetai ston orízonta. The ship appears on the horizon. ``` φαίνω • (phaínō) (transitive) I cause to appear, bring to light; I show, uncover, reveal (transitive) I make known, reveal, disclose (of sound) (transitive) Ι show forth, expound (transitive) I denounce (intransitive) I shine, give light (passive) I appear; I shine I come into being I come about (copulative or control verb) I appear (to be) (φαίνεται as interjection) yes; so it appears; apparently (late, impersonal) it seems LATIN Verb appāreō (present infinitive appārēre, perfect active appāruī, supine appāritum); second conjugation (intransitive) I appear, am visible, come into sight. (used impersonally) I am evident, clear or certain. I attend, wait upon, serve.

Answer 27

DISCUSS From συζ (with, together) + ζητώ (seek) + -άω (verb) συζητώ (seek together) disputo discuss, argue, debate, reason, examine, investigate Suffix -ᾰ́ω • (-áō) Forms verbs, usually from nouns in -ᾱ (-ā), -η (-ē) Suffix -άω • (-áo) modern alternative ending for 2nd Conjugaction, Class I verbs in -ώ: αγαπώ (agapó) ("I love") → αγαπάω (agapáo) Verb συζητάω • (syzitáo) / συζητώ (past συζήτησα, passive συζητιέμαι/συζητούμαι, p‑past συζητήθηκα, ppp συζητημένος) discuss, debate, talk over Χαίρομαι πάντοτε να ακούω όσα έχετε να πείτε και να συζητάω μαζί σας διάφορα θέματα. Chaíromai pántote na akoúo ósa échete na peíte kai na syzitáo mazí sas diáfora thémata. I always enjoy listening to what you have to say and discussing various issues with you. πολυσυζητημένος (polysyzitiménos, “overdiscussed”, participle) συζητημένος (syzitiménos, “talked about”, participle) συζήτηση f (syzítisi, “discussion”) συζητήσιμος (syzitísimos) συζητητής m (syzititís) συζητητικός (syzititikós) συζητιέται (syzitiétai, “it is said, discussed”) (as impersonal) and see: ζητάω (zitáo, “seek, ask for”) Synonyms (look for): ψάχνω (psáchno) (look for): γυρεύω (gyrévo) (look for): ερευνώ (erevnó, “investigate”) Derived terms ζητούμενος (zitoúmenos, passive present participle) Compounds: αναζητάω (anazitáo, “to search for, to rummage”), αναζητώ (anazitó) αποζητάω (apozitáo, “seek”), αποζητώ (apozitó) επιζητώ (epizitó) συζητάω (syzitáo, “to discuss, to debate”), συζητώ (syzitó) πολυσυζητάω (polysyzitáo), πολυσυζητώ (polysyzitó) ψωμοζητάω (psomozitáo) Related terms ζήτημα n (zítima) “that which is searched for” ζήτηση f (zítisi, “the demand”) ζητιάνος m (zitiános, “beggar”) ———————————————————- confabulor talk, talk together, argue, discuss, debate, consider sero link up, lock up, lock, plant, connect, discuss litigo argue, dispute, bicker, altercate, quarrel, discuss dissero discuss, argue, examine, set out in words, sow, scatter seed disserto discuss, debate, dispute, set forth at length discepto dispute, debate, discuss, arbitrate, argue, decide confero confer, compare, betake, contribute, discuss, give usurpo usurp, acquire, obtain, experience, capture, discuss tracto treat, handle, deal, drag, tackle, discuss transeo go over, pass over, go across, cross over, flow, discuss ago drive, set moving, put in motion, make smth. by driving, whirl, discuss agito put in motion, toss, keep going, urge on, goad, discuss fabella story, tale, anecdote, fable, play narratiuncula short narrative, anecdote

Answer 28

PRACTICE Noun πρακτική practice, experience πράξη act, practice, transaction, action, deed, effect άσκηση exercise, practice, drill εξάσκηση practice, training συνήθεια custom, habit, practice, rote, convention, use χρήση use, usage, practice πείρα experience, practice, knack έθιμο custom, practice πελατεία clientele, goodwill, practice, patronage, connection μάθηση learning, practice, lore, sapience Verb εξασκώ practice, exercise, train, practise ασκούμαι practice, spar, practise εφαρμόζω apply, practice, practise —————————————————————- Noun usus use, utilization, experience, practice, usage, using consuetudo custom, habit, practice, usage, intimacy, manner exercitatio exercise, drilling, drill, practice, exercising, training mos custom, Will, habit, practice, wont, inclination experientia experience, testing, practice, trial, endeavor, experimental knowledge meditamenta practice meditatio contemplation, thinking, contemplating, exercise, practice, preparation Verb meditor practice, meditate, reflect, ponder, muse, consider exerceo practice, exercise, train, exert, Harass, worry tracto treat, handle, deal, drag, tackle, practice inhibeo restrain, prevent, inhibit, keep in, curb, practice factito do frequently, make frequently, practise, practice, declare celebro celebrate, feast, attend, crowd, practise, exercise studeo be eager, study, endeavor, aim, endeavour, ply suesco become accustomed, grow accustomed, adjust, wont, practise, accustom —————————————————————- Noun cōnsuētūdō f (genitive cōnsuētūdinis); third declension The act of habituating; state of being habituated or accustomed, habituation. A custom, habit, use, usage, convention, way, tradition; experience. Customary right, common law. The form of speech, usage of a language. Social intercourse, companionship, familiarity, conversation. An intercourse in love, intimacy; love affair, amour, illicit intercourse. From cōnsuēscō (“accustom, habituate; accustom oneself”) +‎ -tūdō, from con- (“with”) + suēscō (“become used or accustomed to; accustom, train”). First element con- derives from cum, from Old Latin com, from Proto-Italic *kom, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, along”). Second element suēscō is from Proto-Indo-European *swe-dʰh₁-sk-, from *swé (“self”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”); related to Latin suus (“one's own, his own”). Verb suēscō (present infinitive suēscere, perfect active suēvī, supine suētum); third conjugation (intransitive, rare, poetic) I become used or accustomed to (transitive, rare, post-Classical) I accustom, habituate, train Etymology PIE word *swé From Proto-Indo-European *swe-dʰh₁-sk- From Proto-Indo-European *swé (“self”) + *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”) thus the original sense to "set as one's own" as in the later formed suificō. Cognate with soleō, sodālis, Ancient Greek ἔθω (éthō) εἴωθα (eíōtha) ἔθνος (éthnos) ἔθος (éthos) ἦθος (êthos) Sanskrit स्वधा (svadhā) Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌳𐌿𐍃 (sidus).

Answer 29

PARAPHRASE paraphrase the wording in other words of a phrase, so as to serve my own expressive needs small deviation from the original meaning of the phrase to serve new needs, mild falsification. paraphrase (v.) "restate, interpret, express the meaning of in other words," c. 1600, from paraphrase (n.) or from French paraphraser. Related: Paraphrased; paraphrasing. paraphrase (n.) "a restatement of a text or passage, giving the sense of the original in other words," often in fuller terms and greater detail, 1540s, from French paraphrase (1520s), from Latin paraphrasis "a paraphrase," from Greek paraphrasis "a free rendering," from paraphrazein "to tell in other words," from para- "beside" (see para- (1)) + phrazein "to tell" (see phrase (n.)). Related entries & more paraphrastic (adj.) "having the character of a paraphrase," 1620s, from Medieval Latin paraphrasticus, from Greek paraphrastikos, from paraphrazein "to tell in other words" (see paraphrase (n.)). Related: Paraphrastical (1540s). Related entries & more metaphrastic (adj.) "close or literal in translation," 1752, from Greek metaphrastikos "paraphrastic," from metaphrasis "paraphrase," from metaphrazein "to paraphrase, translate," from meta- "change" (see meta-) + phrazein "to tell, declare, point out, show" (see phrase (n.)). Metaphrasis as "a translation," especially one done word-by-word, is in English from 1560s. Related: Metaphrastical; metaphrastically (1570s).

Answer 30

RULE κανόνας rule, canon, norm, precept, order χάρακας ruler, rule, ferule, pointer κανών διοίκηση rule Verb κυβερνώ govern, rule, sway, navigate χαρακώνω line, rule, score διέπω condition, rule regula rule, norm, canon, standard, precept, rate imperium Empire, command, government, control, rule, authority regnum reign, kingdom, realm, rule, throne, kingship regimen regimen, governance, regime, rule, control, ruling norma rule, standard, law, square lex lex, law, ordinance, Bill, canon, rule principatus rule, first place, supremacy, pre-eminence, Dominion, origin dominatus rule, domination, tyranny, lordship, sovereignty, dominance secta sect, way, party, method, mode, rule mos custom, Will, habit, practice, wont, rule dominatio domination, Dominion, rule, tyranny, lordship, mastery modus mode, modus, manner, way, method, rule ordinatio ordination, order, arrangement, regulation, organization, rule praeceptum precept, order, rule, directive, principle, admonition formula formula, rule, regular form, dainty form, charter, principle moderatio moderation, regulation, controlling, limiting, self-control, rule canon canon, rule, annual tax inperium government, order, authority, Commandment, control, rule Verb dominor master, rule, have dominion, bear rule, reign, tyrannize impero command, rule, order, govern, master, enjoin inpero charge, burden, requisition, order, command, rule indupero order, command, govern, rule, hold sway, requisition praecello excel, distinguish, surpass, preside, rule praecelleo distinguish, excel, surpass, preside, rule principor dominate, rule praesideo preside, sit, sit before, be in the chair, be a head of, rule imperito order, command, enjoin, dominate, overlord, rule inperito order, command, enjoin, dominate, overlord, rule rego rule, king, govern, administer, administrate, manipulate Domino rule, dominate, rule over, exercise sovereignty —————————————————————— Verb διέπω • (diépo) (past —, passive διέπομαι) found only in the present tense (usually in 3rd person) apply, determine, govern Verb διέπομαι • (diépomai) passive (past —, active διέπω) found only in the present tense (usually in 3rd person) I am defined by, governed by ———————————————————————-

Answer 31

STANDARD πρότυπο standard, pattern, norm, exemplar, archetype μέτρο measure, meter, gauge, gage, measurement, standard κανών standard, penance σημαία flag, banner, color, ensign, standard, gonfalon φλάμπουρο standard Adjective κανονικός normal, canonical, regular, standard, orderly πρότυπος standard, model καθιερωμένος established, standard, oblate, votarist, votary, sanctioned σταθερός constant, stable, fixed, steady, firm, standard κριτήριος standard —————————————————————— LATIN vexillum flag, standard, banner, red flag, company, ensign signum sign, signal, SEAL, cue, significant, standard mensura measure, measuring, measurement, size, standard, proportion regula rule, norm, canon, standard, precept, rate norma rule, standard, law, square instar figure, likeness, manner, image, form, standard modus mode, modus, manner, way, method, standard sponda BED, frame, standard, legs, stems, bedstead sphonda BED, frame, standard, legs, stems, bedstead

Answer 32

GOVERN Verb κυβερνώ govern, rule, sway, navigate συγκρατώ restrain, hold, contain, curb, control, govern ———————————————————————— Verb impero command, rule, order, govern, master, enjoin inpero charge, burden, requisition, order, command, govern rego rule, king, govern, administer, administrate, manipulate guberno pilot, guide, govern, steer, navigate indupero order, command, govern, rule, hold sway, requisition imperito order, command, enjoin, dominate, overlord, govern inperito order, command, enjoin, dominate, overlord, govern ordino order, ordain, rank, arrange, regulate, govern coerceo coerce, restrain, confine, surround, enclose, govern moderor control, moderate, check, stint, bound, govern cohibeo restrain, check, confine, hold, embody, govern

Answer 33

MEASURE μέτρο measure, meter, gauge, gage, measurement, standard μέτρα measure σταθμά weights, measure Verb μετρώ count, measure, meter, gauge, gage, take measures καταμετρώ admeasure, measure, survey —————————————————————- mensura measure, measuring, measurement, size, standard, proportion modus mode, modus, manner, way, method, measure numerus number, rhythm, class, total, measure, function modulus gauge, measure, gage, scale metrum meter, measure, mete, metre pertica perch, rod, Pole, measuring-rod, measure, goad pes Foot, leg, PEs, paw, sheet, measure mensio measuring, measure, metre, quantity, amount, number emina measure modulatio modulation, melody, measure hemina measure acetabulum vessel for vinegar, cup-shaped vessel, measure amphora amphora, jar, vase, jorum, measure mensa table, measure, board, tray, guests, visitants cignus measure Verb metior measure, gauge, measure off, traverse, judge, consider metor measure, measure off, gauge, lay out commetior measure, proportion, proportionate conmetior measure, proportion, proportionate postulo need, request, ask, demand, prosecute, measure specto look, consider, gaze on, regard, observe, measure adtermino measure, limit attermino measure, limit demetor measure, mark out mensuro measure, estimate

Answer 34

SLANDER - DEFAME The origin of the Ancient Greek word συκοφάντης (sykophántēs) is a matter of debate, but disparages the unjustified accuser who has in some way perverted the legal system. The original etymology of the word (sukon/sykos/συκος fig, and phainein/fanēs/φανης to show) "revealer of figs"—has been the subject of extensive scholarly speculation and conjecture. Plutarch appears to be the first to have suggested that the source of the term was in laws forbidding the exportation of figs, and that those who leveled the accusation against another of illegally exporting figs were therefore called sycophants. Athenaeus provided a similar explanation. Blackstone's Commentaries repeats this story, but adds an additional take—that there were laws making it a capital offense to break into a garden and steal figs, and that the law was so odious that informers were given the name sycophants. A different explanation of the origin of the term by Shadwell was that the sycophant refers to the manner in which figs are harvested, by shaking the tree and revealing the fruit hidden among the leaves. The sycophant, by making false accusations, makes the accused yield up their fruit. The making of false accusations was an insult to the accused in the nature of "showing the fig", an "obscene gesture of phallic significance" or, alternatively that the false charges were often so insubstantial as to not amount to the worth of a fig. Danielle Allen suggests that the term was "slightly obscene", connoting a kind of perversion, and may have had a web of meanings derived from the symbolism of figs in ancient Greek culture, ranging from the improper display of one's "figs" by being overly aggressive in pursuing a prosecution, the unseemly revealing of the private matters of those accused of wrongdoing, to the inappropriate timing of harvesting figs when they are unripe. The traditional view is that the opprobrium against sycophants was attached to the bringing of an unjustified complaint, hoping either to obtain the payment for a successful case, or to blackmail the defendant into paying a bribe to drop the case. Other scholars have suggested that the sycophant, rather than being disparaged for being motivated by profit, was instead viewed as a vexatious litigant who was over-eager to prosecute, and who had no personal stake in the underlying dispute, but brings up old charges unrelated to himself long after the event.[5] SIMONY Sycophants included those who profited from using their position as citizens for profit. In every day use, the term συκοφάντης refers to someone that purposely spreads lies about a person, in order to harm this person’s reputation, or otherwise insult his honor (i.e. a slanderer), and συκοφαντία is doing so (i.e. slander, n., to slander: συκοφαντώ). In legal terms, Article 362 of the Greek Penal Code defines defamation (δυσφήμηση) "whoever who with in any way claims or spreads for someone else a fact that could harm that person's honor or reputation",[9] whereas slanderous defamation (συκοφαντική δυσφήμηση) is when the fact is a lie, and the person who claims or spreads it knows that. —————————————————————— DEFAMATION δυσφήμηση Defamation From δυσ- (bad) + φήμη (fame, reputation) ``` δυσ- difficult used as a synthetic in the formation of words denoting: something bad , ugly something unfortunate something that is done with difficulty. ``` φήμη fame, reputation dissemination , words that are spread by word of mouth without being crossed Or there are rumors of a government reshuffle the impression that other people have on one's character and quality, the good or bad " name " one has acquired the celebrity , being a renowned , famous. ``` Noun φήμη • (phḗmē) f (genitive φήμης); first declension prophetic voice, oracle rumor reputation ``` from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”). ``` Verb φημί • (phēmí) I speak, say. I think (of an author) I write (φησί (phēsí) or ἔφη (éphē) used when quoting, sometimes after another verb of saying) I say yes, agree, affirm, assert (with οὐ (ou)) I say no, deny, refuse (φημί (phēmí) or οὕτως φημί (hoútōs phēmí) as interjection) yes, I would say so ``` Defamation (also known as calumny, vilification, libel, slander or traducement) is the oral or written communication of a false statement about another that unjustly harms their reputation and usually constitutes a tort or crime. defamation female action (statement, dissemination of rumors ) or other acts, etc.) which offends the reputation , public image of someone or harms his interests (applies more broadly, beyond persons) δυσφημώ I defame and defame I am claiming or spreading something that harms someone's image , reputation , honor , reputation or financial interests they are trying to discredit me to my boss. —————————————————————— LIBEL Seditious libel, a criminal offence under English common law, related to attacks on the government or the church Blasphemous libel, a former common law criminal offence in England and Wales Blood libel, sensationalized allegations that a person or group engages in human sacrifice. Libel Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other than by spoken words or gestures.[12] The law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. —————————————————————— slander (n.) late 13c., "state of impaired reputation, disgrace or dishonor;" c. 1300, "a false tale; the fabrication and dissemination of false tales," from Anglo-French esclaundre, Old French esclandre "scandalous statement," alteration ("with interloping l" [Century Dictionary]) of escandle, escandre "scandal," from Latin scandalum "cause of offense, stumbling block, temptation" (see scandal). From late 14c. as "bad situation, evil action; a person causing such a state of affairs." —————————————————————- συκοφαντία slander, calumny, aspersion, roorback διαβολή slander, calumny κακογλωσσία gossip, slander Verb συκοφαντώ slander, calumniate, traduce, defame —————————————————————— In modern English, sycophant denotes an "insincere flatterer" and is used to refer to someone practicing sycophancy (i.e., insincere flattery to gain advantage). The word has its origin in the legal system of Classical Athens. Most legal cases of the time were brought by private litigants as there was no police force and only a limited number of officially appointed public prosecutors. By the fifth century BCE this practice had given rise to abuse by "sycophants": litigants who brought unjustified prosecutions.[1] The word retains the same meaning ("slanderer") in Modern Greek[2] and French (where it also can mean "informer"). In modern English, the meaning of the word has shifted to its present usage. ———————————————————————- TYPES Slander[edit] The common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of "slander" (harmful statement in a transient form, especially speech) and "libel", each of which gives a common law right of action. Defamation is the general term used internationally, and is used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between "slander" and "libel". Libel and slander both require publication.[11] The fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by spoken words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like, then it is slander. Libel[edit] Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other than by spoken words or gestures.[12] The law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel.[13] In recent times, internet publications such as defamatory comments on social media can also constitute libel. Cases involving libel[edit] An early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish New York Weekly Journal. When he printed another man's article that criticized William Cosby, who was then British Royal Governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of seditious libel.[14] The verdict was returned as Not Guilty on the charge of seditious libel, because it was proven that all the statements Zenger had published about Cosby had been true, so there was not an issue of defamation. Another example of libel is the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan (1964). The U.S. Supreme Court overruled a state court in Alabama that had found The New York Times guilty of libel for printing an advertisement that criticized Alabama officials for mistreating student civil rights activists. Even though some of what The Times printed was false, the court ruled in its favor, saying that libel of a public official requires proof of actual malice, which was defined as a "knowing or reckless disregard for the truth".[15] Proving libel[edit] There are several things a person must prove to establish that libel has taken place. In the United States, a person must prove that the statement was false, caused harm, and was made without adequate research into the truthfulness of the statement. These steps are for an ordinary citizen. For a celebrity or public official, a person must prove the first three steps, and that the statement was made with the intent to do harm or with reckless disregard for the truth,[16] which is usually specifically referred to as "actual malice".[17] Scandalum magnatum[edit] At one time, the honor of peers was especially protected by the law; while defamation of a commoner was known as libel or slander, the defamation of a peer (or of a Great Officer of State) was called scandalum magnatum, literally "the scandal of magnates." ————————————————————— Synonyms λέγω (légō, “say, speak”) ἀγορεύω (agoreúō, “to speak in the assembly”) ἀδολεσχέω (adoleskhéō, “to talk idly, prate”) δημηγορέω (dēmēgoréō, “to speak in the assembly; to make popular speeches”)[2] διαλέγομαι (dialégomai, “to converse, hold a discussion, debate, argue.”)[3] λαλέω (laléō, “to talk, chat, prattle”) ληρέω (lēréō, “to speak foolishly”) μυθέομαι (muthéomai, “say, tell”) ὑθλέω (huthléō, “talk nonsense, trifle, prate”) φάσκω (pháskō, “to declare, state, affirm”) φλυαρέω (phluaréō, “to talk nonsense”) φράζω (phrázō, “to make known, point out, intimate, show; to tell, declare; to explain, interpret; to counsel, advise, suggest, bid, order”) ``` μετάφημι Etymology μετα- (meta-) +‎ φημί (phēmí) Verb μετάφημι • (metáphēmi) (Epic) to speak among or to ``` Verb πρόσφημῐ • (prósphēmi) (Epic) (transitive) To speak to, address From προσ- (pros-, “to, towards”) +‎ φημί (phēmí, “to say”). φάτις (phátis, “rumour, news, speech”) φωνή (phōnḗ, “voice”) ``` Noun φωνή • (phōnḗ) f (genitive φωνῆς); first declension sound Usually of the human voice: voice, cry, yell The voice or cry of animals Any articulate sound (especially vowels) speech, discourse language ``` from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoh₂-néh₂, from *bʰeh₂- (“to speak”) (whence φημί (phēmí, “to say, speak”) ``` φωνίον (phōníon) (diminutive) φωνίς (phōnís) (diminutive) Ἀγλαοφῶν (Aglaophôn) Ἀριστοφῶν (Aristophôn) Ἡροφῶν (Hērophôn) Ῑ̔εροφῶν (Hīerophôn) Κλειτοφῶν (Kleitophôn) Κλεοφῶν (Kleophôn) Ξενοφῶν (Xenophôn) φωνέω (phōnéō) φωνομαχία (phōnomakhía) ``` ``` Verb φωνέω • (phōnéō) I produce a sound or tone (of men) I speak loud or clearly; I speak, give utterance, voice I call by name, call I speak, tell of ``` From φωνή (phōnḗ, “sound”) +‎ -έω (-éō, denominative verbal suffix). ``` ἀναφωνέω (anaphōnéō) ἀντιφωνέω (antiphōnéō) ἀποφωνέω (apophōnéō) ἀσυμφωνέω (asumphōnéō) ἀφωνέω (aphōnéō) βαρβαροφωνέω (barbarophōnéō) βαρυφωνέω (baruphōnéō) διαφωνέω (diaphōnéō) διχοφωνέω (dikhophōnéō) ἐκφωνέω (ekphōnéō) ἐπαναφωνέω (epanaphōnéō) ἐπιφωνέω (epiphōnéō) εὐφωνέω (euphōnéō) καινοφωνέω (kainophōnéō) κακοφωνέω (kakophōnéō) καλλιφωνέω (kalliphōnéō) κενοφωνέω (kenophōnéō) λιγυφωνέω (liguphōnéō) μακροφωνέω (makrophōnéō) μεταφωνέω (metaphōnéō) ξενοφωνέω (xenophōnéō) ὁμοιοφωνέω (homoiophōnéō) ὁμοφωνέω (homophōnéō) ὀξυφωνέω (oxuphōnéō) παραναφωνέω (paranaphōnéō) παραφωνέω (paraphōnéō) περιφωνέω (periphōnéō) ποταποφωνέω (potapophōnéō) προαναφωνέω (proanaphōnéō) προεκφωνέω (proekphōnéō) προσαποφωνέω (prosapophōnéō) προσεπιφωνέω (prosepiphōnéō) προσυμφωνέω (prosumphōnéō) προσφωνέω (prosphōnéō) προφωνέω (prophōnéō) συμφωνέω (sumphōnéō) συνεκφωνέω (sunekphōnéō) συνεπιφωνέω (sunepiphōnéō) τραχυφωνέω (trakhuphōnéō) ὑπερφωνέω (huperphōnéō) ὑποφωνέω (hupophōnéō) φώνημα (phṓnēma) φώνησις (phṓnēsis) χεσιφωνέω (khesiphōnéō) ``` Verb μεταφωνέω • (metaphōnéō) (Epic) to address, speak among (with the dative plural) to accost (with the accusative) ``` Noun φώνημᾰ • (phṓnēma) n (genitive φωνήματος); third declension sound made, utterance of a singer’s voice of a dog’s bark and ass’s bray thing spoken, speech, language ``` φώνημα • (fónima) n (plural φωνήματα) (linguistics) phoneme see: φωνή n (foní, “sound, voice”) φωνέω (“I produce a sound or tone”) +‎ -μᾰ (instance or result noun)

