MODAL VERBS (Could, Would, Should) Flashcards

Question

απαιτώ

Answer 1

REQUIRE απαιτώ • (apaitó) (simple past απαίτησα, passive απαιτούμαι) demand call for, require απαιτώ ``` Related terms απαίτηση f (apaítisi, “demand”) απαιτητικός (apaititikós, “demanding”) απαιτητός (apaititós, “due, demanded”) απαιτούμενος (apaitoúmenos, “necessary, demanded”) ```

Answer 2

NEED - LACK - REQUIRE - WANT From χρή (khrḗ, “it is necessary”) Verb χρή • (khrḗ) (impersonal, expressing necessity) have to, ought, should (with accusative of person and present or aorist infinitive) From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn”). χρῆναι • (khrênai) present active infinitive of χρή (khrḗ) Verb present active infinitive of χρή (khrḗ) ``` χρείᾱ • (khreíā) f (genitive χρείᾱς); first declension need, want, necessity want, poverty business, purpose (especially military purpose) employment, function use use, advantage, service familiarity, intimacy maxim ``` χρῆν • (khrên) third-person singular imperfect indicative active of χρή (khrḗ): (impersonal) it was necessary χρῄζω • (khrḗizō) (with genitive) need, lack ἐχρῆν • (ekhrên) third-person singular imperfect indicative active of χρή (khrḗ): (impersonal) it was necessary Verb χρειάζομαι • (chreiázomai) deponent (simple past χρειάστηκα) need, require 3rd persons singular are impersonal e.g. χρειάζεται: it is needed. Related terms αχρείαστος (achreíastos) χρεία f (chreía) χρειαζούμενος (chreiazoúmenos, “needed, necessary”) Verb χρειάζεται • (chreiázetai) 3rd person singular present form of χρειάζομαι (chreiázomai) also as (impersonal): it is needed

Answer 3

WILL / SHALL Shall and will are two of the English modal verbs. They have various uses, including the expression of propositions about the future, in what is usually referred to as the future tense of English. Historically, prescriptive grammar stated that, when expressing pure futurity (without any additional meaning such as desire or command), shall was to be used when the subject was in the first person, and will in other cases (e.g., "On Sunday, we shall go to church, and the preacher will read the Bible.") This rule is no longer commonly adhered to by any group of English speakers, and will has essentially replaced shall in nearly all contexts. Shall is, however, still widely used in bureaucratic documents, especially documents written by lawyers. Owing to heavy misuse, its meaning can be ambiguous and the United States government's Plain Language group advises writers not to use the word at all.[1] Other legal drafting experts, including Plain Language advocates, argue that while shall can be ambiguous in statutes (which most of the cited litigation on the word's interpretation involves), court rules, and consumer contracts, that reasoning does not apply to the language of business contracts.[2] These experts recommend using shall but only to impose an obligation on a contractual party that is the subject of the sentence, i.e., to convey the meaning "hereby has a duty to." The verb shall derives from Old English sceal. Its cognates in other Germanic languages include Old Norse skal, German soll, and Dutch zal; these all represent *skol-, the o-grade of Indo-European *skel-. All of these verbs function as auxiliaries, representing either simple futurity, or necessity or obligation.

Answer 4

MUST Must is a modal verb. It is followed by the base form of a verb. You use must to indicate that you think it is very important or necessary for something to happen. —————————————— Definition of must (Entry 1 of 4) auxiliary verb 1a : be commanded or requested to you must stop b : be urged to : ought by all means to you must read that book 2 : be compelled by physical necessity to one must eat to live : be required by immediate or future need or purpose to we must hurry to catch the bus 3a : be obliged to : be compelled by social considerations to I must say you're looking well b : be required by law, custom, or moral conscience (see CONSCIENCE sense 1) to we must obey the rules c : be determined to if you must go at least wait for me d : be unreasonably or perversely compelled to why must you argue 4 : be logically inferred (see INFER sense 1) or supposed to it must be time 5 : be compelled by fate or by natural law to what must be will be 6 : was or were presumably certain to : was or were bound to if he did it she must have known 7 dialect : MAY, SHALL —used chiefly in questions intransitive verb archaic : to be obliged to go ``` MUST as a noun Definition of must (Entry 2 of 4) 1 : an imperative need or duty : REQUIREMENT 2 : an indispensable item : ESSENTIAL exercise is a must ``` —————————————— Expressions of modality Classically, three categories of modality are distinguished in linguistics: epistemic, deontic and circumstantial (or 'root') modality.[1]:639[2]:47 Epistemic modality is possibility and necessity relative to a speaker's knowledge, while deontic modality has to do with permissions and obligations according to some system of rules. Circumstantial modality is relative to the relevant circumstances of a conversation and in general dependent on facts of the world rather than the agent's knowledge.[1]:640 These different modalities can be expressed by auxiliaries such as 'must' or 'can', and can be illustrated in the English example below: (1) Agatha must be the murderer. (expressing epistemic modality) (2) Agatha must go to jail. (expressing deontic modality) (3) Agatha must sneeze. (expressing circumstantial modality) The sentence in (1) might be spoken by someone who has decided that all of the relevant facts in a particular murder investigation point to the conclusion that Agatha was the murderer, even though it may or may not actually be the case. The 'must' in this sentence thus expresses epistemic modality, for 'for all we know', Agatha must be the murderer - where 'for all we know' is relative to some knowledge the speakers possess. In contrast, (2) might be spoken by someone who has decided that, according to some standard of conduct, Agatha has committed a vile crime, and therefore the correct course of action is to jail Agatha. The 'must' in sentence (3) has neither an epistemic reading (that Agatha must sneeze is not dependent on some speaker's knowledge), nor a deontic reading (it is not the case that Agatha must sneeze according to the law). Rather, that Agatha must sneeze is relative to the relevant circumstances of the utterance. Although the English 'must' is ambiguous between these interpretations, the form of the other elements in the sentences helps to disambiguate.

