POLITIES (Districts & Offices) Flashcards
Bursar
The Office of the Bursar is responsible for billing of student tuition accounts. This responsibility involves sending bills and making payment plans; the ultimate goal is to bring all student accounts to a “paid off” status.
A bursar (derived from “bursa”, Latin for purse) is a professional financial administrator in a school or university. In the United States, bursars usually exist only at the level of higher education (4-year colleges and universities) or at private secondary schools. In Australia, Great Britain, and other countries, bursars are common at lower levels of education.
The Bursar Statement is also known as a tuition bill or a student account bill.
The bursar often reports to a comptroller.
Comptroller
A comptroller is a management-level position responsible for supervising the quality of accounting and financial reporting of an organization. A financial comptroller is a senior-level executive who acts as the head of accounting, and oversees the preparation of financial reports, such as balance sheets and income statements.
In business management, the comptroller is closer to a chief audit executive, holding a senior role in internal audit functions.
Generally, the title encompasses a variety of responsibilities, from overseeing accounting and monitoring internal controls to countersigning on expenses and commitments.
Generally, the title encompasses a variety of responsibilities, from overseeing accounting and monitoring internal controls to countersigning on expenses and commitments.
The term comptroller evolved in the 15th century through a blend of the French compte (“an account”) and the Middle English countreroller (someone who checks a copy of a scroll, from the French contreroule “counter-roll, scroll copy”), thus creating a title for a compteroller who specializes in checking financial ledgers.
Chief Financial Officer
The chief financial officer (CFO) is the officer of a company that has primary responsibility for managing the company’s finances, including financial planning, management of financial risks, record-keeping, and financial reporting.
Chief Information Officer
Chief information officer (CIO), chief digital information officer (CDIO) or information technology (IT) director, is a job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise who works for the traditional information technology and computer systems that support enterprise goals.
In recent times, it has been identified that an understanding of just business or just IT is not sufficient.[3] CIOs manage IT resources and plan “ICT including policy and practice development, planning, budgeting, resourcing and training”.[4] In addition to this, CIOs are becoming increasingly important in calculating how to increase profits via the use of ICT frameworks, as well as the vital role of reducing expenditure and limiting damage by setting up controls and planning for possible disasters. Computer Weekly magazine highlights that “53% of IT leaders report a shortage of people with high-level personal skills” in the workplace.[5] Most organisations can’t expect to fill demand for skilled resources and 57% of CIOs don’t have the right learning and support mechanisms in place to enable current staff to meet the skill shortage.[6] CIOs are needed to decrease the gulf between roles carried out by both IT professionals and non-IT professionals in businesses in
Executor
An executor is a legal term referring to a person named by the maker of a will or nominated by the testator to carry out the instructions of the will.
The executor’s duties also include disbursing property to the beneficiaries as designated in the will, obtaining information of potential heirs, collecting and arranging for payment of debts of the estate and approving or disapproving creditors’ claims.
An executor will make sure estate taxes are calculated, necessary forms are filed, and tax payments are made. They will also assist the attorney with the estate. Additionally, the executor acts as a legal conveyor who designates where the donations will be sent using the information left in bequests, whether they be sent to charity or other organizations. In most circumstances, the executor is the representative of the estate for all purposes, and has the ability to sue or be sued on behalf of the estate. The executor holds legal title to the estate property, but may not use the title or property for their own benefit, unless permitted by the terms of the will.
A person who deals with a deceased person’s property without proper authority is known as an executor de son tort. Such a person’s actions may subsequently be ratified by the lawful executors or administrators if the actions do not contradict the substantive provisions of the deceased’s will or the rights of heirs at law.
When there is no will, a person is said to have died intestate—”without testimony.” As a result, there is no tangible “testimony” to follow, and hence there can be no executor. If there is no will or the executors named in a will do not wish to act, an administrator of the deceased’s estate may instead be appointed. The generic term for executors or administrators is personal representative. In England and Wales, when a person dies intestate in a nursing home, and has no family members who can be traced, those responsible for their care automatically become their executors. Under Scottish law, a personal representative of any kind is referred to as an executor, using executor nominate to refer to an executor and executor dative to an administrator.