Answer 35

EVENT from ē (“out of, from”) short form of ex + veniō (“come”) ἔβην • (ébēn) first-person singular aorist indicative active of βαίνω (baínō): I stepped, walked, went ``` Verb βαίνω • (baínō) (intransitive) to go, step, move on foot (transitive) to mount (a chariot) (intransitive) to depart, go away (euphemistic) to die perfect βέβηκα (bébēka): (intransitive) to stand, be somewhere (copulative) to be [+adverb = something] εὖ (eû) βεβηκώς (bebēkṓs) well off (geometry) to stand on a base future βήσω (bḗsō) and aorist ἔβησα (ébēsa): (causative) to make someone dismount ``` ——————————————————— Etymology From ēveniō (“I happen, I occur”) +‎ -tus (suffix forming action nouns from verbs). Pronunciation (Classical) IPA(key): /eːˈwen.tus/, [eːˈwɛn̪t̪ʊs̠] (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /eˈven.tus/, [ɛˈvɛn̪t̪us] Noun[edit] ēventus m (genitive ēventūs); fourth declension event, occurrence, reality outcome, consequence, result Etymology 1 From Middle French event, from Latin ēventus (“an event, occurrence”), from ēveniō (“to happen, to fall out, to come out”) from ē (“out of, from”) short form of ex + veniō (“come”) related to venture, advent, convent, invent, convene, evene, etc. Verb ēveniō (present infinitive ēvenīre, perfect active ēvēnī, supine ēventum); fourth conjugation, impersonal in the passive (intransitive) I happen, occur. (intransitive) I come forth. (intransitive, followed by the dative) I happen to, befall (someone). (intransitive, by extension, followed by the dative) I am allotted to (someone). Noun event (plural events) An occurrence; something that happens. A prearranged social activity (function, etc.) I went to an event in San Francisco last week. Where will the event be held? One of several contests that combine to make up a competition. An end result; an outcome (now chiefly in phrases). In the event, he turned out to have what I needed anyway. (physics) A point in spacetime having three spatial coordinates and one temporal coordinate. (computing) A possible action that the user can perform that is monitored by an application or the operating system (event listener). When an event occurs an event handler is called which performs a specific task. (obsolete) An affair in hand; business; enterprise. (medicine) An episode of severe health conditions. Verb veniō (present infinitive venīre, perfect active vēnī, supine ventum); fourth conjugation, impersonal in the passive (intransitive) I come (intransitive) I approach ``` Root *gʷem- (perfective) to step to go to stand ``` ``` Root *gʷeh₂- (perfective) to step to go to stand ```

Answer 36

NEXUS πλέγμα grid, mesh, plexus, nexus σύνδεσμος link, association, liaison, ligament, nexus, conjunction δεσμός bond, link, knot, tie, nexus, affiliation συνάφεια relevance, coherence, relevancy, nexus, contiguity. ————————————————————- ``` Noun πλέγμᾰ • (plégma) n (genitive πλέγμᾰτος); third declension anything twined or twisted wickerwork (in the plural) wreaths, chaplets complex, combination of words ``` From πλέκω (plékō, “to plait, to twist”) +‎ -μα (-ma). Noun πλέγμα • (plégma) n (plural πλέγματα) network, braid (of any material- artificial: fibre, wire, etc; or natural: nerves, etc) (figuratively) network Verb πλέκω • (plékō) to plait, twine, twist, weave, braid ``` Verb πλέκω • (pléko) active (past έπλεξα, passive πλέκομαι) knit, plait, weave tangle, intertwine (figuratively) praise ``` ``` Latin: plectō Verb plectō (present infinitive plectere, perfect active plexī, supine plexum); third conjugation I plait, weave, braid I twist, bend, turn ``` Verb plicō (present infinitive plicāre, perfect active plicuī, supine plicātum); first conjugation (transitive) I fold, bend or flex; I roll up (late, non classical meaning) (transitive) I arrive (this meaning comes from sailors, for whom the folding of a ship’s sails meant arrival on land) ————————————————————- nexus (n.) 1660s, "bond, link, interdependence between members of a series or group; means of communication," from Latin nexus "that which ties or binds together," past participle of nectere "to bind” from PIE root *ned- "to bind, tie." *ned- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to bind, tie." It forms all or part of: annex; annexation; connect; connection; denouement; net (n.) "netting, network, mesh used for capturing;" nettle; nexus; node; nodule; noose. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit nahyati "binds, ties;" Latin nodus "knot” Old Irish nascim "I bind, oblige;" Old English net "netting, network." ———————————————————— implicate (v.) early 15c., "to convey (truth) in a fable," from Latin implicatus, past participle of implicare "to involve, entwine, entangle, embrace," from assimilated form of in- "into, in, on, upon" (from PIE root *en "in") + plicare "to fold" (from PIE root *plek- "to plait"). From c. 1600 as "intertwine, wreathe." Meaning "involve (someone) in a crime, charge, etc.; show (someone) to be involved" is from 1797. Related: Implicated; implicating. *plek- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to plait." It is an extended form of root *pel- (2) "to fold." It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit prasna- "turban;" Greek plekein "to plait, braid, wind, twine," plektos "twisted;" Latin plicare "to lay, fold, twist," plectere (past participle plexus) "to plait, braid, intertwine;" Old Church Slavonic plesti "to braid, plait, twist," Russian plesti; Gothic flahta "braid;" Old Norse fletta, Old High German flehtan "to plait;" Old English fleax "cloth made with flax, linen." It forms all or part of: accomplice; application; apply; complex; complexion; complicate; complication; complicity; deploy; display; duplex; duplicate; duplicity; employ; explicate; explicit; exploit; flax; implex; implicate; implication; implicit; imply; multiply; perplex; perplexity; plait; plash (v.2) "to interlace;" pleat; -plex; plexus; pliable; pliant; plie; plight (n.1) "condition or state;" ply (v.1) "work with, use;" ply (v.2) "to bend; ply (n.) "a layer, fold;" replica; replicate; replication; reply; simplex; splay; triplicate. *pel- (2) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to fold." It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit putah "fold, pocket;" Albanian pale "fold;" Middle Irish alt "a joint;" Lithuanian pelti "to plait;" Old English faldan "to fold, wrap up, furl." It forms all or part of: aneuploidy; decuple; fold (v.); -fold; furbelow; haplo-; hundredfold; manifold; multiple; octuple; polyploidy; -plus; quadruple; quintuple; sextuple; triple. ———————————————————— LATIN Noun nexus (countable and uncountable, plural nexuses or nexusses or (rare) nexus) A form or state of connection. Synonyms: bond, junction, link, tie; see also Thesaurus:link (Canada, US, finance, law) The relationship between a vendor and a jurisdiction for the purpose of taxation, established for example by the vendor operating a physical store in that jurisdiction. A connected group; a network, a web. A centre or focus of something. Synonyms: hub, junction (grammar) In the work of the Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (1860–1943): a group of words expressing two concepts in one unit (such as a clause or sentence). (Ancient Rome, law, historical) A person who had contracted a nexum or obligation of such a kind that, if they failed to pay, their creditor could compel them to work as a servant until the debt was paid; an indentured servant. From Latin nexus (“connection, nexus; act of binding, tying or fastening together; something which binds, binding, bond, fastening, joint; legal obligation”), from nectāre + -tus (suffix forming verbal nouns).[1] Nectāre is the second-person singular present passive subjunctive of nectō (“to attach, bind, connect, fasten, tie; to interweave; to relate; to unite; to bind by obligation, make liable, oblige; to compose, contrive, devise, produce”), from Proto-Indo-European *gned-, *gnod- (“to bind”). Verb nectāre second-person singular present passive subjunctive of nectō. Verb nectō (present infinitive nectere, perfect active nexī, supine nexum); third conjugation I bind, tie, fasten, connect, interweave, attach; unite; relate. I bind by obligation, oblige, make liable. I contrive, devise, compose, produce. From Proto-Indo-European *gned-, *gnod- (“to bind”). Cognate with nōdus (“knot”), Ancient Greek γνάθος (gnáthos, “a jaw”), Avestan 𐬥𐬀𐬯𐬐𐬀-‎ (naska-, “bundle”), Old Irish nascim (“to bind”), Old Norse knútr (whence Danish knude, Norwegian knute, and Icelandic hnútur), Old English cnotta (Modern English knot), Old English cnyttan (Modern English knit), Old High German knotto (German Knoten), Middle Dutch cnudde (Dutch knot). ``` Noun γνᾰ́θος • (gnáthos) f (genitive γνᾰ́θου); second declension jaw narrow strait point, edge type of stone ``` From Proto-Indo-European *ǵn̥h₂dʰ-os, from the root *ǵneh₂dʰ-, or from *ǵénu- (“jaw, cheek, chin”), despite not yielding *γνᾱθος as may be expected. Cognate with Lithuanian žándas (“cheek”) and English chin.

Answer 37

MATRIX Noun μήτρα matrix, uterus, womb, cast, venter καλούπι mold, die, molding, matrix, cast, mould Noun mātrīx f (genitive mātrīcis); third declension uterus, womb dam (non-human female animal kept for breeding) source, origin list, register (REGISTER) Noun μήτηρ • (mḗtēr) f (genitive μητέρος or μητρός); third declension mother source or origin From Proto-Hellenic *mā́tēr (compare Mycenaean Greek 𐀔𐀳𐀩 (ma-te-re), Doric μᾱ́τηρ (mā́tēr)), from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. Cognates include Phrygian ματαρ (matar), Old Armenian մայր (mayr), Latin māter, Old Persian 𐎶𐎠𐎫𐎠 (m-a-t-a /mātā/), Avestan 𐬨𐬁𐬙𐬀𐬭‎ (mātar), Sanskrit मातृ (mā́tṛ), Old Church Slavonic мати (mati), and Old English mōdor (English mother). ``` māter f (genitive mātris); third declension mother (female parent) mother (source, origin) matron of a house honorific title woman nurse motherland maternity, motherhood ``` ``` from Proto-Indo-European *méh₂tēr. *méh₂tēr f mother Synonym: *ǵénh₁trih₂ Hypernym: *ǵénh₁tōr ``` Noun मातृ • (mā́tṛ or mātṛ́) f mother —————————————————————- ``` Noun[edit] μήτρᾱ • (mḗtrā) f (genitive μήτρᾱς); first declension womb paunch, rumen (figuratively) source, origin the pith or heart of wood a queen wasp ``` —————————————————————- καλούπι compound of κᾶλον (kâlon, “wood”) and πούς (poús, “foot”). Translations of καλούπι mold καλούπι, μούχλα, εκμαγείο, φυτόχωμα die καλούπι, ζάρι, κύβος, σφραγίδα molding γείσο, καλούπιασμα, καλούπι, διαμόρφωση, παράχωμα, διακοσμητική σανίδα τοίχου matrix μήτρα, καλούπι cast εκμαγείο, καλούπι, ιδιάζο χαρακτηριστικό, βλήμα, μήτρα, πρόσωπα δράματος mould καλούπι, μούχλα, εκμαγείο, φυτόχωμα Noun καλούπι • (kaloúpi) n mould (UK), mold (US) (anything in/around which something is formed/shaped) (construction) shuttering, formwork Noun قَالَب or قالِب • (qālab or qālib) m (plural قَوَالِب‎ (qawālib)) form, mould, last (for casting shapes by it) (computing) template; boilerplate Noun κᾶλον • (kâlon) n (genitive κᾱ́λου); second declension (mostly in the plural) wood, logs, timber, especially for ships Synonyms: κάστον (káston), ξύλον (xúlon) word has been connected with καίω (kaíō, “to burn”) as "firewood" Noun κᾱλοπόδῐον • (kālopódion) n (genitive κᾱλοποδῐ́ου); second declension shoemaker's last From καλόπους (kalópous) +‎ -ιον (-diminutive). From Middle Persian (kʾlpwt' /kālbod/, “body, shape, form”) from Ancient Greek καλοπόδιον (kalopódion, “shoemaker’s last”). Cognates Arabic: قَالِب‎ (qālib) Noun کالبد • (kâlbod) (plural کالبدها‎ (kâlbod-hâ)) body (fleshly or corporeal nature of a human) From French calibre (“bore of a gun, size, capacity (literally, and figuratively), also weight”) ``` Noun calibro m (plural calibri) caliber, bore callipers template ``` ``` Noun calibre m (plural calibres) calibre calipers jig, gauge (tool) ``` Possibly from Arabic قَالِب‎ (qālib, “mold”), itself from Ancient Greek καλαπούς (kalapoús), a term related to shoemaking. Or, possibly a derivation of Latin qua libra, "of what dimensions, weight." —————————————————- ANATOMY Matrix is the uterus Kolpos (fold) is the labia of the vaginal opening. https: //www.mothersblog.gr/mama/ygeia/story/97557/ti-prepei-na-gnorizete-gia-ti-mitra https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolpos https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiton_(costume) https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunic https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplos ``` The kolpos (Greek: κόλποις κόλπον κόλπῳ, a gulf, bay or creek) is the blousing[1] of a peplos, chiton or tunic in Ancient Greek clothing, whereby excess length of the material hangs folded over a zone (a narrow girdle). The fabric of the garment was typically cut longer than the shoulder-to-floor measurement of the women or man wearing it. The excess length was dealt with at the waist (creating the kolpos) and optionally the top edge (creating the apoptygma). To create the kolpos, a zone was tied around the body below the breast (high-girdled) or at the waist (low-girdled) and excess fabric was pulled up over it. The fabric fell over the girdle so as to hide it, and was often pulled longer in back than in front. This fold was the kolpos. A second (visible) zone could be tied over the kolpos to redefine the waist, high or low. This might be hidden again by the apoptygma, the loose, folded down top of the peplos. ```

Answer 38

A RIGHT Deixis – Words requiring context to understand their meaning https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dexter_and_sinister https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinistral_and_dextral ``` δεξῐός • (dexiós) m (feminine δεξῐᾱ́, neuter δεξῐόν); first/second declension right (hand, side). fortunate northward able courteous ``` From Proto-Indo-European *deḱs- ``` Stüber suggests *deḱs- continues the *s stem noun *déḱos (“that which is proper”) from *deḱ- (“take, perceive”). Root *deḱs- right (side) ``` ``` Proto-Indo-European Root *deḱ- take perceive ``` Germanic: *tēwijaz (“ordered, ranked, classed”) Germanic: *tēwō (“order, array”) Ancient Greek: ἔδεκτο (édekto) Homeric Greek: δέκτο (dékto) Mycenaean Greek: 𐀆𐀒𐀵 (de-ko-to /dekto/) ``` Latin: dexter dexter (feminine dextra or dextera, neuter dextrum or dexterum); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er; two different stems) right (relative direction), right hand Antonyms: laevus, scaevus, sinister skillful fortunate, favorable proper, fitting ``` Generic antecedent – Representatives of classes in a situation in which gender is typically unknown Homophora Metaphor – Figure of speech marked by implicit comparison Metonymy – Figure of speech where a thing or concept is referred to indirectly by the name of something similar to it Synecdoche – Use of a term for a part of something to refer to the whole or vice versa Cognate with Ancient Greek δεξιός (dexiós) Adjective δεξιός • (dexiós) m (feminine δεξιά, neuter δεξιό) right; right-handed (politics) right; right-wing ``` Adjective δεξῐός • (dexiós) m (feminine δεξῐᾱ́, neuter δεξῐόν); first/second declension right (hand, side). fortunate northward able courteous ``` Old High German zesawa (“right hand, right hand side”) Sanskrit दक्षिण (dákṣiṇa). Antonyms αριστερός (aristerós, “left”) Related terms αδέξιος (adéxios, “clumsy”) αδεξιότητα (adexiótita, “clumsiness”) ακροδεξιός (akrodexiós, “far-right, ultraright”) ``` Adjective περῐδέξῐος • (peridéxios) m or f (neuter περῐδέξῐον); second declension with two right hands, ambidextrous very dexterous or expert convenient going round the right arm ``` From περῐ- (peri-, around) +‎ δεξῐός (dexiós, “right”). Noun περιδέξιον • (peridéxion) armlet for the right arm peridexion (legendary tree believed to grow in India that attracts doves and repels dragons) ———————————————————- sinister (comparative more sinister, superlative most sinister) Inauspicious, ominous, unlucky, illegitimate (as in bar sinister). Evil or seemingly evil; indicating lurking danger or harm. sinister influences the sinister atmosphere of the crypt Of the left side. (heraldry) On the left side of a shield from the wearer's standpoint, and the right side to the viewer. (obsolete) Wrong, as springing from indirection or obliquity; perverse; dishonest. From Middle English sinistre (“unlucky”) from Old French sinistra (“left”) from Latin sinestra (“left hand”) ``` French: sinistre Adjective sinistre (plural sinistres) scary sinister, ominous Noun[edit] sinistre m (plural sinistres) accident, incident disaster ``` Latin: sinister sinister (feminine sinistra, neuter sinistrum); first/second-declension adjective (nominative masculine singular in -er) left Synonyms: laevus, scaevus Antonym: dexter perverse, bad; or adverse, hostile (religion) auspicious (for Romans) or inauspicious (for Greeks) From Middle English sinistre (“unlucky”) from Old French sinistra (“left”) from Latin sinestra (“left hand”). sinister (comparative more sinister, superlative most sinister) Inauspicious, ominous, unlucky, illegitimate (as in bar sinister). Evil or seemingly evil; indicating lurking danger or harm. sinister influences the sinister atmosphere of the crypt Of the left side. (heraldry) On the left side of a shield from the wearer's standpoint, and the right side to the viewer. (obsolete) Wrong, as springing from indirection or obliquity; perverse; dishonest. ``` Asturian: siniestru Catalan: sinistre (borrowing) Dutch: sinister (borrowing) English: sinister (borrowing) French: sinistre (borrowing), senestre Friulian: signestri Galician: sinistro (borrowing) Italian: sinistro, sinistra, sinestro Norman: s'nêtre Occitan: senèstre Old Catalan: senestre, sinestre Old French: senestre Old Portuguese: sẽestro, seestra Portuguese: sestro, sinistro (borrowing) Romanian: sinistru (borrowing) Romansch: sanester, schnester Spanish: siniestro, siniestra Venetian: senestro, sinistro ```

Answer 39

EXOPHORA In pragmatics, exophora is reference to something extralinguistic, i.e. not in the same text, and contrasts with endophora. Exophora can be deictic, in which special words or grammatical markings are used to make reference to something in the context of the utterance or speaker. For example, pronouns are often exophoric, with words such as "this", "that", "here", "there", as in that chair over there is John's said while indicating the direction of the chair referred to. Given "Did the gardener water those plants?", it is quite possible that "those" refers back to the preceding text, to some earlier mention of those particular plants in the discussion. But it is also possible that it refers to the environment in which the dialogue is taking place—to the "context of situation", as it is called—where the plants in question are present and can be pointed to if necessary. The interpretation would be "those plants there, in front of us". This kind of reference is called exophora, since it takes us outside the text altogether. Exophoric reference is not cohesive, since it does not bind the two elements together into a text.