Answer 5

COULD / CAN / ABLE TO / MAY / MIGHT θα (“I will”) - (“maybe I will”) Added before the present verb forms to form the continuous or imperfective future tense. Added before the imperfect verb forms to form the conditional mood: (“If this - Then that”) μπόρεση f (“state of being able”) μπορετός (“being able”) μπορώ • (boró) (past μπόρεσα, passive —) (“can, be able”) Μπορείς αύριο; ― Can you make it tomorrow? Μπορούν να μιλήσουν Ελληνικά; ― Can they speak Greek? Μπορείς να πετύχεις τα πάντα. ― You can accomplish everything. may Μπορώ; Μπορώ! ― May I? I may! Μπορώ να έχω ένα ποτήρι νερό; ― Can I have a glass of water? Μπορεί να βρέξει αύριο. ― It may rain tomorrow. (3rd person singular - μπορεί) (“it is possible”) δεν μπορεί ― it's not possible δεν μπορεί να ― it cannot be ———————————————- EMPIRE - EMPORIUM Through a paregymological connection to ἔμπορος m (“merchant”) from Ancient Greek εὐπορέω (“to thrive, prosper, find means”). ἔμπορος • (émporos) m (genitive ἐμπόρου); second declension (Epic, Attic, Koine) one who is on a journey: wayfarer, traveller merchant, trader From ἐν- (“on”) +‎ πόρος (“journey”). εὔπορος • (eúporos) m or f (neuter εὔπορον); second declension Adjective easy to pass or travel through; easily got, easily done, easy ready, glib; (of persons) full of resources or devices, ingenious, inventive (opp. ἄπορος (áporos)) well-provided with, rich in, well off From εὐ- (“good”) +‎ πόρος (“passage”). εὐπορῐ́ᾱ • (euporíā) f (genitive εὐπορῐ́ᾱς); first declension Noun IPA(key): /eu̯.po.rí.aː/ → /eɸ.poˈri.a/ → /ef.poˈri.a/ ease [+infinitive = of doing something], easy means of providing or satisfying [+genitive = something] plenty, abundance [+genitive = of something], wealth εὔπορος (“easy to get or do, wealthy”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (abstract noun) Antonym: πενῐ́ᾱ (peníā) πενῐ́ᾱ • (peníā) f (genitive πενῐ́ᾱς); first declension poverty, indigence, beggary From πένης (“poor”) or πενέω (“to be poor”) +‎ -ια (noun). Antonyms: περῐουσῐ́ᾱ (wealth, abundance, plenty), πλοῦτος (rich) πόρος • (póros) m (genitive πόρου); second declension a means of passage, passageway, way, opening especially passage over a body of water: ford, strait, ferry, bridge a means to an end (biology) fiber, filament, thread journey ἐμπορίᾱ • (emporíā) f (genitive ἐμπορίᾱς); first declension trade, commerce a business From ἔμπορος (merchant) +‎ -ίᾱ (abstract noun) ``` εὐπορέω • (euporéō) Verb I prosper, thrive I have plenty of, abound in I find a way, find means I supply or furnish (philosophy) I have my doubts resolved, gain clear knowledge ``` ἐμπόρῐον • (empórion) n (genitive ἐμπορῐ́ου); second declension trading station, mart, factory, emporium market centre for a district without a city Latin - emporium From ἔμπορος (“merchant”) +‎ -ιον (diminutive suffix). πείρω (“Pierce”) Related to πείρω (“to pierce, to run through”) From περάω (“to drive right through”), from πέρα (péra). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per-. πέρα • (péra) Adverb beyond περᾰ́ω • (peráō) to go from one side to another to pass through over or traverse, cross, esp. over water (intransitive) to penetrate or pierce (of a pointed weapon) πέρᾱμᾰ • (pérāma) n (genitive πέρᾱμᾰτος); third declension A ferry The act itself of carrying or ferrying -μᾰ • (-ma) n (genitive -μᾰτος); third declension Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action πιπράσκω • (pipráskō) to sell, esp. for exportation (perfect passive, πέπραμαι) to be betrayed, ruined, undone from πιπεράσκω (piperáskō) reduplicated form of περάω (“to export for sale”). ``` περνάω/περνώ • (pernáo/pernó) (past πέρασα, passive περνιέμαι, p‑past περάστηκα, ppp περασμένος) pass, go past outrun, go past, overtake pass through, penetrate, thread, go through put on (clothing) coat (paint, etc) while (to pass time idly) ``` From περν-ώ (to pass, go through) + -άω (forms verb) From πέρα (“beyond”). πέρα • (péra) beyond Derived terms[edit] εκεί πέρα (ekeí péra, “over there”) εδώ πέρα (edó péra, “1. here; 2. in that case”) κάνω πέρα (káno péra, “1. step aside; 2. oust, distance”) πέρα από κάθε (péra apó káthe, “beyond”) πέρα βρέχει (péra vréchei) πέρα-δώθε (péra-dóthe, “back and forth”) πέρα για πέρα (péra gia péra, “totally, absolutely”) πέρα ως πέρα (péra os péra, “totally, absolutely”) τα βγάζω πέρα (ta vgázo péra, “I manage”) τα φέρνω πέρα (ta férno péra, “I manage”) Related terms Compounds, stem περν- διαπερνώ (diapernó, “pass through”) κακοπερνάω (“have bad time”), κακοπερνώ (bad journey) καλοπερνάω (“have good time”), καλοπερνώ (good journey) ξαναπερνάω (“pass again”), ξαναπερνώ (xanapernó) ξεπερνάω (“to overtake”), ξεπερνώ (xepernó) περνοδιαβαίνω (pernodiavaíno) προσπερνάω (prospernáo), προσπερνώ (prospernó) ψευτοπερνάω (pseftopernáo) Stem περασ-, περαστ- αδιαπέραστος (adiapérastos, “impenetrable”) αξεπέραστος (axepérastos, “unsurpassed”) απέραστος (apérastos) καλοπερασάκιας m (kaloperasákias) καλοπέραση f (kalopérasi, “good time”) πέραση f (pérasi) πέρασμα n (pérasma, “passage, passing”) περαστικός (perastikós, “passing”) περαστός (perastós) προπερασμένος (properasménos) ``` From Proto-Indo-European Root *per- before, in front first ———————————————- ``` ανημπόρια • (animpória) f (plural ανημπόριες) Abstract Noun indisposition, malaise, grogginess ανήμπορος adjective (“poorly, groggy”) ανήμπορος • (anímporos) m (feminine ανήμπορη, neuter ανήμπορο) Adjective poorly, groggy, seedy, indisposed