Execution in computer and software engineering is the process by which a computer or virtual machine executes the instructions of a computer program. Each instruction of a program is a description of a specific action to be carried out in order for a specific problem to be solved; as instructions of a program and therefore the actions they describe are being carried out by an executing machine, specific effects are produced in accordance to the semantics of the instructions being executed.
Registrar (education)
A registrar is an official in an academic institution (consisting of a college, university, or secondary school) who handles student records.
Typically, a registrar processes registration requests, schedules classes and maintains class lists, enforces the rules for entering or leaving classes, and keeps a permanent record of grades and marks. In institutions with selective admission requirements, a student only begins to be in connection with the registrar’s official actions after admission.
Registrary
At Cambridge, the Registrary is also Secretary to the University Council. As the head of the university’s Unified Administrative Service, the Registrary is responsible for the central management and the non-academic services of the university. The Registrary has control of the University Chest (formerly a physical chest in which the funds of the university were held secure, now a metaphor for the university’s bank accounts). The actual chest is still kept in the Registrary’s office. It is over 600 years old and is locked with 17 locks. The previous chest was burned in the Cambridge Peasants’ Revolt of 1381. Until the 14th century, the university’s books were also kept in the chest.[1]
The office of the Registrary was established in 1506, to compile and maintain the records of the university. The office has been held by only 26 persons in continuous succession since that date. Many early registraries held, or had held, the office of Esquire Bedell. The current Registrary is Dr Jonathan Nicholls, who took office in October 2007.[2]
Chancellor
Chancellor (Latin: cancellarius) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many nations. The original chancellors were the cancellarii of Roman courts of justice—ushers, who sat at the cancelli or lattice work screens of a basilica or law court, which separated the judge and counsel from the audience. A chancellor’s office is called a chancellery or chancery. The word is now used in the titles of many various officers in all kinds of settings (government, education, religion). Nowadays the term is most often used to describe:
The head of the government A person in charge of foreign affairs A person with duties related to justice A person in charge of financial and economic issues The head of a university
The Lord Chancellor, formally the Lord High Chancellor of Great Britain, is the highest ranking among those Great Officers of State which are appointed regularly in the United Kingdom, nominally outranking even the Prime Minister. The Lord Chancellor is outranked only by the Lord High Steward, another Great Officer of State, who is appointed only for the day of coronations. The Lord Chancellor is appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister. Prior to the Union there were separate Lord Chancellors[1] for England and Wales, for Scotland, and for Ireland.
Apostolic Chancery, a former office of the Roman Curia
Chancery (diplomacy), the building that houses a diplomatic mission, such as an embassy
Chancery (medieval office), a medieval writing office
Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood, British office that deals with administration of Orders of Chivalry
Chancery (Scotland), legal office until 1928
Chancery (village), in Ceredigion, Wales
Diocesan chancery, which houses a diocese’s curia
Chancery hand, a name for multiple styles of historic writing
Court of equity, also called a chancery court
One of the Courts of Chancery
Court of Chancery, the chief court of equity in England and Wales until its abolition in 1873.
Court of Chancery
A court of equity, equity court or chancery court is a court that is authorized to apply principles of equity, as opposed to those of law, to cases brought before it.
These courts began with petitions to the Lord Chancellor of England. Equity courts “handled lawsuits and petitions requesting remedies other than damages, such as writs, injunctions, and specific performance”. Most equity courts were eventually “merged with courts of law”.[1]
Some states in the early republic of the United States followed the English tradition of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others vested their courts with both types of jurisdiction, as the US Congress did with respect to the federal courts.[2]
United States bankruptcy courts are the one example of a US federal court which operates as a court of equity.[1] Some common law jurisdictions—such as the U.S. states of Delaware, Mississippi, New Jersey, South Carolina, and Tennessee—preserve the distinctions between law and equity and between courts of law and courts of equity (or, in New Jersey, between the civil and general equity divisions of the New Jersey Superior Court).[3]
sinecure
Office with income but without tasks.