Answer 40

HOMOPHORA Homophora A type of exophora, homophora relates to a generic phrase that obtains a specific meaning through knowledge of its context; a specific example of homophora can variably be a "homophor" or a "homophoric reference". For example, the meaning of the phrase "the Queen" may be determined by the country in which it is spoken. Because there are many Queens throughout the world, the location of the speaker provides the extra information that allows an individual Queen to be identified. The precise origin of the term is not fully clear, but it is probably intended to suggest a referring expression that always has the same (Greek hómos) referent (within a given cultural context, of course). "Homophoric" seems to have been first used in the influential book by M.A.K. Halliday and R. Hasan, Cohesion in English (Longman, 1976, pp. 71 and 73).

Answer 41

ENDOPHORA Endophora refers to the phenomenon of expressions that derive their reference from something within the surrounding text (endophors).[1] For example, in the sentences "I saw Sally yesterday. She was lying on the beach", "she" is an endophoric expression because it refers to something mentioned elsewhere in the text, i.e. "Sally". By contrast, "She was lying on the beach," if it appeared by itself, contains an exophoric expression; "she" refers to something that is not present in the surrounding text, so there is not enough information given within the text to independently determine to whom "she" refers. It can refer to someone the speaker assumes his audience has prior knowledge of, or it can refer to a person he is showing to his listeners. Without further information, in other words, there is no way of knowing the exact meaning of an exophoric term. Endophora can be broken into three subcategories: cataphora, anaphora and self-reference.

Answer 42

CATAPHORA In linguistics, cataphora (/kəˈtæfərə/; from Greek, καταφορά, kataphora, "a downward motion" from κατά, kata, "downwards" and φέρω, pherō, "I carry") is the use of an expression or word that co-refers with a later, more specific, expression in the discourse.[1] The preceding expression, whose meaning is determined or specified by the later expression, may be called a cataphor. Cataphora is a type of anaphora, although the terms anaphora and anaphor are sometimes used in a stricter sense, denoting only cases where the order of the expressions is the reverse of that found in cataphora. An example of cataphora in English is the following sentence: When he arrived home, John went to sleep. In this sentence, the pronoun he (the cataphor) appears earlier than the noun John (the postcedent) that it refers to. This is the reverse of the more normal pattern, "strict" anaphora, where a referring expression such as John or the soldier appears before any pronouns that reference it. Both cataphora and anaphora are types of endophora. Examples[edit] Other examples of the same type of cataphora are: If you want some, here's some parmesan cheese. After he had received his orders, the soldier left the barracks. If you want them, there are cookies in the kitchen. Cataphora across sentences is often used for rhetorical effect. It can build suspense and provide a description. For example: He's the biggest slob I know. He's really stupid. He's so cruel. He's my boyfriend Nick. The examples of cataphora described so far are strict cataphora, because the anaphor is an actual pronoun. Strict within-sentence cataphora is highly restricted in the sorts of structures it can appear within, generally restricted to a preceding subordinate clause. More generally, however, any fairly general noun phrase can be considered an anaphor when it co-refers with a more specific noun phrase (i.e. both refer to the same entity), and if the more general noun phrase comes first, it can be considered an example of cataphora. Non-strict cataphora of this sort can occur in many contexts, for example: A little girl, Jessica, was playing on the swings. ('The anaphor a little girl co-refers with Jessica.) Finding the right gadget was a real hassle. I finally settled with a digital camera. (The anaphor the right gadget co-refers with a digital camera.) Strict cross-sentence cataphora where the antecedent is an entire sentence is fairly common cross-linguistically: I should have known it: The task is simply too difficult. Ich hätte es wissen müssen: Die Aufgabe ist einfach zu schwer. (Same as previous sentence, in German.) Cataphora of this sort is particularly common in formal contexts, using an anaphoric expression such as this or the following: This is what I believe: that all men were created equal. After squaring both sides, we arrive at the following: x = y 3 + 2 z − 1 x=y^{3}+2z-1.

Answer 43

ANAPHORA In linguistics, anaphora (/əˈnæfərə/) is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent or postcedent). In a narrower sense, anaphora is the use of an expression that depends specifically upon an antecedent expression and thus is contrasted with cataphora, which is the use of an expression that depends upon a postcedent expression. The anaphoric (referring) term is called an anaphor. For example, in the sentence Sally arrived, but nobody saw her, the pronoun her is an anaphor, referring back to the antecedent Sally. In the sentence Before her arrival, nobody saw Sally, the pronoun her refers forward to the postcedent Sally, so her is now a cataphor (and an anaphor in the broader, but not the narrower, sense). Usually, an anaphoric expression is a proform or some other kind of deictic (contextually-dependent) expression.[1] Both anaphora and cataphora are species of endophora, referring to something mentioned elsewhere in a dialog or text. Anaphora is an important concept for different reasons and on different levels: first, anaphora indicates how discourse is constructed and maintained; second, anaphora binds different syntactical elements together at the level of the sentence; third, anaphora presents a challenge to natural language processing in computational linguistics, since the identification of the reference can be difficult; and fourth, anaphora partially reveals how language is understood and processed, which is relevant to fields of linguistics interested in cognitive psychology.[2] The term anaphora is actually used in two ways. In a broad sense, it denotes the act of referring. Any time a given expression (e.g. a proform) refers to another contextual entity, anaphora is present. In a second, narrower sense, the term anaphora denotes the act of referring backwards in a dialog or text, such as referring to the left when an anaphor points to its left toward its antecedent in languages that are written from left to right. Etymologically, anaphora derives from Ancient Greek ἀναφορά (anaphorá, "a carrying back"), from ἀνά (aná, "up") + φέρω (phérō, "I carry"). In this narrow sense, anaphora stands in contrast to cataphora, which sees the act of referring forward in a dialog or text, or pointing to the right in languages that are written from left to right: Ancient Greek καταφορά (kataphorá, "a downward motion"), from κατά (katá, "downwards") + φέρω (phérō, "I carry"). A proform is a cataphor when it points to its right toward its postcedent. Both effects together are called either anaphora (broad sense) or less ambiguously, along with self-reference they comprise the category of endophora.[3] Examples of anaphora (in the narrow sense) and cataphora are given next. Anaphors and cataphors appear in bold, and their antecedents and postcedents are underlined: Anaphora (in the narrow sense, species of endophora) a. Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly. – The pronoun it is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent the plate. b. The music stopped, and that upset everyone. – The demonstrative pronoun that is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent The music stopped. c. Fred was angry, and so was I. – The adverb so is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent angry. d. If Sam buys a new bike, I will do it as well. – The verb phrase do it is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent buys a new bike. Cataphora (included in the broad sense of anaphora, species of endophora) a. Because he was very cold, David put on his coat. – The pronoun he is a cataphor; it points to the right toward its postcedent David. b. His friends have been criticizing Jim for exaggerating. – The possessive adjective his is a cataphor; it points to the right toward its postcedent Jim. c. Although Sam might do so, I shall not buy a new bike. – The verb phrase do so is a cataphor; it points to the right toward its postcedent buy a new bike. d. In their free time, the boys play video games. – The possessive adjective their is a cataphor; it points to the right toward its postcedent the boys. A further distinction is drawn between endophoric and exophoric reference. Exophoric reference occurs when an expression, an exophor, refers to something that is not directly present in the linguistic context, but is rather present in the situational context. Deictic proforms are stereotypical exophors, e.g. Exophora a. This garden hose is better than that one. – The demonstrative adjectives this and that are exophors; they point to entities in the situational context. b. Jerry is standing over there. – The adverb there is an exophor; it points to a location in the situational context.

Answer 44

EXOPHORA In pragmatics, exophora is reference to something extratextual, i.e. not in the immediate text, and contrasts with endophora. Exophora can be deictic, in which special words or grammatical markings are used to make reference to something in the context of the utterance or speaker. For example, pronouns are often exophoric, with words such as "this", "that", "here", "there", as in that chair over there is John's said while indicating the direction of the chair referred to. Given "Did the gardener water those plants?", it is quite possible that "those" refers back to the preceding text, to some earlier mention of those particular plants in the discussion. But it is also possible that it refers to the environment in which the dialogue is taking place—to the "context of situation", as it is called—where the plants in question are present and can be pointed to if necessary. The interpretation would be "those plants there, in front of us". This kind of reference is called exophora, since it takes us outside the text altogether. Exophoric reference is not cohesive, since it does not bind the two elements together into a text.

Answer 45

ANTECEDENT προηγούμενος Participle previous • ( proegoumenos ) m ( feminine foregoing , neuter preceding )? first / second declension preceding , going first, leading the way ( Expression ) by ( Kata ) preceding word ( LOGON ) : according to al Guiding Principle ( in neuter plural ) : the previous ones premises , initial data ( mathematics ) forward points (at the same side of a radius vector ( astronomy ) τὰ قبلμενα ζῴδια : the leading signs in the daily movement of the heavens Present participle of προεγέομαι / προεγοῦμαι ( proēgoûmai ) “to go first, lead”. Participle προηγούμενος • (proïgoúmenos) m (feminine προηγούμενη, neuter προηγούμενο) preceding, previous Synonyms προγενέστερος (progenésteros) πρωτύτερος (protýteros) and πρότερος (próteros), προηγηθείς (proïgitheís) Antonyms επόμενος (epómenos) ακόλουθος (akólouthos) and ύστερος (ýsteros), προσεχής (prosechís), κατοπινός (katopinós), ερχόμενος (erchómenos) Antecedent (grammar) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search In grammar, an antecedent (Etymology: Latin antecedentem meaning precede, a noun coming from ante - before, and the verb cedere - to go) is an expression (word, phrase, clause, sentence, etc.) that gives its meaning to a proform (pronoun, pro-verb, pro-adverb, etc.).[1] A proform takes its meaning from its antecedent; e.g., "John arrived late because traffic held him up." The pronoun him refers to and takes its meaning from John, so John is the antecedent of him. Proforms usually follow their antecedents, but sometimes they precede them, in which case one is, technically, dealing with postcedents instead of antecedents. The prefix ante- means "before" or "in front of", and post- means "after" or "behind". The term antecedent stems from traditional grammar. The linguistic term that is closely related to antecedent and proform is anaphora. Theories of syntax explore the distinction between antecedents and postcedents in terms of binding.

Answer 46

THEREFORE - FOLLOWING Adjective επόμενος • (epómenos) m (feminine επόμενη, neuter επόμενο) next, following επομένως (epoménos, “therefore”) επομένη f (epoméni, “following”) Adverb επομένως • (epoménos) consequently, therefore, accordingly Ο πρόεδρος αρρώστησε· επομένως, δεν θα πραγματοποιηθεί η συνεδρίαση. O próedros arróstise; epoménos, den tha pragmatopoiitheí i synedríasi. The president fell ill; consequently, the meeting will not take place.

Answer 47

CONSEQUENTLY - ACCORDINGLY Adverb άρα • (ára) therefore, consequently, accordingly, so Ο αδερφός μου θα είναι εδώ το καλοκαίρι, άρα θα τον δεις σίγουρα. O aderfós mou tha eínai edó to kalokaíri, ára tha ton deis sígoura. My brother will be here in the summer, so you'll definitely see him. Η Κρήτη είναι νησί, άρα θα πάω με το πλοίο εκεί. I Kríti eínai nisí, ára tha páo me to ploío ekeí. Crete is an island, therefore I will go there by ship.

Answer 48

I WONDER From ἄρα (“so, therefore”) + γε (“in fact, at least”). Conjunction άραγε • (árage) used to convey wonder or questioning, roughly equivalent to I wonder Γιατί άραγε αργεί τόσο πολύ; Giatí árage argeí tóso polý? I wonder why he is so late. (nonstandard, proscribed) therefore, consequently (mistaken form of άρα (ára)) Η Κρήτη είναι νησί, άραγε θα πάω με το πλοίο εκεί. ( incorrect ) I Kríti eínai nisí, árage tha páo me to ploío ekeí. Η Κρήτη είναι νησί, άρα θα πάω με το πλοίο εκεί. ( correct ) I Kríti eínai nisí, ára tha páo me to ploío ekeí. Crete is an island, therefore I will go there by ship.

Answer 49

CAUSE - GIVING A REASON FOR Etiology (pronounced /iːtiˈɒlədʒi/; alternatively: aetiology or ætiology) is the study of causation or origination. The word is derived from the Greek αἰτιολογία (aitiología) "giving a reason for" (αἰτία, aitía, "cause"; and -λογία, -logía) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology ``` Noun αἰτῐ́ᾱ • (aitíā) f (genitive αἰτῐ́ᾱς); first declension charge, accusation, imputation, blame, guilt, fault (in a good sense) credit expostulation, admonition (philosophy) cause occasion, opportunity, motive category ``` From αἰτέω (“to ask”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (abstract noun suffix) Noun aetiology (countable and uncountable, plural aetiologies) The establishment of a cause, origin, or reason for something. The study of causes or causation. (medicine, noncount) The study or investigation of the causes of disease; a scientific explanation for the origin of a disease. (medicine, count) A cause of disease or of any particular case of a disease (but see pathology § Usage notes). from αἰτία (aitía, “cause”) Verb αἰτέω • (aitéō) (usually transitive) to ask for, crave, demand, beg [+accusative = something], [+two accusatives = something from someone]; or with object omitted (transitive) to ask for [+accusative and infinitive = someone to do something] (logic, transitive) to postulate, assume (middle, transitive) to ask for oneself, for one's own use or purpose, to claim (passive, of persons) to have a thing begged of one (of things) to be asked for Verb αἰτίζω • (aitízō) to beg (for), importune From the root of αἰτέω (aitéō) +‎ -ίζω (-ízō) Adjective αἰτητός • (aitētós) m (feminine αἰτητή, neuter αἰτητόν); first/second declension asked for, requested From αἰτέω (aitéō, “to ask”) +‎ -τος (Creates verbal adjectives.) Proper noun Θεαίτητος • (Theaítētos) m (genitive Θεαιτήτου); first declension A male given name, equivalent to English Theaetetus Compound of θεός (“god”) +‎ αἰτητός (“asked, required”).

Answer 50

ANECDOTE From αν (re-) + έκ (out from) + δίνω (give) anecdote (n.) 1670s, "secret or private stories," from French anecdote (17c.) or directly from Medieval Latin anecdota, from Greek anekdota "things unpublished," neuter plural of anekdotos, from an- "not" (see an- (1)) + ekdotos "published," from ek- "out" (see ex-) + didonai "to give" (from PIE root *do- "to give"). έκδοτος, -η, -ο surrendered (to pleasures), unclean, liberated παραδίδω παραδίδω (παθητική φωνή: παραδίδομαι) Greek definition δίνω κάτι που έχω σε άλλον, το παρέχω, το μεταβιβάζω, το εμπιστεύομαι δίνω κάποιον που ελέγχω σε άλλους για τα περαιτέρω διδάσκω καταδίδω Translation deliver (passive voice: deliver) I give something I have to someone else, I provide it, I transfer it, I trust it I give someone I check to others for further I teach shop on ανέκδοτο • (anékdoto) n (plural ανέκδοτα) anecdote, a short, entertaining account of an incident joke Adjective ανέκδοτο • (anékdoto) Accusative singular masculine form of ανέκδοτος (anékdotos). Nominative, accusative and vocative singular neuter form of ανέκδοτος (anékdotos). Adverb (-ly) ανεκδοτολογικά • (anekdotologiká) anecdotally Adjective ανεκδοτικός • (anekdotikós) m (feminine ανεκδοτικη, neuter ανεκδοτικό) anecdotal ανεκδοτογραφία • (anekdotografía) f (plural ανεκδοτογραφίες) the writing of anecdotes Adjective (-al) ανεκδοτογραφικός • (anekdotografikós) m (feminine ανεκδοτογραφική, neuter ανεκδοτογραφικό) anecdotal, relating especially to the writing of anecdotes. Noun ανεκδοτολόγος • (anekdotológos) m (plural ανεκδοτολόγοι) raconteur, anecdotist, storyteller raconteur (plural raconteurs) A storyteller, especially a person noted for telling stories with skill and wit. From French raconter +‎ -eur. Verb raconter to recount; to tell; to narrate From Old French conter, from Latin computāre, present active infinitive of computō. Doublet of compter and computer. Semantical shift from "to count" to "to enumerate facts, to go through facts". computō (present infinitive computāre, perfect active computāvī, supine computātum); first conjugation I calculate, compute, reckon together From con- +‎ putō (“reckon”). Verb putō (present infinitive putāre, perfect active putāvī, supine putātum); first conjugation I clean, cleanse I trim, prune, lop (figuratively) I arrange, settle (figuratively) I value, esteem, deem, regard, consider (figuratively) I judge, suspect, suppose (figuratively) I ponder, consider, think about Synonym: cōgitō Verb cōgitō (present infinitive cōgitāre, perfect active cōgitāvī, supine cōgitātum); first conjugation I think I ponder, meditate, reflect, consider (i.e. think of, about, over) I intend, design, purpose, plan, devise (i.e. have in mind) From con- +‎ agitō. Verb Edit agitō (present infinitive agitāre, perfect active agitāvī, supine agitātum); first conjugation I act, behave, do, or make persistently or unremittingly. I put something in motion, drive, impel; drive by rowing, row about; shake, throb. I brandish, wield. (of cattle) I drive, conduct; tend, control. (of animals) I hunt, chase, pursue. I drive to and fro, toss about, agitate, disturb. I rouse or stir up, excite, move, urge, drive or impel someone to something, insist on. I disturb, disquiet, provoke, agitate, vex, trouble, torment. quotations ▼ I reprove, assail, blame, decry, scoff, deride, insult, mock. I am engaged in, do, accomplish, have, hold, keep; celebrate; practise, exercise. (of time) I pass, spend. I live, dwell, abide, sojourn. (of the mind) I drive at something in the mind; turn over, study, weigh, consider, meditate upon. (of the mind) I am occupied with, devise, contrive, plot, design, intend. I deliberate upon, confer about, discuss, debate, investigate. (with sat (enough) and genitive) I have enough to do, have trouble with, I am fully engaged in. From agō (“do, act, make”) +‎ -itō (frequentative suffix). See actus. Verb agō (present infinitive agere, perfect active ēgī, supine āctum); third conjugation I act, I behave I do I make (something that does not continue to exist after the maker stops) I negotiate I effect, accomplish, achieve I treat, I deal I act, play, perform (e.g., a role in a play) I perform, transact, conduct, manage (e.g. business, affairs) I administer, direct, guide, govern I drive (sense of providing an impetus for motion), impel, move, push, put in motion I conduct, drive (sense of providing governance to motion) quotations ▼ I discuss, debate, deliberate (used in civil, political and legal contexts) (law) I plead I think upon; I am occupied with I aim at, I get at (generally in the subjunctive mood and preceded by ut, and so meaning: "that I might achieve...") I stir up, excite, cause, induce I lead, drive (e.g., livestock) I chase, pursue I drive at, pursue (a course of action) I rob, steal, plunder, carry off (of time) I pass, spend, lead (of offerings) I slay, kill (as a sacrifice) (of plants) I put forth, sprout, extend (law) I hold (a court) (passive) to go on, to take place, to be at issue From Proto-Italic *agō, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. Cognate with Old Irish aigid, Ancient Greek ἄγω (ágō, “I lead”), Old Norse aka (“move, drive”), Avestan 𐬀𐬰𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (azaiti), Sanskrit अजति (ájati, “to drive, propel, cast”).