Answer 6

CANNOT / IMPOSSIBLE / IMPASSIBLE / UNCERTAIN απορία • (aporía) f (plural απορίες) question, wonder Να ζει κανείς ή να μη ζει: Ιδού η απορία. To be or not to be: That is the question. destitution, pauperism επίδομα απορίας ― destitution support (philosophy) aporia aporia (plural aporias) (rhetoric) An expression of deliberation with oneself regarding uncertainty or doubt as to how to proceed. (philosophy, post-structuralism) An insoluble contradiction in a text's meaning; a logical impasse suggested by a text or speaker. Synonyms: impasse, paradox, contradiction from Ancient Greek ἀπορία (aporía) from ἄπορος (“impassable”) from ἀ- (“not”) + πόρος (“passage”). ᾰ̓πορῐ́ᾱ • (aporíā) f (genitive ᾰ̓πορῐ́ᾱς); first declension (of places) a difficulty in passage difficulty, impossibility embarrassment, doubt, uncertainty, anxiety need, poverty puzzle From ᾰ̓́πορος (“impassable, difficult”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (-noun).

Answer 7

CONCENTRATION OF POWER - CENTRALIZATION ``` ἰσχύς, ύος, ἡ Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine Transliteration: ischus Phonetic Spelling: (is-khoos') Definition: strength, might Usage: strength (absolutely), power, might, force, ability. ``` 2479 isxýs (from the Gk root is, "force" and 2192/exō, "have") – properly, force to overcoming immediate resistance. From a derivative of ἰσ (force; compare eschon, a form of echo); forcefulness (literally or figuratively) -- ability, might(-ily), power, strength. ``` Revelation 7:12 N-NFS GRK: καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς τῷ θεῷ NAS: and power and might, [be] to our God KJV: power, and might, [be] unto our God INT: and strength to the God ``` ισχύς • (ischýs) f (plural ισχύες) power, might, strength force (physics) power From Ancient Greek ἰσχύς (“strength, power”). Probable compound of ἴς (“force, power”) + ἔχω (“I have, possess, contain”). ῑ̓́ς • (ī́s) f (genitive ῑ̓νός); third declension force, power muscle (of the body) ``` ἔχω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: echó Phonetic Spelling: (ekh'-o) Definition: to have, hold Usage: I have, hold, possess. ``` ``` From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- Root to chase, pursue to suppress, persecute ``` Cognate with Latin vīs. Noun vis (plural vires) (“Force; energy; might; power”) from Latin vītis (“vine”). ——————————————— συγκέντρωση • (sygkéntrosi) f (plural συγκέντρωση) centralisation (UK), centralization (US) mental concentration congregation (large gathering of people) assembly (legislative body) (chemistry) concentration (accounting) accumulation gathering ασχολούμαι με τη συγκέντρωση αποδείξεων για την αθωότητα του κατηγορούμενου I am working on gathering evidence for the innocence of the accused συγκέντρωση Related terms αποκέντρωση f (apokéntrosi, “decentralisation”) αποκεντρώνω (apokentróno, “to decentralise”) συγκεντρώνω (sygkentróno, “to centralise”) ——————————- A central goal of democracy is to achieve a disburse distribution of power. Participatory and representative institutions of government are designed with that goal in mind. And yet, a major theme of political discourse is the high and persistent degree of concentrated political power that emerges in democratic governments across space and time. The tendency for political power to concentrate is evidently difficult to control. This research investigates why political power concentrates. The investigators shall develop a framework and tools that offer clear strategic intuitions for how key players capture and control political processes, exploiting information about who has power in the future, and offering amendments contingent on previous voting decisions. Their framework launches a broader research agenda on identifying when information, transparency, and flexibility exacerbate the inequality of political and economic power. The investigators propose two models of dynamic political institutions. The first is a framework of negotiations and policymaking where players have information about which players have agenda-setting power in the future. They find that transparency can exacerbate inequality and inefficiency. The second project is a framework of a flexible agenda-setter who cannot vote on outcomes but can make proposals to a voting body. The investigators find that even when voters are far-sighted and sophisticated, an agenda setter can manipulate the voting body by flexibly offering amendments that are contingent on the voting outcome.

Answer 8

MIGHT - MIGHTY ``` ἰσχὺς (ischys) — 1 Occurrence Revelation 7:12 N-NFS GRK: καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς τῷ θεῷ NAS: and power and might, [be] to our God KJV: power, and might, [be] unto our God INT: and strength to the God ``` Interlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong's Numbers • Englishman's Greek Concordance • Englishman's Hebrew Concordance • Parallel Texts