A sinecure (from Latin sine = “without” and cura = “care”) is an office – carrying a salary or otherwise generating income – that requires or involves little or no responsibility, labour, or active service. The term originated in the medieval church, where it signified a post without any responsibility for the “cure [care] of souls”, the regular liturgical and pastoral functions of a cleric, but came to be applied to any post, secular or ecclesiastical, that involved little or no actual work. Sinecures have historically provided a potent tool for governments or monarchs to distribute patronage, while recipients are able to store up titles and easy salaries.
A sinecure is not necessarily a figurehead, which generally requires active participation in government, albeit with a lack of power.
A sinecure can also be given to an individual whose primary job is in another office, but requires a sinecure title to perform that job. For example, the Government House Leader in Canada is often given a sinecure ministry position so that he or she may become a member of the Cabinet. Similar examples are the Lord Privy Seal and the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in the British cabinet. Other sinecures operate as legal fictions, such as the British office of Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds, used as a legal excuse for resigning from Parliament.
Lord Privy Seal
Keeper of the Seal
The Lord Privy Seal (or, more formally, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal) is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord President of the Council and above the Lord Great Chamberlain. Originally, its holder was responsible for the monarch’s personal (privy) seal (as opposed to the Great Seal of the Realm, which is in the care of the Lord Chancellor) until the use of such a seal became obsolete. The office is currently one of the traditional sinecure offices of state. Today, the holder of the office is invariably given a seat in the Cabinet of the United Kingdom.
Priest
Cure of Souls
In some denominations of Christianity, the cure of souls (Latin: cura animarum), an archaic translation which is better rendered today as “care of souls” is the exercise by priests of their office. This typically embraces instruction, by sermons, admonitions and administration of sacraments, to the congregation over which they have authority from the church. In countries where the Roman Catholic Church acted as the national church, the “cure” was not only over a congregation or congregations, but over a district. The assignment of a priest to a district subdividing a diocese was a process begun in the 4th century AD. The term parish as applied to this district comes from the Greek word for district, παρоικία.
Sacramental pastoral care is the administration of the sacraments (Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Holy Orders, Matrimony) that is reserved to consecrated priests except for Baptism (in an emergency, anyone can baptize) and marriage, where the spouses are the ministers and the priest is the witness.
νομοί
νομός
PREFECTURE
From 1836 until 2011, modern Greece was divided into nomoi (Greek: νομοί, singular νομός, nomos) which formed the country’s main administrative units. These are most commonly translated into English as “prefectures” or “counties”.
The Central African Republic is divided into sixteen prefectures.
τετραρχία
TETRARCHY
The term “tetrarchy” (from the Greek: τετραρχία, tetrarchia, “leadership of four [people]”)[a] describes any form of government where power is divided among four individuals, but in modern usage usually refers to the system instituted by Roman Emperor Diocletian in 293, marking the end of the Crisis of the Third Century and the recovery of the Roman Empire. This tetrarchy lasted until c. 313, when mutually destructive civil wars eliminated most of the claimants to power, leaving Constantine in control of the western half of the empire, and Licinius in control of the eastern half.
Herodian Tetrarchy
The Herodian Tetrarchy was formed following the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, when his kingdom was divided between his sons Herod Archelaus as ethnarch, Herod Antipas and Philip as tetrarchs in inheritance, while Herod’s sister Salome I shortly ruled a toparchy of Jamnia. Upon the deposition of Herod Archelaus in 6 CE, his territories (Judea, Samaria and Idumea) were transformed into a Roman province.
ἐθνάρχης
Ethnarch, pronounced /ˈɛθnɑːrk/, the anglicized form of ethnarches (Greek: ἐθνάρχης), refers generally to political leadership over a common ethnic group or homogeneous kingdom. The word is derived from the Greek words ἔθνος (ethnos, “tribe/nation”) and ἄρχων (archon, “leader/ruler”). Strong’s Concordance gives the definition of ‘ethnarch’ as “the governor (not king) of a district.”[1]