Answer 51

SEMANTICS ``` Definition: Relative Word Cloud Mean Grow Create Birth Carry, ferry, bear, convey Signify Important Gravity Weight ``` Adjective σημᾰντῐκός • (sēmantikós) m (feminine σημᾰντῐκή, neuter σημᾰντῐκόν); first/second declension significant, giving signs. From σημαίνω (sēmaínō, “to indicate”) +‎ -ικός (-ikós). Adjective σημαντικός • (simantikós) m (feminine σημαντική, neuter σημαντικό) important, significant, considerable, outstanding, notable Antonym: ασήμαντος (asímantos) Ο καλός ύπνος είναι σημαντικός για την απώλεια βάρους. O kalós ýpnos eínai simantikós gia tin apóleia várous. Good sleep is important for weight loss. Adjective ασήμαντος • (asímantos) m (feminine ασήμαντη, neuter ασήμαντο) trivial, negligible, insignificant. Antonym: σημαντικός (simantikós) Verb σημαίνω • (simaíno) (past σήμανα, passive —) mean, signify Αλλά αυτό δεν σημαίνει ότι γυρνάμε στο «business as usual». Allá aftó den simaínei óti gyrnáme sto «business as usual». This doesn't mean that we're going back to “business as usual”. Νερό σημαίνει υγεία: Μάθετε τα «μυστικά» του και πιείτε περισσότερο. Neró simaínei ygeía: Máthete ta «mystiká» tou kai pieíte perissótero. Water means health: Learn its “secrets” and drink more of it. ring, sound (nautical) signal Noun σημασία • (simasía) f (plural σημασίες) (lexicography) meaning, sense (single conventional use of a word) Tο ρήμα «τρέχω» έχει πολλές σημασίες. To ríma «trécho» échei pollés simasíes. The verb “trécho” has many meanings. κυριολεκτική σημασία ― kyriolektikí simasía ― literal sense μεταφορική σημασία ― metaforikí simasía ― figurative sense significance, importance, consequence (extent to which something matters) έχει σημασία ― échei simasía ― it matters άνευ σημασίας ― ánev simasías ― unimportant, meaningless δίνω σημασία (díno simasía, “to pay attention, to take heed”) (literally: "to give significance") ——————————————————- SIGN ``` from Old English seġn (“sign; mark; token”) Noun seġn m or n a sign; mark; token (military) a banner; standard; ensign From Old Norse sǫgn f (“speech”). From the root of segja (“to declare, tell, say”) Noun sǫgn f (genitive sagnar, plural sagnir) speech tale, report, news þat er sǫgn manna, at people say, the story goes, that host of men ``` from Latin signum (“a mark; sign; token”) Old French signe, seing (“sign; mark; signature”) signum n (genitive signī); second declension visible indication: sign, mark, signal seal, signet emblem, ensign watchword symptom, prognostic miracle, miraculous work, sign statue, figure (chiefly poetic) constellation (sign in the heavens) (Medieval Latin) signum (medieval tower bell used particularly for ringing the 8 canonical hours) (Medieval Latin) the cross of Jesus Christ & Christianity. from Proto-Indo-European *sek- (“to cut”) or *sekʷ- (“to follow”). Noun signum (plural signums or signa) A sign, mark, or symbol. (historical) A medieval tower bell used particularly for ringing the 8 canonical hours.[1][2] (mathematics) A function that extracts the sign of a real number x, yielding -1 if x is negative, +1 if x is positive, or 0 if x is zero. ``` Preposition secus (+ accusative) by, beside, along, on Synonym: secundum according to, in proportion to ``` Verb sequor (present infinitive sequī, perfect active secūtus sum); third conjugation, deponent (with accusative) I follow, I come or go after, I pursue. I accede to, I conform to I attend I succeed (i.e., follow in position) (logic, third person) it follows, ensues; they follow, ensue ``` Verb ἕπομαι • (hépomai) I follow, obey [+dative = someone] Synonym: ἀκολουθέω (akolouthéō) I stand by, support, help I attend, escort I pursue I keep pace with I come near, approach I cling, stick I belong to, am inseparable from I follow suit, agree with I follow, result, am a consequence of I understand ``` ``` Verb ἐφέπω • (ephépō) to follow up, pursue to urge on, push to (in middle) to follow close From ἐπι- (epi-) +‎ ἕπομαι (hépomai) ——————————————————- MEANING ``` Noun έννοια • (énnoia) f (plural έννοιες) concept, meaning, essential features Mophologically from εν- (“in”) +‎ νους (nous, “mind”). εννοώ (ennoó, “mean; understand”) Verb εννοώ • (ennoó) (past εννόησα, passive εννοούμαι) mean, signify understand I am decided, have made up my mind (at 3rd passive persons) it is understood, of course from εν- (“in”) +‎ νοώ (“think, understand”). Noun νους • (nous) m (plural νόες) mind, brains From Ancient Greek νοῦς (noûs, “mind, reason, understanding”). κοινός νους • (koinós nous) m (uncountable) common sense Synonyms κοινή λογική f (koiní logikí) κοινή λογική • (koiní logikí) f (uncountable) common sense Noun λογική • (logikí) f (uncountable) logic λογικεύω (logikévo, “to think/behave reasonably”) λογικά (logiká, “logically”) λογικοκρατία f (logikokratía, “logicism”) λογικός (logikós, “logical”) ασυνεννοησία f (asynennoïsía) ασυνεννόητος (asynennóitos) ενδοσυνεννόηση f (endosynennóisi, “intercommunication”) έννοια f (énnoia, “meaning; caring”) εννοιοκρατία f (ennoiokratía, “conceptualism”) (philosophy) εννοιολογικός (ennoiologikós, “semasiological”) εννοούμενος (ennooúmenos, “understood”, participle) προσυνεννόηση f (prosynennóisi, “agreement beforehand”) προσυνεννοούμαι (prosynennooúmai, “agree beforehand”) συνεννοημένος (synennoïménos, participle) συνεννόηση f (synennóisi, “understanding, communication”) συνεννοήσιμος (synennoḯsimos, “easy to communicate with”) συνεννοούμαι (synennooúmai, “communicate with, have mutual understanding”) Noun ἐγκέφᾰλος • (enképhalos) m (genitive ἐγκεφᾰ́λου); second declension brain heart of the date palm From ἐν- (en-, “in”) +‎ κεφᾰλή (kephalḗ, “head”) +‎ -ος (-os). ``` Noun κεφᾰλή • (kephalḗ) f (genitive κεφᾰλῆς); first declension English Wikipedia has an article on: Kephale (Byzantine Empire) head a person's life (often in the sense of being in danger, similar to the English idiom "head is on the line"). the top-most part the most important part (Byzantine) a provincial governor ``` From Proto-Indo-European Root *gʰebʰ- to give Compare κεβλή (keblḗ). Noun κεβλή • (keblḗ) f (genitive κεβλῆς); first declension (anatomy) Macedonian form of: κεφαλή (kephalḗ, “head”). Verb ἀποκεφαλίζω • (apokephalízō) To decapitate, behead From ἀπο- (“away, off”) +‎ κεφαλή (“head”) +‎ -ίζω (denominative verb suffix). ——————————————————- SYNONYM Adjective εξαιρετικός • (exairetikós) m (feminine εξαιρετική, neuter εξαιρετικό) important, exceptional, fine, great Antonym: ασήμαντος (asímantos) see: εξαιρετικός (exairetikós, “excellent, first-class”, adjective) Adverb εξαιρετικά • (exairetiká) eminently, exceptionally Synonym: εξαιρετικώς (exairetikós) ——————————————————- GREEK SUFFIX Greek: -ῐκός Suffix -ῐκός • (-ikós) m (feminine -ῐκή, neuter -ῐκόν); first/second declension Added to noun stems to form adjectives: of or pertaining to, in the manner of; -ic Suffix -τῐκός • (-tikós) m (feminine -τῐκή, neuter -τῐκόν); first/second declension Added to verbal stems to form adjectives: relating to, suited to, skilled in, able to, -ive ‎ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ποιητικός (poiētikós, “creative”) Added to other stems to form adjectives, particularly those ending in vowels ‎ἔξω (éxō, “outside”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ἐξωτικός (exōtikós, “foreign”) ‎ναυ-ς (nau-s, “ship”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ναυτικός (nautikós, “seafaring”) Suffix -κός • (-kós) m (feminine -κή, neuter -κόν); first/second declension forms adjectives with the sense of 'of or pertaining to', 'in the manner of' Note: This suffix survives in inherited forms and became productive through its derivations (cf. infra) by metanalysis. From -σις (-sis, verbal noun suffix) or -τος (-tos, verbal adjective suffix) +‎ -κός (-kós, adjective suffix), occurring in some original cases and later used freely by metanalysis. ————————————————- LATIN Latin: -icus Suffix -icus (feminine -ica, neuter -icum); first/second-declension suffix belonging to derived from of or pertaining to; connected with; -ic, -ish ``` Suffix -cus (feminine -ca, neuter -cum); first/second-declension suffix suffixed to nouns, forms adjectives juvenis + -cus → juvencus Mārs + -cus → Mār(t)cus ravis + -cus → raucus ``` ———————————————————— OLD ENGLISH Old English -ig Suffix - iġ - y; forms adjectives from nouns and verbs ———————————————————— MODERN ENGLISH ``` Suffix -y Added to nouns and adjectives to form adjectives meaning “having the quality of”. ‎mess + ‎-y → ‎messy ‎mouse + ‎-y → ‎mousy ‎blue + ‎-y → ‎bluey ‎clay + ‎-y → ‎clayey Added to verbs to form adjectives meaning "inclined to". ‎run + ‎-y → ‎runny ‎stick + ‎-y → ‎sticky ``` From Middle English -y, -ie, -ee, -e, from Anglo-Norman and Middle French -ie and -e, from Latin -ia, -ium, -tās, Ancient Greek -ίᾱ (-íā), -ειᾰ (-eia), -ιον (-ion). Cognate (as far as Latin -ia is involved) with German -ei and Dutch -ij. Suffix[edit] -y Forming abstract nouns denoting a state, condition, or quality. ‎modest + ‎-y → ‎modesty ‎honest + ‎-y → ‎honesty ‎-nym + ‎-y → ‎-nymy as in ‎toponym + ‎-y → ‎toponymy ‎-logue + ‎-y → ‎-logy as in ‎analogue + ‎-y → ‎analogy Used in the name of some locations which end in -ia in Latin. Italy, Germany, Saxony, Hungary, Sicily, Lombardy, Tuscany, Albany, Brittany, Gascony, Burgundy, Picardy, Normandy, Romandy, Savoy, Muscovy, Tartary, Arcady, Thessaly, Troy, Turkey. ———————————————————— IMPORTANT Adjective important (comparative more important, superlative most important) Having relevant and crucial value. It is very important to give your daughter independence in her life so she learns from experience. (obsolete) Pompous; self-important. Participle importāns (genitive importantis); third-declension one-termination participle importing introducing, causing. Verb importō (present infinitive importāre, perfect active importāvī, supine importātum); first conjugation I bring, carry or convey into; bring in from abroad, import (figuratively) I introduce, bring about, cause. From in- (“in, at, on; into”) +‎ portō (“carry, bear; convey”). Verb portō (present infinitive portāre, perfect active portāvī, supine portātum); first conjugation I carry, bear I convey, bring. Etymology From Proto-Indo-European *per- (“go, traverse”), either as *pr̥-to- or *por-to-, perhaps from a noun having the sense of "way" or "passage". Related to Ancient Greek πείρω (peírō, “I pierce, traverse”). ————————————————————- SIGNIFICANT Adjective significant (comparative more significant, superlative most significant) Signifying something; carrying meaning. Synonym: meaningful a significant word or sound a significant look Having a covert or hidden meaning. Having a noticeable or major effect. Synonym: notable That was a significant step in the right direction. The First World War was a significant event. Reasonably large in number or amount. (statistics) Having a low probability of occurring by chance (for example, having high correlation and thus likely to be related). From Latin significans, present participle of significare, from signum (“sign”) + ficare (“do, make”), variant of facere. Verb *fīccō (present infinitive *fīccāre, perfect active *fīccāvī, supine *fīccātum); first conjugation (Vulgar Latin) (transitive) I fasten, put (Vulgar Latin) (intransitive) I stay, become. Noun facere f (plural faceri) (the action of) doing, making, creating birth, childbirth, creation (act of creating) face (third-person singular present face, past participle făcut) 3rd conj. (transitive) do, make (reflexive) to be made, to be done from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeh₁- (“to put, place, set”). from Old English hlēor), and non-native Middle English vis (“face, appearance, look”) hlēor n cheek face Displaced native Middle English onlete (“face, countenance, appearance”), anleth (“face”), from Old English anwlite, andwlita, compare German Antlitz; Old English ansīen (“face”), Middle English neb (“face, nose”) (from Old English nebb), Synonyms (birth) : naștere (creation) : creare naște (third-person singular present naște, past participle născut) 3rd conj. (transitive) to give birth to; to bear (reflexive) to be born Noun creare f (plural creări) creation Verb creō (present infinitive creāre, perfect active creāvī, supine creātum); first conjugation I give existence to, I form out of nihility or out of other materials: I create, I make, I produce, I originate (transitively) I cause, I prepare, I occasion I choose, elect (figurative, poetic): I beget, give birth to Verb crēscō (present infinitive crēscere, perfect active crēvī, supine crētum); third conjugation, no passive I increase, rise, grow, thrive; multiply, augment. I come to be. I become visible, spring from, arise, come forth. from Proto-Indo-European *ḱreh₁- (“to grow, become bigger”). ————————————————————- SYNONYM (important) Noun βαρύτητα • (varýtita) f (plural βαρύτητες) (physics) gravity Βαρύτητα ονομάζεται η ιδιότητα των υλικών σωμάτων να έλκουν και να έλκονται αμοιβαία με άλλα υλικά σώματα. Varýtita onomázetai i idiótita ton ylikón somáton na élkoun kai na élkontai amoivaía me álla yliká sómata. Gravity is defined as the property of material bodies to attract and to be mutually attracted to other material bodies. weight, (importance or influence) Αυτές οι πέντε οµάδες θα έχουν την ίδια βαρύτητα για σκοπούς βαθµολογίας. Aftés oi pénte oµádes tha échoun tin ídia varýtita gia skopoús vathµologías. All five groups will have the same importance for assessment purposes. From Ancient Greek βᾰρῠ́της (barútēs), equivalent to βαρύ- (varý-, “heavy”) +‎ -ύτητα (-ýtita, “-ity, -ness”). ``` Noun βᾰρῠ́της • (barútēs) f (genitive βᾰρῠ́τητος); third declension weight, heaviness heaviness of limb (of digestion) (of men) troublesomeness, importunity disagreeableness arrogance gravity (of sound) depth, low pitch (grammar) the grave accent absence of accent (rhetoric) adoption of an injured tone ``` From βᾰρῠ́ς (barús, “heavy”) +‎ -της (-tēs). ``` Adjective βᾰρῠ́ς • (barús) m (feminine βᾰρεῖᾰ, neuter βᾰρύ); first/third declension heavy, weighty Antonyms: ἀβαρής (abarḗs), ἐλαφρός (elaphrós), κοῦφος (koûphos) heavy, burdensome, oppressive deep, hollow, loud (voice) grievous, troublesome, painful unwholesome hard, cruel strong, mighty ``` From Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us. Cognate to Sanskrit गुरु (gurú) ``` Cognates Latin: gravis. Adjective gravis (neuter grave, comparative gravior, superlative gravissimus, adverb graviter); third-declension two-termination adjective heavy troublesome, hard grave, serious rank, unpleasant, strong (smell) ``` From Proto-Indo-European *gʷréh₂us. Cognate with Ancient Greek βαρύς (barús), Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌿𐍃 (kaurus, “heavy”), Persian گران‎ (gerân) and Sanskrit गुरु (gurú). See also Latin brūtus. Adjective brūtus (feminine brūta, neuter brūtum); first/second-declension adjective heavy, unwieldy dull, stupid, insensible, unreasonable, irrational. ``` Proto-Indo-European Etymology From *gʷreh₂- +‎ *-us. Adjective *gʷréh₂us heavy ``` Root *gʷreh₂- (adjectival) heavy

Answer 52

ENTAILMENT - DEMAND - CONCLUSION THAT MUST FOLLOW Logical consequence (also entailment) is a fundamental concept in logic, which describes the relationship between statements that hold true when one statement logically follows from one or more statements. A valid logical argument is one in which the conclusion is entailed by the premises, because the conclusion is the consequence of the premises. Logical consequence is necessary and formal, by way of examples that explain with formal proof and models of interpretation. A sentence is said to be a logical consequence of a set of sentences, for a given language, if and only if, using only logic (i.e., without regard to any personal interpretations of the sentences) the sentence must be true if every sentence in the set is true. "if and only if" (shortened as "iff") is a biconditional logical connective between statements, where either both statements are true or both are false. Expressed by the symbol: ⇔ A ⇔ B is true only if both A and B are false, or both A and B are true. ———————————————————- Verb απαιτώ demand • ( apaitó ) ( past I demanded , passive I demand , p ‑ past I demanded ) demand , call for , require απαίτηση f (apaítisi, “demand”) απαιτητής m (apaititís, “claimant”) απαιτητικός (apaititikós, “demanding”, adjective) απαιτητός (apaititós, “due, demanded”, adjective) απαιτούμενος (apaitoúmenos, “necessary, demanded”, adjective) requirement f ( apaítisi , “ demand ” ) claimant m ( apaititis , " claimant " ) demanding ( apaititikós , “ demanding ” , adjective ) chargeable ( apaititos , " due, demanded " , adjective ) demanding ( apaitoúmenos , “ necessary, demanded ” , adjective ) ————————————————————- Verb ᾰ̓παιτέω • (apaitéō) (transitive) to demand back, demand in payment (transitive) to require (passive) (of persons, transitive) to have something demanded of one (of persons, intransitive) to yield to a request (of things, intransitive) to be demanded From ᾰ̓πο- (apo-, “from, back”) +‎ αἰτέω (aitéō, “I ask, beg”) Verb αἰτέω • (aitéō) (usually transitive) to ask for, crave, demand, beg [+accusative = something], [+two accusatives = something from someone]; or with object omitted (transitive) to ask for [+accusative and infinitive = someone to do something] (logic, transitive) to postulate, assume (middle, transitive) to ask for oneself, for one's own use or purpose, to claim (passive, of persons) to have a thing begged of one (of things) to be asked for ``` Verb δέω • (déō) I bind, tie, fasten, fetter (figuratively) (middle) I tie onto myself (with genitive) I hinder from (medicine) I brace ``` Verb δέω • (déō) To lack, need, require [+genitive = something, someone] (middle, never impersonal, transitive) To lack, not have, or need

Answer 53

MEANING ``` Definition: Relative Word Cloud Relation Memory Hash table Index Search ability Grow Create Birth Carry, ferry, bear, convey Signify Important Gravity Weight ``` Meaning (philosophy) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search In semantics, philosophy of language, metaphysics, and metasemantics, meaning "is a relationship between two sorts of things: signs and the kinds of things they intend, express, or signify".[1] The types of meanings vary according to the types of the thing that is being represented. Namely: There are the things in the world, which might have meaning; There are things in the world that are also signs of other things in the world, and so, are always meaningful (i.e., natural signs of the physical world and ideas within the mind); There are things that are necessarily meaningful such as words and nonverbal symbols. The major contemporary positions of meaning come under the following partial definitions of meaning: Psychological theories, involving notions of thought, intention, or understanding; Logical theories, involving notions such as intension, cognitive content, or sense, along with extension, reference, or denotation; Message, content, information, or communication; Truth conditions; Usage, and the instructions for usage; and Measurement, computation, or operation. ————————————————————- Noun έννοια • (énnoia) f (plural έννοιες) concept, meaning, essential features Mophologically from εν- (“in”) +‎ νους (nous, “mind”). εννοώ (ennoó, “mean; understand”) Verb εννοώ • (ennoó) (past εννόησα, passive εννοούμαι) mean, signify understand I am decided, have made up my mind (at 3rd passive persons) it is understood, of course from εν- (“in”) +‎ νοώ (“think, understand”). Noun νους • (nous) m (plural νόες) mind, brains From Ancient Greek νοῦς (noûs, “mind, reason, understanding”). κοινός νους • (koinós nous) m (uncountable) common sense Synonyms κοινή λογική f (koiní logikí) κοινή λογική • (koiní logikí) f (uncountable) common sense Noun λογική • (logikí) f (uncountable) logic λογικεύω (logikévo, “to think/behave reasonably”) λογικά (logiká, “logically”) λογικοκρατία f (logikokratía, “logicism”) λογικός (logikós, “logical”) ασυνεννοησία f (asynennoïsía) ασυνεννόητος (asynennóitos) ενδοσυνεννόηση f (endosynennóisi, “intercommunication”) έννοια f (énnoia, “meaning; caring”) εννοιοκρατία f (ennoiokratía, “conceptualism”) (philosophy) εννοιολογικός (ennoiologikós, “semasiological”) εννοούμενος (ennooúmenos, “understood”, participle) προσυνεννόηση f (prosynennóisi, “agreement beforehand”) προσυνεννοούμαι (prosynennooúmai, “agree beforehand”) συνεννοημένος (synennoïménos, participle) συνεννόηση f (synennóisi, “understanding, communication”) συνεννοήσιμος (synennoḯsimos, “easy to communicate with”) συνεννοούμαι (synennooúmai, “communicate with, have mutual understanding”) Noun ἐγκέφᾰλος • (enképhalos) m (genitive ἐγκεφᾰ́λου); second declension brain heart of the date palm From ἐν- (en-, “in”) +‎ κεφᾰλή (kephalḗ, “head”) +‎ -ος (-os).