Answer 9

SHOULD - BEHOOVES - NECESSARY Impersonal forms of δέω (déō, “to lack”). ἔδει • (édei) imperfect of δεῖ (deî, “one should”) ἐδέησε • (edéēse) third-person singular aorist active of δέω (déō) δεῖ • (deî) (with personal accusative and infinitive) it behoves one to, it is necessary to, one must (with impersonal accusative and infinitive) (when used in absolute an infinitive may be supplied) (with impersonal genitive) there is need of, there is wanting (with a personal dative) (with personal accusative) (nominative, rare) (neuter participle, absolute use) it being needful, fitting ``` δέω • (déō) Verb I bind, tie, fasten, fetter (figurative) (middle) I tie onto myself (with genitive) I hinder from (medicine) I brace ``` From Proto-Indo-European *deh₁- Proto-Indo-European Root *deh₁- to bind δέον • (déon) Noun That which is binding, needful, right, proper. Neuter present participle of δεῖ (deî, “it is necessary, it behoves”). δέον • (déon) n (plural δέοντα) Noun that which is right, proper, necessary Ανησυχείς υπέρ το δέον. ― Anisycheís ypér to déon. ― You worry too much, more than necessary. (in the plural) a set of actions or measures that must be taken for a given situation Έπραξε τα δέοντα. ― Épraxe ta déonta. ― He did what had to be done. (in the plural) compliments, respects Τα δέοντα στον πατέρα σας! ― Ta déonta ston patéra sas! ― My compliments to your father! Synonyms: χαιρετίσματα (chairetísmata), σέβη (sévi) πέραν του δέοντος (péran tou déontos, “more than is necessary”), πέραν τοῦ δέοντος πλέον του δέοντος (pléon tou déontos, “more than is necessary”), πλέον τοῦ δέοντος τα δέοντα n pl (ta déonta, “necessary things; compliments”) τι δέον γενέσθαι (ti déon genésthai, “what should be done?”), τί δέον γενέσθαι; το δέον γενέσθαι (to déon genésthai, “that which must be done”), τὸ δέον γενέσθαι υπέρ το δέον (ypér to déon, “more than is necessary”), ὑπέρ τὸ δέον

Answer 10

SHALL - WILL

Answer 11

MUST - OUGHT πρέπει • (prépei) impersonal (imperfect έπρεπε) (found only in the 3rd person) (+ genitive personal pronoun, personal use) to be fit for, to be worthy of, deserve Verb Του πρέπουν μεγάλες τιμές: πρέπει να πάρει βραβείο Νόμπελ. Tou prépoun megáles timés: prépei na párei vraveío Nómpel. Great honours are fitting for him: he must receive a Nobel prize. (singular only, impersonal use) must, have to, ought πρέπει να πω πως… ― prépei na po pos… ― I must say that… Δεν πρέπει να λες ψέματα. ― Den prépei na les psémata. ― Υou ought not to lie. ———————————————- πρέπω • (prépō) Verb to be clearly seen, to be visible or conspicuous among a number to be heard to smell strong to be conspicuously like, to be like, to resemble to be conspicuously fit, to become, beseem, suit (in participle) (neuter participle) that which is seemly, fitness, propriety, decorum (rarely with a person as the subject) fit (mostly impersonal) it is fitting, it beseems, suits, becomes (with personal accusative and infinitive) (with infinitive only) when an accusative alone follows, an infinitive must be supplied (transitive) to liken ``` δῐᾰπρέπω (diaprépō, “be prominent”) ἐκπρέπω (ekprépō, “be excellent”) ἐμπρέπω (emprépō, “be conspicuous in”) ἐνδῐᾰπρέπω (endiaprépō, “be distinguished in”) ἐπῐπρέπω (epiprépō, “be conspicuous”) εὐπρεπέω (euprepéō, “be acceptable”) εὐπρεπῐ́ζω (euprepízō, “be acceptable”) μετᾰπρέπω (metaprépō, “distinguish oneself”) σῠμπρέπω (sumprépō, “befit”) ``` διαπρέπω (diaprépo, “to distinguish yourself”) ευπρεπίζω (efprepízo, “to tidy up”) ἀξιοπρεπής • (axioprepḗs) m or f (neuter ἀξιοπρεπές); third declension Adjective proper, becoming From ἄξιος (“worthy”) +‎ πρέπω (“to be appropriate for”) +‎ -ής (adjective suffix). διαπρέπω • (diaprépo) (past διέπρεψα, passive —) distinguish oneself From Ancient Greek διαπρέπω. Synchronically analysable as δια- (“through”) + πρέπω (“beseem”). διαπρεπής (diaprepís, “distinguished”)

Answer 12

CAN - MAY - MAYBE ``` μπορώ • (boró) (past μπόρεσα, passive —) Verb can, be able Μπορείς αύριο; ― Mporeís ávrio? ― Can you make it tomorrow? ``` Μπορούν να μιλήσουν Ελληνικά; ― Mporoún na milísoun Elliniká? ― Can they speak Greek? Μπορείς να πετύχεις τα πάντα. ― Mporeís na petýcheis ta pánta. ― You can accomplish everything. may Μπορώ; Μπορώ! ― Mporó? Mporó! ― May I? I may! Μπορώ να έχω ένα ποτήρι νερό; ― Mporó na écho éna potíri neró? ― Can I have a glass of water? Μπορεί να βρέξει αύριο. ― Mporeí na vréxei ávrio. ― It may rain tomorrow. (3rd person singular - μπορεί) it is possible (impersonal) δεν μπορεί ― den mporeí ― it's not possible δεν μπορεί να ― den mporeí na ― it cannot be ανημπόρια f (animpória, “indisposition”), ανημποριά f (animporiá) ανήμπορος (anímporos, “poorly, indisposed”) μπόρεση f (bóresi, “state of being able”) (literary) μπορετός (boretós, “being able”) (literary)