Answer 54

INDEX - POINTER ``` Definition: Relative Word Cloud Finger Pointer Index Table Hash Memory address ``` δείκτης m (deíktis, “forefinger, index finger”) Pointer (Δείκτης) In computer science, a pointer is an object in many programming languages that stores a memory address. This can be that of another value located in computer memory, or in some cases, that of memory-mapped computer hardware. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming) MEMORY ADDRESS In computing, a memory address is a reference to a specific memory location used at various levels by software and hardware. Memory addresses are fixed-length sequences of digits conventionally displayed and manipulated as unsigned integers. Such numerical semantic bases itself upon features of CPU (such as the instruction pointer and incremental address registers), as well upon use of the memory like an array endorsed by various programming languages. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_address Signedness In computing, signedness is a property of data types representing numbers in computer programs. A numeric variable is signed if it can represent both positive and negative numbers, and unsigned if it can only represent non-negative numbers (zero or positive numbers). https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signedness https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_numbering#Most_significant_bit Noun δείκτης • (deíktis) m (plural δείκτες) indicator, quotient, measure (something indicating a value) δείκτης νοημοσύνης ― deíktis noïmosýnis ― intelligence quotient index finger, forefinger pointer of an instrument subscript Hypernyms δάχτυλο n (dáchtylo, “finger”) Coordinate terms[edit] αντίχειρας m (antícheiras, “thumb”) μεσαίο δάχτυλο n (mesaío dáchtylo, “middle finger”) παράμεσος m (parámesos, “ring finger”) μικρό δάχτυλο n (mikró dáchtylo, “little finger”) Derived terms[edit] δείκτης νοημοσύνης m (deíktis noïmosýnis, “IQ, intelligence quotient”) Noun δάχτυλο • (dáchtylo) n (plural δάχτυλα) finger, digit δάχτυλο χεριού ― dáchtylo cherioú ― finger (literally, “digit of the hand”) δάχτυλο του ποδιού ― dáchtylo tou podioú ― toe (literally, “digit of the foot”) αντίχειρας m (antícheiras, “thumb”) δείκτης m (deíktis, “forefinger, index finger”) μεσαίο δάχτυλο n (mesaío dáchtylo, “middle finger”) παράμεσος m (parámesos, “ring finger”) μικρό δάχτυλο n (mikró dáchtylo, “little finger”) Holonyms[edit] χέρι n (chéri, “hand”) Derived terms[edit] δαχτυλάκι n (dachtyláki) δακτυλικός (daktylikós) ταχυδακτυλουργία f (tachydaktylourgía, “sleight of hand, prestidigitation”)

Answer 55

ELUSIVE διαφεύγω • (diafévgo) (past διέφυγα) escape, elude, get away Verb φεύγω • (pheúgō) (intransitive) to flee, run off, go a certain direction with haste (often with prepositions) (transitive) to flee, escape, avoid, get away from (danger or trouble) (transitive or intransitive) to leave the country, go into exile (intransitive) to be exiled, banished, driven out of the country [+ ὑπό (genitive) = by someone] (intransitive, present and imperfect) to be in exile, live in banishment (perfect) to have escaped, be safe from (law, chiefly present and imperfect) to be accused of a crime; often with δίκην (díkēn) and genitive of the crime φῠγή • (phugḗ) f (genitive φῠγῆς); first declension flight, retreat, escape exile, banishment Verb φεύγω • (pheúgō) (intransitive) to flee, run off, go a certain direction with haste (often with prepositions) (transitive) to flee, escape, avoid, get away from (danger or trouble) (transitive or intransitive) to leave the country, go into exile (intransitive) to be exiled, banished, driven out of the country [+ ὑπό (genitive) = by someone] (intransitive, present and imperfect) to be in exile, live in banishment (perfect) to have escaped, be safe from often with δίκην (díkēn) and genitive of the crime elude (v.) 1530s, "delude, make a fool of," from Latin eludere "finish play, win at play; escape from or parry (a blow), make a fool of, mock, frustrate; win from at play," from assimilated form of ex "out, away" (see ex-) + ludere "to play" (see ludicrous). Sense of "evade" is first recorded 1610s in a figurative sense, 1630s in a literal one. Related: Eluded; eludes; eluding. elusive (adj.) "hard to grasp or confine," 1719, from Latin elus-, past-participle stem of eludere "elude, frustrate" (see elude) + -ive. Related: Elusiveness.

Answer 56

REQUIRE - INQUIRE - DEMAND - NECESSITATE ``` ερώτηση • (erótisi) f (plural ερωτήσεις) question (sentence asking for information) Μπορώ να κάνω μια ερώτηση; Boró na káno mia erótisi? May I ask you a question? ``` from ἐρωτάω (erōtáō, “Ι question”). ``` Verb Edit ἐρωτᾰ́ω • (erōtáō) to ask to ask about a thing (followed by a relative word) to question (in dialectic argument) to elicit conclusions from the opponent by means of questioning ``` From ᾰ̓πο- (apo-, “from, back”) +‎ αἰτέω (aitéō, “I ask, beg”) Verb αἰτέω • (aitéō) (usually transitive) to ask for, crave, demand, beg [+accusative = something], [+two accusatives = something from someone]; or with object omitted (transitive) to ask for [+accusative and infinitive = someone to do something] (logic, transitive) to postulate, assume (middle, transitive) to ask for oneself, for one's own use or purpose, to claim (passive, of persons) to have a thing begged of one (of things) to be asked for απαιτώ • (apaitó) (past απαίτησα, passive απαιτούμαι, p‑past απαιτήθηκα) demand, call for, require ᾰ̓παιτέω • (apaitéō) (transitive) to demand back, demand in payment (transitive) to require (passive) (of persons, transitive) to have something demanded of one (of persons, intransitive) to yield to a request (of things, intransitive) to be demanded Adjective αἴτῐος • (aítios) m (feminine αἰτῐ́ᾱ, neuter αἴτῐον); first/second declension causing, being the author of, responsible for to blame, blameworthy, guilty, reprehensible, culpable Inflection ``` αἴτῐος From Proto-Indo-European Root *h₂ey- vital force, life, age, eternity ``` * h₂óy-u * h₂y-éw- n (“long time, lifetime”) * h₂yéwHō (“young”) * h₂ey-w-es-to- ``` Celtic: *aiwestom *aiwestom n age lifetime era ``` From Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyw-es-to-, from *h₂eyu- (“age, eternity”). ``` Old Irish áes n (genitive aís, nominative plural áesa) age, years era (of the world) lifetime ``` query (n.) 1530s, quaere "a question," from Latin quaere "to ask, inquire," "much used as a marginal note or memorandum to indicate a question or doubt, and hence taken as a noun" [Century Dictionary], second person singular imperative of quaerere "to seek, look for; strive, endeavor, strive to gain; ask, require, demand;" figuratively "seek mentally, seek to learn, make inquiry," probably ultimately from PIE root *kwo-, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. Spelling Englished or altered c. 1600 by influence of inquiry. Compare quest. require (v.) late 14c., "to ask a question, inquire," from Old French requerre "seek, procure; beg, ask, petition; demand," from Vulgar Latin *requaerere, from Latin requirere "seek to know, ask," from re-, here perhaps meaning "repeatedly" (see re-), + quaerere "ask, seek" (see query (v.)). requisite (adj.) mid-15c., from Latin requisitus, past participle of requirere (see require). As a noun from c. 1600. quest (n.) c. 1300, "an inquest, a judicial inquiry;" early 14c., "a search for something, the act of seeking, pursuit" (especially in reference to hounds seeking game in the hunt), from Old French queste "search, quest, chase, hunt, pursuit; inquest, inquiry" (12c., Modern French quête), properly "the act of seeking," and directly from Medieval Latin questa "search, inquiry," alteration of Latin quaesitus (fem. quaesita) "sought-out, select," past participle of quaerere "seek, gain, ask" (see query (n.)). *kwo- also *kwi-, Proto-Indo-European root, stem of relative and interrogative pronouns. It forms all or part of: cheese (n.2) "a big thing;" cue (n.1) "stage direction;" From Ancient Greek αἰωνιότης (aiōniótēs), equivalent to αιώνιος (aiónios, “eternal”) +‎ -ότητα (-ótita, “-ity, -ness”). Noun Edit αιωνιότητα • (aioniótita) f (uncountable) eternity από εδώ ως την αιωνιότητα ― apó edó os tin aioniótita ― from here to eternity Adjective αιώνιος • (aiónios) m (feminine αιώνια or αιωνία, neuter αιώνιο) eternal, everlasting, perpetual (figuratively) hard-wearing αιώνας m (aiónas, “century, eon, eternity”) ``` Noun Edit αιώνας • (aiónas) m (plural αιώνες) century (100 consecutive years) Synonym: εκατονταετία (ekatontaetía) century (specifically a numbered period with conventional start) Έγινε στα μέσα του 20ου αιώνα. Égine sta mésa tou 20ou aióna. It took place in the middle of the 20th century. Synonym: αι. (ai.) (abbrev.) (geology) eon, era, age Φανεροζωικός αιώνας ― Fanerozoïkós aiónas ― Phanerozoic eon eternity, age, eon ``` From Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn, “epoch”). ``` Noun αἰών • (aiṓn) m (genitive αἰῶνος); third declension lifetime generation a long period of time, eon, epoch, age the current world eternity ``` From earlier αἰϝών (aiwṓn), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“vital force, life, long life, eternity”), whence also ἀεί (aeí, “always”). Cognate with Latin aevum, English aye. Etymology 1 Edit From Middle English aye, ai, aȝȝ, from Old Norse ei, ey, from Proto-Germanic *aiwa, *aiwō (“ever, always”) (compare Old English āwo, āwa, ā, ō, Middle Dutch ie, German je), from *aiwaz (“age; law”) (compare Old English ǣ(w) (“law”), West Frisian ieu (“century”), Dutch eeuw (“century”)), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyu- (“long time”) (compare Irish aois (“age, period”), Breton oad (“age, period”), Latin ævum (“eternity”), Ancient Greek αἰών (aiṓn)). Doublet of aevum. ``` Pronunciation Edit IPA(key): /eɪ/ Rhymes: -eɪ (sometimes proscribed)[1] IPA(key): /aɪ/ Rhymes: -aɪ Homophones: ay, eye, I Adverb Edit aye (not comparable) ``` (archaic) ever, always aye (“ever, always”) Adverb Edit ᾱ̓εί or ᾰ̓εί • (āeí or aeí) (Attic) always, ever, forever Νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ. Nûn kaì aeì. For ever and ever.

Answer 57

SYNONYM From σῠν- (“with”) +‎ ὄνῠμᾰ (“name”) +‎ -ος (o-grade action noun). συνώνυμο synonymous • ( synonymo ) n ( plural synonyms ) ( linguistics ) synonym σῠνώνῠμον • (sunṓnumon) n (genitive σῠνωνῠ́μου); second declension synonym ``` Adjective σῠνώνῠμος • (sunṓnumos) m or f (neuter σῠνώνῠμον); second declension Having the same name Having only one meaning: univocal synonymous ``` συνωνυμία f (synonymía, “synonymity”) συνώνυμο n (synónymo, “synonym”) See also αντώνυμο n (antónymo, “antonym”)

Answer 58

Procatalepsis, also called prolepsis or prebuttal, is a figure of speech in which the speaker raises an objection to their own argument and then immediately answers it. By doing so, they hope to strengthen their argument by dealing with possible counter-arguments before their audience can raise them. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procatalepsis

Answer 59

Hypophora, also referred to as anthypophora or antipophora, is a figure of speech in which the speaker poses a question and then answers the question.[1] Hypophora can consist of a single question answered in a single sentence, a single question answered in a paragraph or even a section, or a series of questions, each answered in subsequent paragraphs. Hypophora is used (1) as a transitional device, to take the discussion in a new direction, (2) a device to catch attention, since a reader's curiosity is stimulated by hearing a question, and (3) to suggest and answer questions the reader might not have thought of. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophora

Answer 60

Apophasis (/əˈpɒfəsɪs/; Greek: ἀπόφασις from ἀπόφημι apophemi,[1] "to say no")[2] is a rhetorical device wherein the speaker or writer brings up a subject by either denying it, or denying that it should be brought up.[3] Accordingly, it can be seen as a rhetorical relative of irony. The device is also called paralipsis (παράλειψις) – also spelled paraleipsis or paralepsis – or occupatio,[4][5][6][7] and known also as praeteritio, preterition, or parasiopesis (παρασιώπησις).

Answer 61

In rhetoric, a rhetorical device, persuasive device, or stylistic device is a technique that an author or speaker uses to convey to the listener or reader a meaning with the goal of persuading them towards considering a topic from a perspective, using language designed to encourage or provoke an emotional display of a given perspective or action. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetorical_device Originating from Aristotle’s Rhetoric, the four modes of persuasion in an argument are as follows: Logos is an appeal to logic using intellectual reasoning and argument structure such as giving claims, sound reasons for them, and supporting evidence. Pathos is an appeal to the audience's emotions, often based on values they hold. By influencing their feelings, the audience can be pushed to take an action, believe an argument, or respond in a certain way. Ethos is an appeal based on the good character of the author. It involves persuading the audience that the author is credible and well-qualified, or possesses other desirable qualities that mean the author's arguments carry weight. It persuades to emotion and feelings joyful emotions or sad ones too. Kairos is an appeal to timing, such as whether the argument occurs at the right time and in the ideal surrounding context to be accepted. It has been argued to be the most important since no matter how logical, emotionally powerful and credible the argument, if the argument is made in an unsuitable context or environment, the audience will not be receptive to it.

Answer 62

Epanalepsis (from the Greek ἐπανάληψις, epanálēpsis "repetition, resumption, taking up again"[1]) is the repetition of the initial part of a clause or sentence at the end of that same clause or sentence.[2] The beginning and the end of a sentence are two positions of emphasis, so special attention is placed on the phrase by repeating it in both places. Nested double-epanalepses are antimetaboles. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epanalepsis

Answer 63

Anadiplosis (/ænədɪˈploʊsɪs/ AN-ə-di-PLOH-sis; Greek: ἀναδίπλωσις, anadíplōsis, "a doubling, folding up") is the repetition of the last word of a preceding clause.[1] The word is used at the end of a sentence and then used again at the beginning of the next sentence. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anadiplosis

Answer 64

A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a word or phrase that entails an intentional deviation from ordinary language use in order to produce a rhetorical effect.[1] Figures of speech are traditionally classified into schemes, which vary the ordinary sequence or pattern of words, and tropes, where words are made to carry a meaning other than what they ordinarily signify. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech

Answer 65

Polysyndeton comes from the Ancient Greek πολύ poly, meaning "many", and συνδετόν syndeton, meaning "bound together with".[1] A stylistic scheme, polysyndeton is the deliberate insertion of conjunctions into a sentence for the purpose of "slow[ing] up the rhythm of the prose" so as to produce "an impressively solemn note." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syndeton

Answer 66

Asyndeton (UK: /æˈsɪndɪtən, ə-/, US: /əˈsɪndətɒn, ˌeɪ-/;[1][2] from the Greek: ἀσύνδετον, "unconnected", sometimes called asyndetism) is a literary scheme in which one or several conjunctions are deliberately omitted from a series of related clauses.[3][4] Examples include veni, vidi, vici and its English translation "I came, I saw, I conquered". Its use can have the effect of speeding up the rhythm of a passage and making a single idea more memorable. Asyndeton may be contrasted with syndeton (syndetic coordination) and polysyndeton, which describe the use of one or multiple coordinating conjunctions, respectively. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asyndeton

Answer 67

APHORISM An aphorism (from Greek ἀφορισμός: aphorismos, denoting 'delimitation', 'distinction', and 'definition') is a concise, terse, laconic, or memorable expression of a general truth or principle.[1] They are often handed down by tradition from generation to generation. The concept is distinct from those of an adage, brocard, chiasmus, epigram, maxim (legal or philosophical), principle, proverb, and saying; some of these concepts are types of aphorism.