Answer 13

POTENTIALLY From Greek: πόσις • (pósis) m (genitive πόσιος); third declension (“husband”) From Proto-Indo-European *pótis. Proto-Indo-European/ *pótis *pótis m master, ruler husband it's often assumed that the meaning "lord, husband" derived from an even older meaning "self", as found in Lithuanian pàts (“self”). DESPOT δεσπότης • (despótēs) m (genitive δεσπότου); first declension (Attic, Koine) master, lord (most commonly in the context of one who owns slaves) ruler, despot generally: owner An original phrase from Proto-Indo-European *déms pótis (“master of the house”), from *dṓm (“house”), whence also Ancient Greek δόμος (dómos, “house”); and *pótis (“master”), whence also Ancient Greek πόσις (pósis, “husband”); with an ending influenced by -της (-tēs, masculine adjectival suffix). Cognate with Sanskrit दम्पति (dám-pati, “lord of the house”). οἰκοδεσπότης • (oikodespótēs) m (genitive οἰκοδεσπότου); first declension master or steward of a house Synonyms: σταθμοῦχος (stathmoûkhos), στέγαρχος (stégarkhos) native ruler (opposite to foreign emperor) (astrology) dominant planet or otherwise owner of a domicile From οἶκος (oîkos, “household”) +‎ δεσπότης (despótēs, “master, ruler”). στᾰθμοῦχος • (stathmoûkhos) m (genitive στᾰθμούχου); second declension keeper of a house, landlord Synonyms: οἰκοδεσπότης (oikodespótēs), στέγαρχος (stégarkhos) (military) quartermaster householder on whom a soldier is billeted billeted soldier From σταθμός (“standing place”) +‎ ἔχω (“to bear, carry, bring”). στέγᾰρχος • (stégarkhos) m (genitive στεγᾰ́ρχου); second declension master of the house Synonyms: οἰκοδεσπότης (oikodespótēs), σταθμοῦχος (stathmoûkhos) From στέγος (stégos, “roof; house”) +‎ ἀρχός (“ruler”). ``` στέγος • (stégos) n (genitive στέγους or στέγεος); third declension roof house, mansion urn, grave brothel ``` στέγη • (stégē) f (genitive στέγης); first declension roof, ceiling shelter (by extension) roofed place, chamber, room (by extension) storey of a house (by extension) house, dwelling (by extension) deck of a ship From στέγω (stégō, “to cover”) +‎ -η (-ē, action noun suffix). στέγω • (stégō) to cover closely, so as to keep water either out or in στέγᾰστρον • (stégastron) n (genitive στεγᾰ́στρου); second declension covering, cover, wrapper (especially of leather) receptacle, place in which to hide or keep anything From στέγω (stégō, “to cover”) +‎ -τρον (-instrument noun). ``` οἶκος • (oîkos) m (genitive οἴκου); second declension house or dwelling place room, chamber meeting house, hall; monument birdcage (astrology) domicile of a planet estate, inheritance reigning house or family ``` From ϝοῖκος (woîkos), from Proto-Hellenic *wóikos, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“to enter, settle; settlement, homestead, village”). Cognates include Mycenaean Greek 𐀺𐀒 (wo-ko /wojkos/, “home”), Latin vīcus (whence English wick (“village”)), Sanskrit विश् (viś) and वेश (veśa), and Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs). vīcus m (genitive vīcī); second declension street; quarter, neighbourhood; row of houses village; hamlet municipal section or ward, farm From Proto-Italic *weikos, from Proto-Indo-European *weyḱ- (“village”). Cognate of Ancient Greek οἶκος (oîkos, “house”), Sanskrit विश् (víś, “settlement, dwelling-space”) and Gothic 𐍅𐌴𐌹𐌷𐍃 (weihs, “village, place”). Proto-Indo-European/ *dṓm *dṓm f home house δόμος • (dómos) m (genitive δόμου); second declension house, dwelling household Dwelling place of animals: barn, wasp's nest, snake's hole. δέμω • (démō) to build, construct, prepare, make. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀆𐀕𐀃𐀳 (de-me-o-te), from Proto-Hellenic [Term?]. Per Beekes, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dem-h₁-, an extension of the root *dem- (“to build”). ``` Proto-Indo-European Root *dem- to build (up) to arrange, to put together ``` δάπεδον • (dápedon) n (genitive δᾰπέδου); second declension floor From Proto-Indo-European *dḿ̥-pedom from *dem- + *ped-. Cognate to Sanskrit पद (padá, “step, footstep, footprint”), Old Armenian հետ (het, “footprint, track”), English foot, Latin pēs Hittite 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 (pēdan). 𒁉𒂊𒁕𒀭 • (pēdan) n place floor, ground πέδον • (pédon) n (genitive πέδου); second declension ground, earth πεδίον • (pedíon) n (genitive πεδίου); second declension open country, field, plain, flat πούς • (poús) m (genitive ποδός); third declension foot leg (unit of measure) Greek foot or pous, the ancient Greek and Byzantine unit of length originally based upon the length of a shod foot πόδι • (pódi) n (plural πόδια) (anatomy) leg (portion of the lower human appendage from the thigh to the ankle) Έσπασε το πόδι του παίζοντας ποδόσφαιρο. ― Éspase to pódi tou paízontas podósfairo. ― He broke his leg playing football. (anatomy) foot Του έκοψαν το πόδι επειδή είχε μολυνθεί το δάχτυλο του ποδιού. ― Tou ékopsan to pódi epeidí eíche molyntheí to dáchtylo tou podioú. ― They cut his foot off because the toe had become