Answer 68

MAXIM OF LAW ``` Noun αξίωση • (axíosi) f (plural αξιώσεις) demand, claim claim, pretension (in the plural) good prospects ``` αξίωση f (axíosi, “demand,claim”) αξίωμα n (axíoma, “authoritative, axiomatic; rank”) αξιωματικός (axiomatikós, “authoritative, axiomatic”) αξιωματούχος (axiomatoúchos, “official, functionary”) αξιώνω (axióno, “to demand, to claim”) Noun ἀξῐ́ωμᾰ • (axíōma) n (genitive ἀξῐώμᾰτος); third declension a self-evident principle, axiom that which is thought fit, a requisite that which is thought worthy that which a pupil is required to know beforehand From ἀξιόω (axióō, “to think or deem worthy”) +‎ -μα (-ma). Adjective αξίωμα • (axíoma) n (plural αξιώματα) (philosophy, mathematics, logic) maxim, axiom, tenet rank, office Verb ᾰ̓ξῐόω • (axióō) (Attic, Ionic) to think or deem worthy (transitive) to think one worthy, either in a good or bad sense [+accusative = someone], [+genitive = of something] (transitive) to esteem, honor (intransitive) to value at a certain price (transitive) to think [+accusative = someone] worthy [+infinitive = to do or be] (transitive) to think fit, expect, require, demand that; compare Latin postulō (intransitive) to think one has a right [+infinitive = to do] (intransitive) to think fit, expect, consent, resolve, deign, dare [+infinitive = to do] (transitive) to think, deem, hold (intransitive, transitive) to make a claim to hold an opinion (philosophy) to lay down, hold, maintain From ἄξιος (“worthy”) +‎ -όω (factitive verb–forming suffix). Adjective ᾰ̓́ξῐος • (áxios) m (feminine ᾰ̓ξῐ́ᾱ, neuter ᾰ̓́ξῐον); first/second declension counterbalancing, weighing as much as, of like value worthy, fit From ἄγω (lead, drive) +‎ -τιος (-tios), with the verb in the sense "draw down (in the scale)", hence "weigh, import" Noun ἀξίᾱ • (axíā) f (genitive ἀξίᾱς); first declension worth, value worth (not comparable) Having a value of; proper to be exchanged for. Useful Having practical utility ``` Old English: weorþ Adjective weorþ n (nominative plural weorþ) worth, price, value honour, dignity Noun weorþ (comparative weorþra, superlative weorþost) worth, deserving honoured, esteemed ``` value (countable and uncountable, plural values) The quality (positive or negative) that renders something desirable or valuable. (uncountable) The degree of importance given to something. That which is valued or highly esteemed, such as one's morals, morality, or belief system. from Latin valēre (“be strong, be worth”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₂welh₁- (“to be strong”). Interjection ἄξιος • (áxios) (Koine, Christianity) Acclamation confirming the election of a Christian bishop or patriarch, (literally) "Worthy!" [from c. 4th century] Verb ἀπαξῐόω • (apaxióō) to deem unworthy, disown, banish ἀπο- (apo-) +‎ ἀξιόω (axióō) ————————————————————- Translations of maxim Noun απόφθεγμα maxim, aphorism, apothegm φθέγμα • ( phthégma ) n ( genitive φθέγματος ); third declension voice From the root of φθέγγομαι (phthéngomai, “to make a sound”) +‎ -μα (result noun, instance noun, action noun). ``` Verb φθέγγομαι • (phthéngomai) I make a sound, utter I speak loudly, shout, cry out, proclaim I sing, praise, celebrate ``` φθόγγος • (phthóngos) m (genitive φθόγγου); second declension a sound or voice ``` Derived terms ἄφθογγος (áphthongos) γλυκύφθογγος (glukúphthongos) δίφθογγος (díphthongos) λιγύφθογγος (ligúphthongos) μονόφθογγος (monóphthongos) τρίφθογγος (tríphthongos) ὑγρόφθογγος (hugróphthongos) φθογγάριον (phthongárion) ``` Latin: phthongus m (genitive phthongī); second declension a sound, tone a note in music From the Ancient Greek φθόγγος (phthóngos, “any clear, distinct sound”). ———————————————— γνωμικό adage, maxim, motto, aphorism, saw https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_(philosophy) A maxim is a concise expression of a fundamental moral rule or principle, whether considered as objective or subjective contingent on one's philosophy. A maxim is often pedagogical and motivates specific actions. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy defines it as: Generally any simple and memorable rule or guide for living; for example, 'neither a borrower nor a lender be'. Tennyson speaks of 'a little hoard of maxims preaching down a daughter's heart (Locksley Hall), and maxims have generally been associated with a 'folksy' or 'copy-book' approach to morality.[1]

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AXIOM αξίωμα An axiom, postulate or assumption is a statement that is taken to be true, to serve as a premise or starting point for further reasoning and arguments. The word comes from the Greek axíōma (ἀξίωμα) 'that which is thought worthy or fit' or 'that which commends itself as evident.' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axiom —————————————————————- αξίωμα Office The axiom or principle in logic , is a proposition which is not proved, but is considered either obvious, or the result of a decision. Thus, axiom is a logical proposition, the truth of which is taken for granted and serves as a starting point for the reduction and conclusion of other true propositions, depending on the theory applied. In mathematics , the term axiom is used with two related but different meanings: "logical" and "irrational" axioms. In both cases, an axiom is a mathematical proposition that serves as a starting point for concluding other propositions in a logical way. Contrary to theorems , axioms can generally not be produced by principles of induction (unless they are redundant), nor can they be proved , since they are starting points: there is nothing to be deduced from (then they would be theorems). Logical axioms are usually propositions that are accepted as universally true (eg A and B imply A ). Non-logical axioms (eg a + b = b + a ) define properties for the area of a particular mathematical theory (such as Arithmetic). When used in this sense, the words "office", "principle" and "case" mean the same thing. In general, an illogical axiom is not an obvious truth, but rather a typical logical expression used in inductive reasoning to develop a mathematical theory. The process of showing that all propositions of a theory or system can be produced from a small number of propositions (axioms) is called formalizing theory. There are usually many ways to formalize a math area. This set is subject to two restrictions: a) the positions are compatible, and b) independent of each other. The number of positions should also be as small as possible. —————————————————————— Apart from logic and mathematics, the term "axiom" can vaguely refer to any substantiated principle. —————————————————————- Adjective αξίωμα • (axíoma) n (plural αξιώματα) (philosophy, mathematics, logic) maxim, axiom, tenet rank, office Etymology[edit] From ἀξιόω (axióō, “to think or deem worthy”) +‎ -μα (-ma). Pronunciation[edit] more ▼ IPA(key): /ak.sí.ɔː.ma/ → /akˈsi.o.ma/ → /akˈsi.o.ma/ Noun[edit] ἀξῐ́ωμᾰ • (axíōma) n (genitive ἀξῐώμᾰτος); third declension that which is thought fit, a requisite that which is thought worthy that which a pupil is required to know beforehand a self-evident principle, axiom

Answer 70

ALGORITHM An algorithm ( etymology : al-Ḵwārizmī, Abū Ja'far Muhammad ibn Mūsa) is defined as a finite series of actions, strictly defined and executable in finite time, aimed at solving a problem. More simply ( algorithm ) we call a series of commands that have a beginning and an end, are clear and are intended to solve a problem. A simple flow diagram , which illustrates the algorithm for checking and repairing a lamp that is not working. The word algorithm comes from a dissertation of the Persian mathematician Mohammed ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, which contained systematic standard solutions to algebraic problems and is perhaps the first complete treatise on algebra. Thus the word algorithm was slowly introduced over the next thousand years with the concept of "systematic process of numerical manipulations". In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ (About this soundlisten)) is a finite sequence of well-defined, computer-implementable instructions, typically to solve a class of specific problems or to perform a computation.[1][2] Algorithms are always unambiguous and are used as specifications for performing calculations, data processing, automated reasoning, and other tasks. In contrast, a heuristic is a technique used in problem solving that uses practical methods and/or various estimates in order to produce solutions that may not be optimal but are sufficient given the circumstances. https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm https: //translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=el&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%2591%25CE%25BB%25CE%25B3%25CF%258C%25CF%2581%25CE%25B9%25CE%25B8%25CE%25BC%25CE%25BF%25CF%2582&prev=search&pto=aue αλγόριθμος • (algórithmos) m (plural αλγόριθμοι) (computing, mathematics) algorithm Adjective αλγοριθμικός • (algorithmikós) m (feminine αλγοριθμική, neuter αλγοριθμικό) (mathematics, computing) algorithmic Latin: algorismus algorismus m (genitive algorismī); second declension algorithm English: algorithm Noun algorithm (countable and uncountable, plural algorithms) (countable) A collection of ordered steps that solve a mathematical problem. A precise step-by-step plan for a computational procedure that possibly begins with an input value and yields an output value in a finite number of steps. (uncountable, obsolete) Calculation with Arabic numerals; algorism. Ancient Greek ἀριθμός (arithmós) (whence English arithmo-) ``` Noun ᾰ̓ρῐθμός • (arithmós) m (genitive ᾰ̓ρῐθμοῦ); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Koine) number amount, sum term in a series number, account, rank quantity (opposite quality) numbering, counting arithmetic (philosophy) abstract number (grammar) number numeral unknown quantity (rhetoric) rhythm the sum of the numerical values of the letters of a name military unit (=Latin numerus) (astrology, usually in the plural) degrees moved traversed in a given time (medicine) precise condition ``` From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey-. Cognates include Old Irish rím, Old English rīm (English rhyme), and perhaps Latin rītus. Also compare νήριτος (nḗritos, “countless”). from Ancient Greek ῥυθμός (rhuthmós, “any measured flow or movement, symmetry, rhythm”), from ῥέω (rhéō, “I flow, run, stream, gush”). ``` ῥῠθμός • (rhuthmós) m (genitive ῥῠθμοῦ); second declension a repeating, regular motion, vibration measured motion, rhythm measure, proportion, symmetry proportion, arrangement, order state, condition form, shape manner, fashion ``` From ῥέω (rhéō, “I flow”), corresponding to Proto-Indo-European *sru-dʰmos, from *srew- (“to flow”). prosody (countable and uncountable, plural prosodies) (linguistics) The study of rhythm, intonation, stress, and related attributes in speech. (poetry) The study of poetic meter; the patterns of sounds and rhythms in verse. from Latin prosōdia, from Ancient Greek προσῳδία (prosōidía, “song sung to music; pronunciation of syllable”) from πρός (prós, “to”) + ᾠδή (ōidḗ, “song”). ``` Old English Etymology From Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“number, count, series”) from Proto-Indo-European *re(i)- (“to reason, count”). Akin to Old Frisian rīm Old Saxon -rīm Old High German rīm Icelandic rím. Pronunciation IPA(key): /riːm/ Noun Old English: rīm rīm n number ``` The verb derives from Middle English rymen, rimen, from Old English rīman (“to count, enumerate, number”) The noun derives from Middle English ryme, rime (“number, rhyme, verse”), from a merger of Old English rīm (“number”) and Old French rime, ryme (“rhyme”). Old French rime is of uncertain origin: it may represent Latin rhythmus (“rhythm”), from Ancient Greek ῥυθμός (rhuthmós, “measure, rhythm”); or Frankish *rīm (“number, series, count”), from Proto-Germanic *rīmą (“calculation, number”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey- (“to regulate, count”), cognate with Old English rīm above; or a conflation of the two. Cognates of Old English rīm include Old Frisian rīm (“number, amount, tale”), Old High German rīm (“series, row, number”), Old Norse rím (“calculation, calendar”), Old Irish rīm (“number”), Welsh rhif (“number”), Ancient Greek ἀριθμός (arithmós, “number”). Middle Low German rīm (“rhyme”), Dutch rijm (“rhyme”), German Reim (“rhyme”), Norwegian rim (“rhyme”), Swedish rim (“rhyme”), Icelandic rím (“rhyme”) are from Old French. ``` Latin: rītus Etymology From Proto-Indo-European *h₂rey-. Cognate with Sanskrit रीति (rītí, “rite, custom, usage, ceremony, procedure”). Pronunciation rītus m (genitive rītūs); fourth declension rite, ceremony habit, custom, usage ``` English: rhyme rhyme (countable and uncountable, plural rhymes) (countable, uncountable) Rhyming verse (poetic form) Many editors say they don't want stories written in rhyme. A thought expressed in verse; a verse; a poem; a tale told in verse. Tennyson’s rhymes (countable) A word that rhymes with another. Norse poetry is littered with rhymes like "sól ... sunnan". Rap makes use of rhymes such as "money ... honey" and "nope ... dope". (countable, in particular) A word that rhymes with another, in that it is pronounced identically with the other word from the vowel in its stressed syllable to the end. "Awake" is a rhyme for "lake". (uncountable) Rhyming: sameness of sound of part of some words. The poem exhibits a peculiar form of rhyme. (linguistics) rime (obsolete) Number. Latin: rhythmus rhythmus m (genitive rhythmī); second declension rhythm rhythm (countable and uncountable, plural rhythms) The variation of strong and weak elements (such as duration, accent) of sounds, notably in speech or music, over time; a beat or meter. Dance to the rhythm of the music. A specifically defined pattern of such variation. Most dances have a rhythm as distinctive as the Iambic verse in poetry A flow, repetition or regularity. Once you get the rhythm of it, the job will become easy. The tempo or speed of a beat, song or repetitive event. We walked with a quick, even rhythm. The musical instruments which provide rhythm (mainly; not or less melody) in a musical ensemble. The Baroque term basso continuo is virtually equivalent to rhythm A regular quantitative change in a variable (notably natural) process. The rhythm of the seasons dominates agriculture as well as wildlife Controlled repetition of a phrase, incident or other element as a stylistic figure in literature and other narrative arts; the effect it creates. meter (plural meters) (always meter) A device that measures things. (always meter) A parking meter or similar device for collecting payment. gas meter ( also falls under sense 1 ) (always meter) (dated) One who metes or measures. a labouring coal-meter (chiefly American spelling, elsewhere metre) The base unit of length in the International System of Units (SI), conceived of as 1/10000000 of the distance from the North Pole to the Equator, and now defined as the distance light will travel in a vacuum in 1/299792458 second. (chiefly American spelling, elsewhere metre) (music) An increment of music; the overall rhythm; particularly, the number of beats in a measure. (chiefly American spelling, elsewhere metre, prosody) The rhythm pattern in a poem. (chiefly American spelling, elsewhere metre) A line above or below a hanging net, to which the net is attached in order to strengthen it. (obsolete) A poem. μέτρον • (métron) n (genitive μέτρου); second declension something used to measure: measure, rule, weight length, width, breadth (music, poetry) metre From Proto-Indo-European *meh₁- (“to measure”) + -τρον (-tron). Suffix -τρον • (-tron) n (genitive -τρου); second declension Forms instrument nouns μετρώ • (metró) a more formal variant of μετράω (metráo) μετράω • (metráo) / μετρώ (past μέτρησα, passive μετριέμαι/μετρούμαι, p‑past μετρήθηκα, ppp μετρημένος) count, measure, include count, matter ``` μέτρο • (métro) n (plural μέτρα) measure, measurement Η ίντσα είναι μέτρο μήκους. I íntsa eínai métro míkous. An inch is a measure of length. rule, ruler ένα μέτρο του ποδιού ― éna métro tou podioú ― a one-foot ruler measure, action αντιπλημμυρικά μέτρα ― antiplimmyriká métra ― flood prevention measures (SI base unit, sciences, engineering) metre (universal), meter (US) (music, poetry) metre (UK), meter (US) moderation ``` ανισόμετρος (anisómetros, “asymmetric”, adjective) αντίμετρο n (antímetro, “countermeasure”) μετρονόμος m (metronómos, “metronome”) μετρώ (metró, “to measure”) τετραγωνικό μέτρο n (tetragonikó métro, “square metre”) χιλιόμετρο n (chiliómetro, “kilometre”) τετρᾰ́μετρος • (tetrámetros) m or f (neuter τετρᾰ́μετρον); second declension consisting of four metres From τετρᾰ- (tetra-, four) +‎ μέτρον (métron, “metre”). Adjective μέτρῐος • (métrios) m (feminine μετρίᾱ, neuter μέτρῐον); first/second declension moderate, average, mean From μέτρον (métron) +‎ -ιος (-adjective). -ῐος • (-ios) m (feminine -ῐ́ᾱ, neuter -ῐον); first/second declension Suffix added to nouns or adjectives, forming adjectives: pertaining to, belonging to ("of"). algorithm (n.) 1690s, "Arabic system of computation," from French algorithme, refashioned (under mistaken connection with Greek arithmos "number") from Old French algorisme "the Arabic numeral system" (13c.), from Medieval Latin algorismus, a mangled transliteration of Arabic al-Khwarizmi "native of Khwarazm" (modern Khiva in Uzbekistan), surname of the mathematician whose works introduced sophisticated mathematics to the West (see algebra). The earlier form in Middle English was algorism (early 13c.), from Old French. Meaning broadened to any method of computation; from mid-20c. especially with reference to computing. Etymology[edit] The word 'algorithm' has its roots in Latinizing the nisba, indicating his geographic origin, of the name of Persian mathematician Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi to algorismus.[19][20] Al-Khwārizmī (Arabized Persian الخوارزمی c. 780–850) was a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, and scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad,[13] whose name means 'the native of Khwarazm', a region that was part of Greater Iran and is now in Uzbekistan.[21][22] About 825, al-Khwarizmi wrote an Arabic language treatise on the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, which was translated into Latin during the 12th century. The manuscript starts with the phrase Dixit Algorizmi ('Thus spake Al-Khwarizmi'), where "Algorizmi" was the translator's Latinization of Al-Khwarizmi's name.[23] Al-Khwarizmi was the most widely read mathematician in Europe in the late Middle Ages, primarily through another of his books, the Algebra.[24] In late medieval Latin, algorismus, English 'algorism', the corruption of his name, simply meant the "decimal number system".[25] In the 15th century, under the influence of the Greek word ἀριθμός (arithmos), 'number' (cf. 'arithmetic'), the Latin word was altered to algorithmus, and the corresponding English term 'algorithm' is first attested in the 17th century; the modern sense was introduced in the 19th century.[26] In English, it was first used in about 1230 and then by Chaucer in 1391. English adopted the French term, but it wasn't until the late 19th century that "algorithm" took on the meaning that it has in modern English.[27] Another early use of the word is from 1240, in a manual titled Carmen de Algorismo composed by Alexandre de Villedieu. It begins with: Haec algorismus ars praesens dicitur, in qua / Talibus Indorum fruimur bis quinque figuris.

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PARADOX https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox A paradox is a logically self-contradictory statement or a statement that runs contrary to one's expectation.[1][2][3] It is a statement that, despite apparently valid reasoning from true premises, leads to a seemingly self-contradictory or a logically unacceptable conclusion.[4][5] A paradox usually involves contradictory-yet-interrelated elements that exist simultaneously and persist over time. παράδοξο paradox παραδοξολογία paradox, strange talk

Answer 72

IRONY https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irony irony ( countable and uncountable , plural ironies ) ( rhetoric ) A statement that, when taken in context, may actually mean something different from, or the opposite of, what is written literally ; the use of words expressing something other than their literal intention, often in a humorous context . Dramatic irony: A theatrical effect in which the meaning of a situation , or some incongruity in the plot , is understood by the audience , but not by the characters in the play. The character, pursuing a goal with intent, gets “bit in the ass” by their own motivations, trying to get one over on another, but it backfires, and didn’t see if coming, but the audience is “clued in” and does see it coming. Ignorance feigned for the purpose of confounding or provoking an antagonist; Socratic irony. The state of two usually unrelated entities, parties, actions, etc. being related through a common connection in an uncommon way. ( informal ) Contradiction between circumstances and expectations; condition contrary to what might be expected. [from the 1640s] First attested in 1502. From Middle French ironie , from Old French , from Latin īrōnīa , from Ancient Greek εἰρωνεία ( eirōneía , “ irony, pretext ” ) , from εἴρων ( eírōn , “ one who feigns ignorance ” ) εἰρωνείᾱ • ( eirōneíā ) f ( genitive εἰρωνείᾱς ); first declension hypocrisy , deception , especially a feigned ignorance An assumed appearance , pretext. From irony ( eiron , " one who feigns ignorance " ) + -L ( -ia ) . Noun εἴρων • ( eírōn ) m ( genitive εἴρωνος ); third declension One who says less than they think, dissembler , pretender Uncertain. Perhaps related to εἴρω ( eírō , “ I speak ” ) or ἔρομαι ( éromai , “ I ask ” ) . Verb εἴρω • ( eírō ) I tie , join , fasten , string together I insert ``` Verb εἴρω • ( eírō ) to say , speak , tell From Old English word ( English word ) from Proto-Indo-European * wéryeti ye -present from the root * werh₁- ( “ to speak ” ) ``` Proto-Indo-European Root * werh₁- ( perfective ) to speak , say Adjective ῥητός • ( rhētós ) m ( feminine ῥητή , neuter ῥητόν ); first / second declension spoken , stipulated