infected. (figuratively) leg (of a piece of furniture) Αυτό το τραπέζι έχει μόνο τρία πόδια. ― Aftó to trapézi échei móno tría pódia. ― This table only has three legs. (geography, figuratively) finger (of land) Η Χαλκιδική έχει τρία πόδια. ― I Chalkidikí échei tría pódia. ― Chalkidiki has three 'fingers'. (unit of measure) foot (unit of measure equal to twelve inches or one third of a yard) Το αεροσκάφος πετάει στα τριάντα χιλιάδες πόδια. ― To aeroskáfos petáei sta triánta chiliádes pódia. ― The aircraft is flying at thirty thousand feet. δάπεδο • (dápedo) n (plural δάπεδα) floor of a room, flooring δάπεδο τζακιού n (dápedo tzakioú, “fireplace”) πάτωμα • (pátoma) n (plural πατώματα) floor of a room, elevator etc. floor of a building (colloquial) wooden floor of a room see: πεζόδρομος m (pezódromos, “pedestrianised area”) Related terms[edit] πατώνω (patóno, “to floor, to bottom, to tamp down, to touch the bottom, to fail”) πατάω (patáo, “to step on”) περπατώ (perpató, “to walk”) δέμᾰς • (démas) n (indeclinable) body (adverbial) in such a form or fashion From δέμω (démō, “build”) δομή • (domí) f (plural δομές) structure (social, political, physical, etc) η δομή του ανθρώπινου σώματος ― i domí tou anthrópinou sómatos ― the structure of the human body δόμηση • (dómisi) f (plural δομήσεις) building, construction (the act or process) ————- Feminine / despot πότνιᾰ • (pótnia) f (genitive ποτνίᾱς); first declension mistress, lady Πότνια θηρῶν From Proto-Hellenic *pótnia, from Proto-Indo-European *pótnih₂. Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀡𐀴𐀛𐀊 (po-ti-ni-ja), Sanskrit पत्नी (patnī, “mistress, wife”), Lithuanian pati (“wife”). δέσποινα • (déspoina) f (plural δέσποινες) miss, Miss address for young, unmarried women female host, hostess lady mistress of the home From Ancient Greek δέσποινα (déspoina, “lady of the house, mistress”), from Proto-Hellenic *déspoňňa, from Proto-Indo-European *déms pótnih₂. Cognate with Avestan 𐬛𐬆𐬨𐬄𐬥𐬋.𐬞𐬀𐬚𐬥𐬍‎ (dəmąnō.paθnī, “mistress, housekeeper”) and Persian بانو‎ (bānū, “lady”). —————————————- Adverb potentially ( philosophy ) for something potentially real ( colloquial ) for what might happen Notes [ edit ] In meticulous philosophy the potential is that which exists in potential and not in action. " The tree is potentially present in the seed ." Speaking with philosophical rigor, the potential is not opposed to the real, but to the existing. potentially (adv.) mid-15c., potencialli, "in possibility, in an undeveloped or unrealized manner or state" (opposed to actually); from potential + -ly (2). potent (adj.) early 15c., "mighty, very powerful, possessed of inherent strength," from Latin potentem (nominative potens) "powerful," present participle of *potere "be powerful," from potis "powerful, able, capable; possible;" of persons, "better, preferable; chief, principal; strongest, foremost," from PIE root *poti- "powerful; lord." Meaning "having sexual power, capable of orgasm in sexual intercourse" (of men) is recorded by 1893. potency (n.) "power, inherent strength, ability to accomplish or effect," mid-15c., potencie, from Latin potentia "power," from potentem "potent," from potis "powerful, able, capable," from PIE root *poti- "powerful; lord." Related entries & more potentiate (v.) "endow with power," 1817 (Coleridge), from Latin potentia "power, might, force" (from potis "powerful, able, capable; possible," from PIE root *poti- "powerful; lord") + -ate (2) on model of German potenzieren. Specifically as "increase the effect of" (a drug, etc.) by 1917. Related: Potentiated; potentiating; potentiation. Related entries & more non compos mentis c. 1600, in law, "not capable, mentally, of managing one's own affairs," Latin, "not master of one's mind," from non "not" + compos "having power" (from com- "together" + potis "powerful") + mentis "of the mind," genitive of mens "mind." Related entries & more compos mentis (adj.) Latin, literally "in command of one's mind," from compos "having the mastery of," from com "with, together" (see com-) + stem of potis "powerful, master" (from PIE root *poti- "powerful; lord"), + mentis, genitive of mens "mind" (from PIE root *men- (1) "to think"). Related entries & more potence (n.) "potency, power, strength," early 15c., from Old French potence "power," from Latin potentia, from potis "powerful, able, capable," from PIE root *poti- "powerful; lord." The potence in watch-making, etc. (1670s) is from a special sense of French potence "a crutch." *poti- Proto-Indo-European root meaning "powerful; lord." It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit patih "master, husband;" Greek posis, Lithuanian patis "husband;" Latin potis "powerful, able, capable; possible." It forms all or part of: bashaw; compos mentis; despot; hospodar; host (n.1) "person who receives guests;" idempotent; impotent; omnipotent; pasha; plenipotentiary; posse; possess; possible; potence; potency; potent; potentate; potential; potentiate; potentiometer; power; totipotent.