Answer 73

SARCASM https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarcasm Sarcasm is the use of words usually used to either mock or annoy someone, or for humorous purposes. Sarcasm may employ ambivalence, although it is not necessarily ironic. Most noticeable in spoken word, sarcasm is mainly distinguished by the inflection with which it is spoken and is largely context-dependent. The word comes from the Greek σαρκασμός (sarkasmós) which is taken from σαρκάζειν (sarkázein) meaning "to tear flesh, bite the lip in rage, sneer".[6] It is first recorded in English in 1579, in an annotation to The Shepheardes Calender by Edmund Spenser: Tom piper, an ironicall Sarcasmus, spoken in derision of these rude wits, whych ...[7] However, the word sarcastic, meaning "Characterized by or involving sarcasm; given to the use of sarcasm; bitterly cutting or caustic", doesn't appear until 1695. Noun σᾰρκᾰσμός • (sarkasmós) m (genitive σᾰρκᾰσμοῦ); second declension bitter irony sarcasm From σαρκάζω (sarkázō, “to tear or lacerate”) +‎ -μός (-mós). ``` σαρκάζω • (sarkázō) I gnash I tear or lacerate flesh I bite my lip in anger (figuratively) I tear apart with sarcasm ``` Derived from σάρξ (sárx, “meat”, “flesh”) +‎ -άζω (-ázō, verbal suffix). σάρξ • (sárx) f (genitive σαρκός); third declension The material which covers the bones of a creature; flesh body the edible flesh of a fruit The seat of animalistic, immoral desires and thoughts, such as lust (Christianity) The physical or natural order, which is opposed to the spiritual from Proto-Indo-European *twerḱ- (“to cut”). Noun σάρκα • (sárka) f (plural σάρκες) (biology) flesh (botany) pulp, flesh ``` σαρκικός (sarkikós, “carnal”) σαρκοβόρος (sarkovóros, “carnivorous”) σαρκοφάγος f (sarkofágos, “sarcophagus”) σαρκοφάγος (sarkofágos, “carnivorous”) σαρκώδης (sarkódis, “fleshy”) ``` ``` ἄσᾰρκος (ásarkos) σαρκοκόλλα (sarkokólla) σᾰρκολᾰβῐ́ς (sarkolabís) σᾰρκόμφᾰλον (sarkómphalon) σαρκοφάγος (sarkophágos) σαρκάζω (sarkázō) σαρκασμός (sarkasmós) σαρκικός (sarkikós) ``` κρέας • (kréas) n (plural κρέατα) meat πρόβειο κρέας ― próveio kréas ― mutton (literally "sheep meat") Noun κρέᾰς • (kréas) n (genitive κρέως or κρέᾰτος); third declension flesh, meat carcass, body ``` Adjective ἄσᾰρκος • (ásarkos) m or f (neuter ἄσᾰρκον); second declension without flesh, lean Antonym: σᾰρκώδης (sarkṓdēs) (of a diet) not consisting in flesh ``` From ἀ- (a-, not) +‎ σᾰ́ρξ (sárx, “flesh”). ἀσᾰρκέω (asarkéō) ἀσᾰρκῐ́ᾱ (asarkíā) ἀσᾰρκώδης (asarkṓdēs) Noun σαρκοκόλλᾰ • (sarkokólla) f (genitive σαρκοκόλλης); first declension milkvetch (Astragalus fasciculifolius) sarcocol, flesh glue From σάρξ (sárx, “flesh”) +‎ κόλλα (kólla, “glue”). Noun σᾰρκολᾰβῐ́ς • (sarkolabís) f (genitive σᾰρκολᾰβῐ́δος); third declension (surgery) surgeon's forceps From σᾰ́ρξ (sárx, “flesh”) +‎ λᾰβῐ́ς (labís, “forceps”). λᾰβῐ́ς • (labís) f (genitive λᾰβῐ́δος); third declension (medicine) forceps Synonym: πῠρᾰ́γρᾱ (purágrā) clamp, clasp tongs or snuffers to trim lamps From λᾰβή (labḗ, “handle”) +‎ -ῐ́ς (-ís). ``` Noun λᾰβή • (labḗ) f (genitive λᾰβῆς); first declension handle, haft (as a pugilistic term) grip, hold (figuratively) handle, occasion attack of fever taking, accepting turn of a bandage (anatomy, in the plural) insertions, attachments of muscles eye of a needle ``` From λαμβάνω (lambánō, “to take, grasp”) +‎ -ή (-ḗ). ``` Noun λαβή • (laví) f (plural λαβές) handle hilt grip, handgrip, handhold, grasp ```

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SIMILE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simile A simile is a figure of speech that directly compares two things. Similes differ from other metaphors by highlighting the similarities between two things using comparison words such as "like", "as", "so", or " than", while other metaphors create an implicit comparison (i.e. saying something "is" something else) παρομοίωση • (paromoíosi) f (plural παρομοιώσεις) simile παρομοιάζω (paromoiázo, “I compare”) ομοίωση Simulate assimilation the process or the result of simulate όμοιος, -α, -ο same similar which has several common features with something else a few differences ( geometry ) shapes with equal angles and corresponding sides similar triangles

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HYPOCATASTASIS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocatastasis Hypocatastasis is a figure of speech that declares or implies a resemblance, representation or comparison. It differs from a metaphor, because in a metaphor the two nouns are both named and given; while, in hypocatastasis, only one is named and the other is implied, or as it were, is put down underneath out of sight. Hence hypocatastasis is an implied resemblance or representation: that is an implied simile or metaphor. A hypocatastasis has more force than a metaphor or simile, and expresses as it were a superlative degree of resemblance.

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POETRY Noun ποίησις • (poíēsis) f (genitive ποιήσεως); third declension poetry, poem a creation, fabrication, production From ποιέω (poiéō, “I make”) +‎ -σις (-sis). Poetry (derived from the Greek poiesis, "making") is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language—such as phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and metre—to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, the prosaic ostensible meaning. In philosophy, poiesis (from Ancient Greek: ποίησις) is "the activity in which a person brings something into being that did not exist before." Poiesis is etymologically derived from the ancient Greek term ποιεῖν, which means "to make". The word is also used as a suffix, as in the biological term hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells. ``` ποιέω • (poiéō) To make To create To produce (mathematics) To make, to produce To postulate, imply To solve (post-Homeric) To compose, write poetry To write of (an event) in poetry To invent To cause To cause (accusative) to (infinitive) To procure To celebrate, observe Used in the middle with a noun periphrastically for the verb derived from said noun. (with predicate adjective) To make, cause to be To put (mathematics) To multiply (middle) To consider, deem To assume To take time, spend time (later Greek) To sacrifice To prepare To play (sense 3) To do To do (accusative) to (accusative) (with adverb) To act (pro-verb) Refers back to a previous verb: To do To act (medicine) To operate, to be efficacious (in Thucydides) (Koine) To do customarily, To practise (middle) To pretend ```

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FIGURE OF SPEECH https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figure_of_speech A figure of speech or rhetorical figure is a word or phrase that entails an intentional deviation from ordinary language use in order to produce a rhetorical effect. Figures of speech are traditionally classified into schemes, which vary the ordinary sequence or pattern of words, and tropes, where words are made to carry a meaning other than what they ordinarily signify. Classical rhetoricians classified figures of speech into four categories or quadripita ratio: addition (adiectio), also called repetition/expansion/superabundance omission (detractio), also called subtraction/abridgement/lack transposition (transmutatio), also called transferring permutation (immutatio), also called switching/interchange/substitution/transmutation. πλεονασμός (pleonasmos - addition) ἔνδεια (endeia - omission) μετάθεσις (metathesis - transposition) and ἐναλλαγή (enallage - permutation) addition — (πρόσθεσις - prosthesis) subtraction — (ἀφαίρεσις - afairesis) transposition — (μετάθεσις - metathesis), and transmutation — (ἀλλοίωσις - alloiosis).

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ANTITHESIS https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antithesis Antithesis (Greek for "setting opposite", from ἀντί "against" and θέσις "placing") is used in writing or speech either as a proposition that contrasts with or reverses some previously mentioned proposition, or when two opposites are introduced together for contrasting effect. This is based on the logical phrase or term.[1][2] Antithesis can be defined as "a figure of speech involving a seeming contradiction of ideas, words, clauses, or sentences within a balanced grammatical structure. Parallelism of expression serves to emphasize opposition of ideas".[3] An antithesis must always contain two ideas within one statement. The ideas may not be structurally opposite, but they serve to be functionally opposite when comparing two ideas for emphasis.

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SYLLOGISM From συν- (“with”) +‎ λέγω (“to choose, to say”) συλλέγω • (sullégō) to gather, collect, bring together to call together, to raise or levy συλλέγω • (syllégo) (past συνέλεξα, passive συλλέγομαι) collect, gather Synonyms: συγκεντρώνω (sygkentróno), μαζεύω (mazévo), συναθροίζω (synathroízo) (formal) pick fruit from trees or plants gather, accumulate, reposit gather information make a collection of items συλλέγω νομίσματα, γραμματόσημα ― syllégo nomísmata, grammatósima ― I collect coins, stamps ————————————————————— PREFIX ``` Prefix συν- • (syn-) with, together, co-, syn- ‎συν- (syn-) + ‎αγωνίζομαι (agonízomai, “strive”) → ‎συναγωνίζομαι (synagonízomai, “compete”) indicates completeness indicates similarity ``` Alternative forms ξυν- (xun-) – old Attic συ- (su-) – before ζ (z) and before σ (s) plus consonant συγ- (sug-) – before the velar consonants γ, κ, ξ, χ (g, k, x, kh) συλ- (sul-) – before λ (l) συμ- (sum-) – before the labial consonants β, μ, π, φ (b, m, p, ph) συρ- (sur-) – before ρ (r) συσ- (sus-) – before σ (s) plus vowel συν- or σύν- before vowels, dental consontants and [n] συ-, σύ- (sy-, sý-) before sibilants [s] (+consonant) and [z] and colloquially before [v, γ, δ, f, x, θ, ks, ps] συγ-, σύγ- (syg-, sýg-) before the consonants κ, γ, χ (k, g, ch) pronounced /siŋ/ συλ-, σύλ- (syl-, sýl-) before [l] λ (l) pronounced /sil/ (only one [l]) συμ-, σύμ- (sym-, sým-) before the labial consonants [p, v, f, m] π, β, φ, μ (p, v, f, m) συρ-, σύρ- (syr-, sýr-) before [r] ρ (r) συσ-, σύσ- (sys-, sýs-) often before [s] σ (s) ——————————————————————— https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism ``` A syllogism (Greek: συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true. In its earliest form, defined by Aristotle in the Prior Analytics, from the combination of a general statement (the major premise) and a specific statement (the minor premise), a conclusion is deduced. For example, knowing that all men are mortal (major premise) and that Socrates is a man (minor premise), we may validly conclude that Socrates is mortal. Syllogistic arguments are usually represented in a three-line form: ``` All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. σῠλλογῐσμός • (sullogismós) m (genitive σῠλλογῐσμοῦ); second declension (Attic, Koine) computation, calculation, rating, assessment reasoning plan, scheme putting together of observed facts: inference (logic) syllogism (beginning with Aristotle) (rhetoric) inference from written to unwritten law Verbal noun from συλλογίζομαι (“to compute, infer”) +‎ -μός -ισμός • (-ismós) m A suffix that forms abstract nouns of action, state, condition, doctrine. -ισμός • (-ismós) m (genitive -ισμοῦ); second declension Forms abstract nouns. -μός • (-mós) m (genitive -μοῦ); second declension Forms abstract nouns. ὁρίζω (“make boundaries, divide”) → ὁρισμός (“marking out by boundaries”) ``` λογῐσμός • (logismós) m (genitive λογῐσμοῦ); second declension calculation, computation (in plural): numbers reasoning, argument reflection, thought reasoning power, wisdom ``` From λογίζομαι (“I calculate”) +‎ -μός (verbal noun suffix). λογισμός • (logismós) m (plural λογισμοί) (mathematics) calculation, calculus (in the plural) thoughts ``` λογῐ́ζομαι • (logízomai) I count, reckon (mathematics) I calculate, compute I consider, ponder, take into account I count on, expect I think, believe ``` From λόγος (lógos, “computation, reckoning”) +‎ -ῐ́ζομαι (denominative mediopassive verb suffix). λογιστής • (logistís) m (plural λογιστές, feminine λογίστρια) (commerce) accountant, book-keeper From Ancient Greek λογιστής (logistḗs) equivalent to λογ- (log-, “to calculate”) +‎ -ιστής (-istís, “-ist, -er”) Adjective λογῐστῐκός • (logistikós) m (feminine λογῐστῐκή, neuter λογῐστῐκόν); first/second declension skilled in calculating skilled in reasoning: reasonable, rational λογιστικό φύλλο n (logistikó fýllo, “spreadsheet”) λογιστική f (logistikí, “accounting”, noun) Noun λογιστική • (logistikí) f (uncountable) accounting λόγος m (lógos, “word”) λογιάζω (logiázo, “to calculate”) λογισμός m (logismós, “calculation”) λόγια n pl (lógia, “words, talking”) αγόρευση f (agórefsi “oratory”) αναλογία f (analogía “ratio”) αναλογίζομαι (analogízomai, “to consider”) αντιλογίζω (antilogízo, “to cancel”) καταλογίζω (katalogízo, “to assign”) προλογίζω (prologízo, “to preface”) προϋπολογίζω (proÿpologízo, “precalculate”) συνυπολογίζω (synypologízo, “calculate together”) υπολογίζω (ypologízo, “calculate”) φιλολογίζω (filologízo) αναλογίζομαι (analogízomai, “to dwell on”) διαλογίζομαι (dialogízomai, “to meditate”) παραλογίζομαι (paralogízomai, “to rave”) συλλογίζομαι (syllogízomai, “to contemplate”) αντιλογία f (antilogía, “argument”) αντίλογος m (antílogos, “objection”) έμμετρος λόγος m (émmetros lógos, “poetry”) λογική f (logikí, “logic”) λογικό n (logikó, “reason”) λογικός (logikós, “logical”) λόγιος (lógios, “learned”) λόγιος m (lógios, “scholar”) λογοδιάρροια f (logodiárroia, “logorrhea, chattering”) λογοθεραπευτής m (logotherapeftís, “speech therapist”) λογοθεραπεύτρια f (logotherapéftria, “speech therapist”) λόγος διαστάσεων m (lógos diastáseon, “aspect ratio”) λόγος διάστασης m (lógos diástasis, “aspect ratio”) λόγος του θεού m (lógos tou theoú, “Word of God”) παράλογος m (parálogos, “irrational”) πλάγιος λόγος m (plágios lógos, “reported/indirect speech”) ``` λόγος • (lógos) m (plural λόγοι) word (unit of language) word (word of honour) speech, language speech, oration (mathematics) ratio reason, causation ``` λόγος • (lógos) m (genitive λόγου); second declension That which is said: word, sentence, speech, story, debate, utterance. That which is thought: reason, consideration, computation, reckoning. An account, explanation, or narrative. Subject matter. (Christianity) The word or wisdom of God, identified with Jesus in the New Testament, by whom the world was created; God the Son. From the root of λέγω (légō, “I say”). ``` Verb λέγω • (légō) I put in order, arrange, gather I choose, count, reckon I say, speak I call, name (usually in the passive voice) ```

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DE DICTO - DE RE δήλωση — What is said about it. θέμᾰ — What it actually is. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_dicto_and_de_re The literal translation of the phrase… ("de dicto") — is "about what is said", whereas (“de re”) — translates as "about the thing" Τι λέγεται για αυτό What is said about it σχετικά με το πράγμα About the thing What it is Τι είναι σχετικά με “about me” ( With with ( me ) ) about , concerning , regarding ( on the subject of ) πράγμα • (prágma) n (plural πράγματα) thing, entity, object, stuff Τι είναι αυτό το πράγμα στον κουβά; Ti eínai aftó to prágma ston kouvá? What is that thing in the bucket? δήλωση statement explicit expression of some information, whether written or oral, of an informative nature The minister 's statement caused a stir among MPs a written claim or record of information formally made for subsequent reporting by others (often by government authorities ) tax return , participation statement statement of honesty : Older name of today's Responsible Statement declaration 1509 : Older name of the current Responsible Declaration, based on the then number of ( programming ) (for variable) the definition of the name ( identifier ) and data type of variable. θέμᾰ • (théma) n (genitive θέμᾰτος); third declension That which is placed or laid down. Money deposited; (of grain) deposit; treasure. (of loaves) Pile. Coffer. Synonym: θήκη (thḗkē) (of land) Position, situation. (astrology) Nativity, horoscope. Common burial place or common land; private burial ground. Something proposed as a prize. Case proposed for discussion, theme of an argument. Proposition, premiss. (law) Case. Arbitrary determination. (grammar) Primary (nonderivative) element or form. (logic, Stoic) Mode of reduction of an irregular syllogism. A Theme, the regional unit of government of the Eastern Roman/Byzantine empire approximately from the 7th to the 11th century.

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METONYMY Metonymy (/mɛˈtɒnəmi/)[1] is a figure of speech in which a thing or concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept. The words metonymy and metonym come from the Greek μετωνυμία, metōnymía, "a change of name", from μετά, metá, "after, post, beyond", and -ωνυμία, -ōnymía, a suffix that names figures of speech, from ὄνυμα, ónyma or ὄνομα, ónoma, "name". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metonymy

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TROPE https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(literature) A literary trope is the use of figurative language, via word, phrase or an image, for artistic effect such as using a figure of speech.[1] The word trope has also come to be used for describing commonly recurring literary and rhetorical devices,[2] motifs or clichés in creative works. ``` τροπή • (tropḗ) f (genitive τροπῆς); first declension a turning turning away the enemy, a rout solstice trope ``` τρέπω • (trépō) I turn τρόπος • (trópos) m (genitive τρόπου); second declension a turn, way, manner, style a trope or figure of speech a mode in music a mode or mood in logic the time and space on the battlefield when one side's belief turns from victory to defeat, the turning point of the battle. Adjective ὁμοιότροπος • (homoiótropos) m or f (neuter ὁμοιότροπον); second declension of like manners and life similar τρέπω • (trépo) (past έτρεψα, passive τρέπομαι) divert, convert turn, veer τρέπομαι σε φυγή ― trépomai se fygí ― Ι flee, run away τράπηκε σε φυγή ― trápike se fygí ― S/he fled ετράπη εις φυγήν (in ancient fashion) ― etrápi eis fygín ― S/he fled Conjugation τρέπω τρέπομαι Derived terms ανατρέπω (anatrépo, “to thwart, to overturn”) αποτρέπω (apotrépo, “to avert, to dissuade”) παρεκτρέπομαι (parektrépomai, “to misbehave”) μετατρέπω (metatrépo, “to transform, to convert”) επιτρέπω (epitrépo, “to allow”) προτρέπω (protrépo, “to incite, to encourage”) Rhetoricians have analyzed a variety of "twists and turns" used in poetry and literature and have provided a list of labels for these poetic devices. These include: Allegory – A sustained metaphor continued through whole sentences or even through a whole discourse. For example: "The ship of state has sailed through rougher storms than the tempest of these lobbyists." Antanaclasis – The stylistic trope of repeating a single word, but with a different meaning each time; antanaclasis is a common type of pun, and like other kinds of pun, it is often found in slogans. Hyperbole - the use of exaggeration to create a strong impression. Irony – Creating a trope through implying the opposite of the standard meaning, such as describing a bad situation as "good times". Litotes Metaphor – An explanation of an object or idea through juxtaposition of disparate things with a similar characteristic, such as describing a courageous person as having a "heart of a lion". Metonymy – A trope through proximity or correspondence. For example, referring to actions of the U.S. President as "actions of the White House". Oxymoron Synecdoche – Related to metonymy and metaphor, creates a play on words by referring to something with a related concept: for example, referring to the whole with the name of a part, such as "hired hands" for workers; a part with the name of the whole, such as "the law" for police officers; the general with the specific, such as "bread" for food; the specific with the general, such as "cat" for a lion; or an object with its substance, such as "bricks and mortar" for a building. Catachresis – improper use of metaphor

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UNDERSTATEMENT In rhetoric, litotes (/ˈlaɪtətiːz/,[1] US: /ˈlɪtətiːz/ or /laɪˈtoʊtiːz/; also known classically as antenantiosis or moderatour) is a figure of speech and form of verbal irony in which understatement is used to emphasize a point by stating a negative to further affirm a positive, often incorporating double negatives for effect. Litotes is a form of understatement, more specifically meiosis, and is always deliberate with the intention of emphasis. μείωση • (meíosi) f (plural μειώσεις) decrease, reduction: the process, the rate of that process or its result (biology, genetics, cytology) meiosis, reduction division of a cell humiliation μείωση f (meíosi, “a reduction, a decrease”) μειώνω (meióno, “reduce, cut back”) ``` Verb μειώνω • (meióno) (past μείωσα, passive μειώνομαι) reduce, diminish cut back, downsize lower, diminish ``` CHROMOSOMES - CELL REPRODUCTION https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiosis Meiosis (/maɪˈoʊsɪs/ (About this soundlisten); from Greek μείωσις, meiosis, meaning "lessening", because it is a reductional division[1][2]) is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms used to produce the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid).

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MEIOSIS - UNDERSTATEMENT In rhetoric, meiosis is a euphemistic figure of speech that intentionally understates something or implies that it is lesser in significance or size than it really is. Meiosis is the opposite of auxesis, and is often compared to litotes. The term is derived from the Greek μειόω (“to make smaller”, "to diminish"). Meiosis (figure of speech) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search This article is about the figure of speech. For the cell division, see meiosis. In rhetoric, meiosis is a euphemistic figure of speech that intentionally understates something or implies that it is lesser in significance or size than it really is. Meiosis is the opposite of auxesis, and is often compared to litotes. The term is derived from the Greek μειόω (“to make smaller”, "to diminish").

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EUPHEMISM https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemism Euphemism comes from the Greek word euphemia (εὐφημία) which refers to the use of 'words of good omen'; it is a compound of eû (εὖ), meaning 'good, well', and phḗmē (φήμη), meaning 'prophetic speech; rumour, talk'. Eupheme is a reference to the female Greek spirit of words of praise and positivity, etc. The term euphemism itself was used as a euphemism by the ancient Greeks; with the meaning "to keep a holy silence" (speaking well by not speaking at all). Εὐφημῐ́ᾱ • (Euphēmíā) f (genitive Εὐφημῐ́ᾱς); first declension Euphemia From εὐφημῐ́ᾱ (euphēmíā, “use of words of good omen”). from Ancient Greek Εὐφημία (Euphēmía) from εὐ- (eu-, “good”) +‎ φήμη (phḗmē, “repute”) +‎ -ίᾱ (-íā). φήμη • (phḗmē) f (genitive φήμης); first declension prophetic voice, oracle rumor reputation φήμη • (fími) f (plural φήμες) fame reputation rumour (UK), rumor (US) Adjective εὔφημος • (eúphēmos) m or f (neuter εὔφημον); second declension uttering sound of good omen Antonyms: δύσφημος (dúsphēmos), κακόφημος (kakóphēmos) abstaining from inauspicious words From εὐ- (“well”) +‎ φήμη (“a voice, a prophetic voice, rumor, talk”) +‎ -ος (abstract noun of action) from φημί (“to speak, say”). -ος • (-os) n (genitive -εος or -ους); third declension Added to verbal roots to form a noun of result or an abstract noun of action.

Answer 86

PERSONIFICATION Noun προσωποποιῐ́ᾱ • (prosōpopoiíā) f (genitive προσωποποιῐ́ᾱς); first declension Dramatization. The parts of the script each actor portrays. The putting of speeches into the mouths of characters change of grammatical person. Noun prosopopoeia (countable and uncountable, plural prosopopoeias or prosopopoeiae) (rhetoric) act of personifying a person or object when communicating to an audience; a figure of speech involving this Personification of an abstraction. A prosopopoeia (Greek: προσωποποιία, /prɒsoʊpoʊˈpiːə/) is a rhetorical device in which a speaker or writer communicates to the audience by speaking as another person or object. The term literally derives from the Greek roots prósopon "face, person", and poiéin "to make, to do;" Personification occurs when a thing or abstraction is represented as a person, in literature or art, as an anthropomorphic metaphor. The type of personification discussed here excludes passing literary effects such as "Shadows hold their breath",[1] and covers cases where a personification appears as a character in literature, or a human figure in art. From Ancient Greek προσωποποιία (prosōpopoiía, “dramatization, the putting of speeches into the mouths of characters”). Noun προσωποποιῐ́ᾱ • (prosōpopoiíā) f (genitive προσωποποιῐ́ᾱς); first declension dramatization, the putting of speeches into the mouths of characters change of grammatical person https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopopoeia ``` Italian Noun prosopopea f (plural prosopopee) prosopopoeia (by extension) pomposity ``` pomposity (plural pomposities) The quality of being pompous; self-importance. With their super-formal tone and heavy use of jargon, legal documents are renowned for their pomposity. Adjective pompous (comparative more pompous, superlative most pompous) Affectedly grand, solemn or self-important. From Ancient Greek πομπή (“a sending, a solemn procession, pomp”) from πέμπω (pémpō, “I send”) Latin: pompa f (genitive pompae); first declension procession, parade pomp From Ancient Greek πομπή (pompḗ, “a sending, a solemn procession, pomp”), from πέμπω (pémpō, “I send”). ``` Spanish Noun pompa f (plural pompas) pomp boastfulness, ostentation, pageantry, glitz solemn procession ``` ———————————————————- ``` Verb πέμπω • (pémpō) I send, dispatch (with accusative of place) (with adverbs) (with infinitive of purpose) I nominate I send forth; I dismiss I discharge, shoot (of words) I utter I conduct, escort (with πομπήν (pompḗn)) I conduct or take part in (a procession) I send as a gift I produce (middle) I send for (middle) I send in my service; I cause to be sent ``` Noun πομπή • (pompí) f procession (group of people or things moving along in an orderly, stately, or solemn manner) (colloquial) disgrace ``` Noun πομπή • (pompḗ) f (genitive πομπῆς); first declension a sending a solemn procession pomp ``` From πέμπω (pémpō, “to send”) +‎ -η (-ē). Noun πομπός • (pompós) m (genitive πομποῦ); second declension conductor, guide Noun πομπός • (pompós) m (plural πομποί) (electricity) transmitter (radio, etc) Noun αποπομπή • (apopompí) f (plural αποπομπές) dismissal, expulsion, ousting Noun εκπομπή • (ekpompí) f (plural εκπομπές) (radio, television) programme (UK), program (US) τηλεοπτική εκπομπή (television programme) (radio, television) broadcast ζωντανή εκπομπή (live broadcast) (physics) emission εκπέμπω (ekpémpo, “to broadcast”)

Answer 87

CHARACTER MASK Legal Person — Avatar — Straw-man — Exemplar Mimesis (/mɪˈmiːsɪs, mə-, maɪ-, -əs/) Ancient Greek: μίμησις, mīmēsis) is a term used in literary criticism and philosophy that carries a wide range of meanings, including imitatio, imitation, nonsensuous similarity, receptivity, representation, mimicry, the act of expression, the act of resembling, and the presentation of the self. The original Ancient Greek term mīmēsis (μίμησις) derives from mīmeisthai (μιμεῖσθαι, 'to imitate'), itself coming from mimos (μῖμος, 'imitator, actor'). In ancient Greece, mīmēsis was an idea that governed the creation of works of art, in particular, with correspondence to the physical world understood as a model for beauty, truth, and the good. Plato contrasted mimesis, or imitation, with diegesis, or narrative. After Plato, the meaning of mimesis eventually shifted toward a specifically literary function in ancient Greek society, and its use has changed and been reinterpreted many times since. In Marxist philosophy, a character mask (German: Charaktermaske) is a prescribed social role that serves to conceal the contradictions of a social relation or order. The term was used by Karl Marx in various published writings from the 1840s to the 1860s, and also by Friedrich Engels. It is related to the classical Greek concepts of mimesis (imitative representation using analogies) and prosopopoeia (impersonation or personification) as well as the Roman concept of persona, but also differs from them (see below).

Answer 88

PERSONIFICATION - ROYAL WE - PLURALIS MAJESTATIS - NOSISM The royal we (pluralis majestatis) refers to a single person holding a high office, such as a monarch, bishop, or pope. https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_we https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosism https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number) https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification Dual (abbreviated du) is a grammatical number that some languages use in addition to singular and plural. When a noun or pronoun appears in dual form, it is interpreted as referring to precisely two of the entities (objects or persons) identified by the noun or pronoun acting as a single unit or in unison. A metaphor is a figure of speech that, for rhetorical effect, directly refers to one thing by mentioning another.[1] It may provide (or obscure) clarity or identify hidden similarities between two different ideas. Metaphors are often compared with other types of figurative language, such as antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy and simile.[2] One of the most commonly cited examples of a metaphor in English literature comes from the "All the world's a stage" monologue from As You Like It: The royal we, majestic plural (pluralis majestatis), or royal plural, is the use of a plural pronoun (or corresponding plural-inflected verb forms) to refer to a single person who is a monarch. The more general word for the use of a we, us, or our to refer to oneself is nosism. Speakers employing the royal we refer to themselves using a grammatical number other than the singular (i.e., in plural or dual form). The royal we is commonly employed by a person of high office, such as a monarch or other type of sovereign. It is also used in certain formal contexts by bishops and university rectors. William Longchamp is credited with its introduction to England in the late 12th century, following the practice of the Chancery of Apostolic Briefs. ————————————— SECRETARIAT OF STATE (Holy See) Chancery of Apostolic Briefs https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretariat_of_State_(Holy_See)#History_of_the_Secretariat_of_State Loss of assets and corruption investigation In December 2020. Pope Francis enacted legislation stripping the Secretariat of State of its financial assets and real estate holdings following its bungled management of hundreds of millions of euros in donations.[3] Controversial investments which were made by the Vatican Secretariat of State department also became subject to a corruption investigation. https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI%27s_reform_of_the_Roman_Curia https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostolic_constitution https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church https: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_Catholic_canon_law

Answer 89

PERSONOCRACY By the philosophical and religious term personocracy , we refer to the ontological proposition that gives priority to the concept of person over substance . Personality means domination of the face: in the divine ontology (definition of the being God): What is superior to God? The person or the substance. In cosmological ontology (definition of the object Universe in the light of religion): What is superior to the Universe? Faces and their intentions or physics ? The term person refers to a content that is the exact opposite of the word substance or nature . A person is the individual, the specific and partial being, who relates, communicates, participates and unites. The person does not simply exist, but coexists, does not survive individually, but coexists socially. Sociologically , personocracy implies the predominance of personality (individuality), otherness, particularity and diversity over uniformity, mass, authoritarianism, monolithicism and centralism.

Answer 90

PERSONIFICATION - ROYAL WE

Answer 91

FRANKNESS - BOLD SPEECH From πᾶς (“all, every”) +‎ ῥῆσις (“utterance, speech”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (abstract noun). From πᾶς (G3956) and a derivative of ῥέω (G4483) πᾰρρησῐ́ᾱ • (parrhēsíā) f (genitive πᾰρρησῐ́ᾱς); first declension openness, frankness freedom of speech (in a bad sense) licence of tongue In rhetoric, parrhesia is a figure of speech described as "speak[ing] candidly or ... ask[ing] forgiveness for so speaking".[1] This Ancient Greek word has three different forms, as related by Michel Foucault. Parrhesia is a noun, meaning "free speech". Parrhesiazomai is a verb, meaning "to use parrhesia". Parrhesiastes is a noun, meaning one who uses parrhesia, for example "one who speaks the truth to power". The term parrhesia is borrowed from the Greek παρρησία parrhēsía (πᾶν "all" and ῥῆσις "utterance, speech") meaning literally "to speak everything" and by extension "to speak freely", "to speak boldly", or "boldness".[3] The term first appears in Greek literature, when used by Euripides, and may be found in ancient Greek texts from the end of the fifth century B.C. until the fifth century A.D.[2] It implies not only freedom of speech, but the obligation to speak the truth for the common good, even at personal risk. A related use of parrhesia is found in the Greek New Testament, where it means "bold speech", the ability of believers to hold their own in discourse before political and religious authorities (e.g. Acts 4:13: "Now when they saw the boldness [την παρρησίαν] of Peter and John and realized that they were uneducated and ordinary men, they were amazed and recognized them as companions of Jesus."). It also is used to describe the reply Jesus made to the Pharisees.

Answer 92

AMBIGUITY ασάφεια vagueness female the lack of clarity , vagueness , generality point vague , not specific, too general σαφής obscure, -or, -es which is not clear , it is not clear , it creates doubt the examination committee was criticized because some of the questions it asked were considered vague. Synonyms αόριστος vague indefinite ( for the adjective ) < ancient greek ἀοριστος ( the noun ) < Hellenistic common indefinite from the separation made by the Stoics in indefinite and definite tenses αόριστα Adverb vaguely and indefinitely with indefinite manner ——————————————————————— σαφής Clear, unambiguous σαφής, -ής, -ές clear, -is, -es comparative : clearer superlative : very clear which is fully understood or said with certainty and leaves no room for misinterpretation The three general secretaries of the Ministry of Regional Development and Competitiveness will remain in their positions - they are not going to be replaced! This clear assurance was given to them by the Minister ... (TO VIMA newspaper, October 31, 2010) characterized by a clear perception of reality and certainty Many internet users do not have a clear idea of the potential risks in their transactions conspicuous , obvious , well perceived Apart from the two kilns dating back to different eras, part of the paved floor with clear traces of fire was found. (KATHIMERINI newspaper, July 23, 1995) καθαρός Pure ξεκάθαρος, -η, -ο ( literally ) that stands out very well ( metaphorically ) that leaves no room for doubt or misunderstanding ≈ Synonyms : obvious , tangible Ambiguity is a type of meaning in which a phrase, statement or resolution is not explicitly defined, making several interpretations plausible. A common aspect of ambiguity is uncertainty. It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning cannot be definitively resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps. (The ambi- part of the term reflects an idea of "two", as in "two meanings".) The concept of ambiguity is generally contrasted with vagueness. In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted (although some may not be immediately obvious), whereas with information that is vague, it is difficult to form any interpretation at the desired level of specificity.

Answer 93

CLEAR - OBVIOUS - PURE - TRANSPARENT σαφής Clear, unambiguous σαφής, -ής, -ές clear, -is, -es comparative : clearer superlative : very clear which is fully understood or said with certainty and leaves no room for misinterpretation The three general secretaries of the Ministry of Regional Development and Competitiveness will remain in their positions - they are not going to be replaced! This clear assurance was given to them by the Minister ... (TO VIMA newspaper, October 31, 2010) characterized by a clear perception of reality and certainty Many internet users do not have a clear idea of the potential risks in their transactions conspicuous , obvious , well perceived Apart from the two kilns dating back to different eras, part of the paved floor with clear traces of fire was found. (KATHIMERINI newspaper, July 23, 1995) καθαρός Pure ξεκάθαρος, -η, -ο ( literally ) that stands out very well ( metaphorically ) that leaves no room for doubt or misunderstanding ≈ Synonyms : obvious , tangible Ambiguity is a type of meaning in which a phrase, statement or resolution is not explicitly defined, making several interpretations plausible. A common aspect of ambiguity is uncertainty. It is thus an attribute of any idea or statement whose intended meaning cannot be definitively resolved according to a rule or process with a finite number of steps. (The ambi- part of the term reflects an idea of "two", as in "two meanings".) The concept of ambiguity is generally contrasted with vagueness. In ambiguity, specific and distinct interpretations are permitted (although some may not be immediately obvious), whereas with information that is vague, it is difficult to form any interpretation at the desired level of specificity.

Answer 94

CONNOTATION (co-note-tion) Translations of connotation Noun έννοια sense, meaning, concept, notion, connotation, construction υποδήλωση connotation, indication συνεκδοχή connotation, synecdoche δευτερεύουσα σημασία connotation connotation (n.) early 15c., "a concommitant symptom;" 1530s, "a secondary signification, that which is included in the meaning of a word besides its primary denotation," from Medieval Latin connotationem (nominative connotatio), noun of action from past-participle stem of connotare "signify in addition to the main meaning," a term in logic, literally "to mark along with," from assimilated form of Latin com "with, together" (see con-) + notare "to mark, note, make a note," from nota "mark, sign, means of recognition" (see note (n.)). Meaning "that which constitutes the meaning of a word" (1829) originated with J.S. Mill. ——————————————————————- δευτερεύουσα σημασία (lit. 2nd sign or 2nd meaning) ``` Adjective δευτερεύων • (defterévon) m (feminine δευτερεύουσα, neuter δευτερεύον) secondary, subsidiary (grammar) subordinate (of sentences) δευτερεύουσα πρόταση subordinate clause Declension declension of δευτερεύων ``` Related terms δεύτερος (défteros, “second”) Δευτέρα (Deftéra, “Monday”) ``` σημᾰσῐ́ᾱ • ( sēmasíā ) f ( genitive σημᾰσῐ́ᾱς ); first declension meaning the giving of a signal or command indication, designation ( frequently in grammar ) meaning, signification the title of a work by Chrysippus ( music ) notation the decisive appearance of a disease a mark of the Nile-flood address of a correspondent ( In the phrase Basilicata importance ) a royal insigne or appearance. ``` From σημαίνω (sēmaínō, “to signal”). ``` Verb σημαίνω • (sēmaínō) I show, point out, indicate I sign, signal Ι predict, portend (later prose) I appear I signal someone to do something, I bid I signify, indicate, declare I interpret, explain; I tell, speak I signify, mean (middle) I conclude from signs, conjecture (middle) I provide with a sign, mark, or seal I mark out for myself ``` Noun σῆμᾰ • (sêma) n (genitive σήμᾰτος); third declension mark, sign, token a sign from the gods, an omen, portent a sign to begin something, watchword, signal, banner the sign by which a grave is known, mound, cairn, barrow a mark to show the case of a quoit or javelin a token by which one's identity or commission was certified a constellation ——————————————— υποδήλωση 2nd manifestation δηλόω show, manifest, make known Verb δηλόω • (dēlóō) (transitive) To show, to make apparent or known, clear Synonym: δείκνυμῐ (deíknumi) From δῆλος (dêlos, “manifest”) +‎ -όω (-óō). δηλόω φανερώνω, δείχνω, γνωστοποιώ, αποκαλύπτω, αποδεικνύω δηλοῖ : δῆλόν ἐστι : είναι φανερό, αποδεικνύεται ότι... υποδεικνύω - sub-indicate παραγγέλλω - πᾰρᾰ- +‎ ἀγγέλλω (“carry, deliver, announce”). ``` πᾰρᾰγγέλλω • (parangéllō) pass on, transmit message give orders recommend, exhort summon encourage ``` ``` Συγγενικές λέξεις - synonym [edit - επεξεργασία] δηλονότι (δῆλον + ὅτι) δήλωμα δήλωσις δηλωτέον δηλωτικός, ή, όν δηλωτός,ή,όν ```

Answer 95

TO REJECT - BEBUKE - DENY αποβάλλω ("to reject, to vomit, to miscarry”)

Answer 96

INNUENDO implied neutral what is not said openly and clearly, but is implied , as e.g. an indirect category Constantly let innuendo about his relationship with his ex-wife, but never blamed directly implicit < possessive neutral of Quotes implied , the present tense of the verb passive suggesting https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innuendo υπονοώ From ὑπό + νοέω-ῶ imply I mean something hidden, that is, sideways , I do not say it directly

Answer 97

IMPLY - SUGGEST υπονοώ From ὑπό + νοέω-ῶ imply I mean something hidden, that is, sideways , I do not say it directly ``` Verb νοέω • (noéō) (Contracted: νοῶ (noô)) to perceive, observe, see, notice to think, suppose to think out, devise, contrive (in infinitive) to be minded to do a thing to conceive of, to deem (of words) to bear a certain sense, to mean. ``` From νόος (nóos, “mind”) +‎ -έω (-éō, denominative verbal suffix).

Answer 98

the clause expressing the condition in a conditional sentence ``` prot·a·sis /ˈprädəsəs/ nounGRAMMAR noun: protasis; plural noun: protases the clause expressing the condition in a conditional sentence (e.g. if you asked me in if you asked me I would agree ). ```

Answer 99

the main (consequent) clause of a conditional sentence ``` Apodosis a·pod·o·sis /əˈpädəsəs/ nounGRAMMAR noun: apodosis; plural noun: apodoses the main (consequent) clause of a conditional sentence (e.g., I would agree in if you asked me I would agree ). ``` Noun apodosis (plural apodoses) (logic, grammar) The consequential clause in a conditional sentence. In "I will be coming if this weather holds up", "I will be coming" is the apodosis. from ἀπό (apó, “back again”) and δόσις (dósis, “gift”). ``` Noun ἀπόδοσις • (apódosis) f (genitive ἀποδόσεως); third declension giving back, restitution, return payment assignment, attribution rendering by way of definition (grammar) apodosis (consequential clause in a conditional sentence) Coordinate term: πρότασις (prótasis) interpretation, explanation ``` Noun απόδοση • (apódosi) f (plural αποδόσεις) imputation, attribution performance, yield, efficiency (grammar) apodosis Synonym: (abbreviation) απόδ. (apód.) Declension declension of απόδοση Related terms[edit] ανταπόδοση f (antapódosi, “repayment”) αποδίδω (apodído, “I ascribe, I attribute”) αποδόσιμος (apodósimos, “attributable”, adjective) αποδοτέος (apodotéos, “attributable”, adjective) αποδοτικός (apodotikós, “efficient”, adjective) αποδοτικότητα f (apodotikótita, “efficiency”) and see: δόση f (dósi, “dose”) ``` Noun δόση • (dósi) f (plural δόσεις) dose, instalment, tranche (medicine) dose (of medication) (sciences) dose (of radiation) ισοδύναμη δόση ― isodýnami dósi ― equivalent dose ``` Inherited from Ancient Greek δόσις (dósis). Stem δο- + -σις (-sis), modern -ση (-si) (see δίδω (dído), δίδωμι (dídōmi))