Answer 14

SHALL shall (v.) Old English sceal, Northumbrian scule "I owe/he owes, will have to, ought to, must" (infinitive sculan, past tense sceolde) A common Germanic preterite-present verb (along with can, may, will) from Proto-Germanic *skal- source also of Old Saxon sculan Old Frisian skil, Old Norse Swedish skola Middle Dutch sullen Old High German solan German sollen Gothic skulan "to owe, be under obligation;" related via past tense form to Old English scyld "guilt," German Schuld "guilt, debt;" Old Norse Skuld, name of one of the Norns) from PIE root *skel- (2) "to be under an obligation." Ground sense of the Germanic word probably is "I owe," hence "I ought." The sense shifted in Middle English from a notion of "obligation" to include "futurity." Its past tense form has become should (q.v.). Cognates outside Germanic are Lithuanian skelėti "to be guilty," skilti "to get into debt;" Old Prussian skallisnan "duty," skellants "guilty." shan't by 1660s, "colloquial" [OED] contraction of shall not.

Answer 15

SHOULD should c. 1200, from Old English sceolde, past tense of sceal (see shall). Preserves the original notion of "obligation" that has all but dropped from shall.

Answer 16

WILL - VOLITION θέληση • (thélisi) f will, volition ——————————————— volition (countable and uncountable, plural volitions) A conscious choice or decision. [from early 17th c.] The mental power or ability of choosing; the will. Out of all the factors that can influence a person’s decision, none can match the power of his or her own volition. (linguistics) A concept that distinguishes whether or not the subject or agent intended something. From French volition, from Medieval Latin volitiō (“will, volition”), from Latin volō (“to wish; to want; to mean or intend”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose; to want”)) + -tiō (“suffix forming nouns relating to some action or the result of an action”) (ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-tis (“suffix forming abstract or action nouns from verbs”)). volition (n.) 1610s, from French volition (16c.), from Medieval Latin volitionem (nominative volitio) "will, volition," noun of action from Latin stem (as in volo "I wish") of velle "to wish," from PIE root *wel- (2) "to wish, will" (see will (v.)). Related: Volitional. intent (n.) "purpose," early 13c., from Old French entent, entente "goal, end, aim, purpose; attention, application," and directly from Latin intentus "a stretching out," in Late Latin "intention, purpose," noun use of past participle of intendere "stretch out, lean toward, strain," literally "to stretch out" (see intend). In law, "state of mind with respect to intelligent volition" (17c.). ——————————————— will (v.1) Old English *willan, wyllan "to wish, desire; be willing; be used to; be about to" (past tense wolde), from Proto-Germanic *willjan (source also of Old Saxon willian, Old Norse vilja, Old Frisian willa, Dutch willen, Old High German wellan, German wollen, Gothic wiljan "to will, wish, desire," Gothic waljan "to choose"). The Germanic words are from PIE root *wel- (2) "to wish, will" (source also of Sanskrit vrnoti "chooses, prefers," varyah "to be chosen, eligible, excellent," varanam "choosing;" Avestan verenav- "to wish, will, choose;" Greek elpis "hope;" Latin volo, velle "to wish, will, desire;" Old Church Slavonic voljo, voliti "to will," veljo, veleti "to command;" Lithuanian velyti "to wish, favor," pa-velmi "I will," viliuos "I hope;" Welsh gwell "better"). Compare also Old English wel "well," literally "according to one's wish;" wela "well-being, riches." The use as a future auxiliary was already developing in Old English. The implication of intention or volition distinguishes it from shall, which expresses or implies obligation or necessity. Contracted forms, especially after pronouns, began to appear 16c., as in sheele for "she will." In early use often -ile to preserve pronunciation. The form with an apostrophe ('ll) is from 17c.

Answer 17

WISH επιθυμία • (epithymía) f (plural επιθυμίες) desire, yearning Synonym: λαχτάρα (lachtára) wish —————————————— LUST (not related) λαγνείᾱ • (lagneíā) f (genitive λαγνείᾱς); first declension sex, sexual intercourse lasciviousness From λαγνεύω (lagneúō, “to have sex”) +‎ -ίᾱ (-íā). From λάγνης Abstract Noun Lust λάγνος Adjective Lustful ``` λαχτάρα Noun Desire, longing longing intense desire I am longing to see you person or thing that is the object of intense desire You are the craving I waiting with emotional charge he longed for the results of the exams the great fear, the agitation that follows a sudden event I had a great longing for his illness Impatience ``` ——————————————- OLD ENGLISH wish (v.) Old English wyscan "to wish, cherish a desire," ``` wȳsċan to wish (+genitive for something) ``` Verb[edit] ġewȳsċan to wish; desire to adopt From ġe- +‎ wȳsċan. ġe- used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfection forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co- forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process" forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs ġewȳsċendlīċ desirable adoptive (grammar) optative From ġewȳsċan (“to wish or to adopt”) +‎ -endlīċ. -endlīċ forming adjectives from verbs with the sense of "able to, capable of" ācumendlīc ― possible (literally, “able to arrive or come about”) būgendlīc ― capable of bending, bendable, flexible Combined form, created from -ende (present participle ending) +‎ -līċ (“-ly, like”) and from -end (agent suffix, ultimately from the present participle) +‎ -līċ (“-ly, like”). ġewȳsċednes f adoption From ġewȳsċed, past participle of ġewȳsċan (“to adopt”), + the suffix -nes. -nes Used to form abstract nouns, usually from adjectives, denoting quality or state; -ness ġewȳsċing f adoption From ġewȳsċan +‎ -ing. From Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs) -ing Used to form gerunds, a type of verbal nouns, from verbs. While forging the sword, something happened.; Trying to forge a sword, he has broken it. Used to form uncountable nouns from verbs denoting the act of doing something, an action. A making of a film; The forging of the sword took several hours of planning, preparation, and metalwork Used to form uncountable nouns from various parts of speech denoting materials or systems of objects considered collectively. Roofing is a material that covers a roof. Piping is a system of pipes considered collectively. -ung forming nouns from verbs, denoting verbal action or an instance of it; or denoting a substance involved in the verbal action. ————————————————— from Proto-Germanic *wunsk- (source also of Old Norse œskja, Danish ønske, Swedish önska, Middle Dutch wonscen, Dutch wensen, Old High German wunsken, German wunschen "to wish") from PIE root *wen- (1) "to desire, strive for." Related: Wished; wishing. Wishing well as an enchanted water hole attested by 1819. wish (n.) early 14c., "act of wishing," also "what one wishes for," from wish (v.). Cognate with Old Norse osk, Middle Dutch wonsc, Dutch wens, Old High German wunsc, German Wunsch "a wish." Wish fulfillment (1901) translates German wunscherfüllung (Freud, "Die Traumdeutung," 1900). Related entries & more *wen- (1) Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to desire, strive for." It forms all or part of: vanadium; Vanir; venerate; veneration; venerable; venereal; venery (n.1) "pursuit of sexual pleasure;" venery (n.2) "hunting, the sports of the chase;" venial; venison; venom; Venus; wean; ween; Wend "Slavic people of eastern Germany;" win; winsome; wish; wont; wynn. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit veti "follows after," vanas- "desire," vanati "desires, loves, wins;" Avestan vanaiti "he wishes, is victorious;" Latin venerari "to worship," venus "love, sexual desire; loveliness, beauty;" Old English wynn "joy," wunian "to dwell," wenian "to accustom, train, wean," wyscan "to wish." volition (n.) 1610s, from French volition (16c.), from Medieval Latin volitionem (nominative volitio) "will, volition," noun of action from Latin stem (as in volo "I wish") of velle "to wish," from PIE root *wel- (2) "to wish, will" (see will (v.)). Related: Volitional. desire (v.) "to wish or long for, express a wish to obtain," c. 1200, desiren, from Old French desirrer (12c.) "wish, desire, long for," from Latin desiderare "long for, wish for; demand, expect," the original sense perhaps being "await what the stars will bring," from the phrase de sidere "from the stars," from sidus (genitive sideris) "heavenly body, star, constellation" (but see consider). Related: Desired; desiring. consider (v.) late 14c., "to fix the mind upon for careful examination, meditate upon," also "view attentively, scrutinize; not to be negligent of," from Old French considerer (13c.) "reflect on, consider, study," from Latin considerare "to look at closely, observe," probably literally "to observe the stars," from assimilated form of com "with, together" (see con-) + sidus (genitive sideris) "heavenly body, star, constellation" (see sidereal). Perhaps a metaphor from navigation, but more likely reflecting Roman obsession with divination by astrology. Tucker doubts the connection with sidus, however, because it is "quite inapplicable to desiderare," and suggests derivation instead from the PIE root of English side meaning "stretch, extend," and a sense for the full word of "survey on all sides" or "dwell long upon." From 1530s as "to regard in a particular light." Related: Considered; considering. sidereal (adj.) also siderial, 1630s, "star-like;" 1640s, "of or pertaining to the stars," earlier sideral (1590s), from French sidereal (16c.), from Latin sidereus "starry, astral, of the constellations," from sidus (genitive sideris) "star, group of stars, constellation," which is of uncertain origin, perhaps from PIE root *sweid- "to shine" (source also of Lithuanian svidus "shining, bright"). Sidereal time is measured by the apparent diurnal motion of the fixed stars. The sidereal day begins and ends with the passage of the vernal equinox over the meridian and is about four minutes shorter than the solar day, measured by the passage of the sun over the meridian.

Answer 18

MOTIVE - KINETIC motive (n.) late 14c., "something brought forward, a proposition, assertion, or argument" (a sense now obsolete), from Old French motif "will, drive, motivation," noun use of adjective, literally "moving," from Medieval Latin motivus "moving, impelling," from Latin motus "a moving, motion," past participle of movere "to move" (from PIE root *meue- "to push away"). Meaning "that which inwardly moves a person to behave a certain way, mental state or force which induces an action of volition" is from early 15c. Hence "design or object one has in any action." Related entries & more *meue- *meuə-, Proto-Indo-European root meaning "to push away." It forms all or part of: commotion; emotion; mob; mobile; moment; momentary; momentous; momentum; motif; motility; motion; motive; moto-; motor; move; movement; mutiny; premotion; promote; remote; remove. It is the hypothetical source of/evidence for its existence is provided by: Sanskrit kama-muta "moved by love" and probably mivati "pushes, moves;" Greek ameusasthai "to surpass," amyno "push away;" Latin movere "move, set in motion;" Lithuanian mauti "push on." ————————————- κῐ́ω • (kíō) Verb to go ————————————- κινώ • (kinó) (past κίνησα, passive κινούμαι, p‑past κινήθηκα) move, start, arouse I am ready to go Synonym: κινάω (kináo) (colloquial, demotic) ————————————— ``` κῑνέω • (kīnéō) to set in motion, move, remove (grammar) to inflect to meddle to change, innovate to begin, cause to urge on, stir on to arouse, exasperate, anger, taunt, abuse (passive) to be moved, to stir, to move ``` ``` κῑνέω • (kīnéō) to set in motion, move, remove (grammar) to inflect to meddle to change, innovate to begin, cause to urge on, stir on to arouse, exasperate, anger, taunt, abuse (passive) to be moved, to stir, to move ``` ————————————— κίνημα • (kínima) n (plural κινήματα) movement (grouping working towards a common aim) το συνδικαλιστικό κίνημα (the trades union movement) mutiny, conspiracy, coup (group intent on radical social change) κῑ́νημᾰ • (kī́nēma) n (genitive κῑνήμᾰτος); third declension movement ————————————— κινητής • (kinitís) Genitive singular feminine form of κινητός (kinitós). Adjective κινητός • (kinitós) m (feminine κινητή, neuter κινητό) movable, mobile, moving ————————————— Noun κινητό • (kinitó) n (plural κινητά) (communication) mobile, mobile phone (UK), cell phone (US) τηλέφωνο n (tiléfono, “telephone”) ————————————— Adjective κινητός • (kinitós) m (feminine κινητή, neuter κινητό) movable, mobile, moving ————————————— Adjective κῑνητῐκός • (kīnētikós) m (feminine κῑνητῐκή, neuter κῑνητῐκόν); first/second declension of or for putting in motion moveable, mobile ————————————— ``` Noun κῑ́νησῐς • (kī́nēsis) f (genitive κῑνήσεως); third declension motion dance political movement, revolt change, revolution (grammar) inflection (law) punitive action ``` -σῐς • (-sis) f (genitive -σεως or -σῐος or -σηος); third declension Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process ————————————— κῑ́νητρον • (kī́nētron) n (genitive κῑνήτρου); second declension ladle or stick for stirring From κῑνέω (“to move, to stir”) +‎ -τρον (instrument noun suffix) ————————————— κίνητρο • (kínitro) n (plural κίνητρα) Noun (psychology) motivation incentive κινώ (kinó) +‎ -τρο (-tro) Antonym: αντικίνητρο (antikínitro) From Ancient Greek κῑ́νητρον (kī́nētron, “stick for stirring”), or else coined independently in modern Greek as κινώ (move) +‎ -τρο (noun) -τρον • (-tron) n (genitive -τρου); second declension Forms instrument nouns from Proto-Indo-European *-trom. *(é)-trom n Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument. Latin -tor > -tōrius (“of the doer, of doing”) > -tōrium (“thing/ place of the doer” κινάω • (kináo) (past κίνησα, passive κινιέμαι, p‑past κινήθηκα) (demotic, colloquial) (chiefly in the active) I am ready to go variant of κινώ (kinó) αντικίνητρο • (antikínitro) n (plural αντικίνητρα) (neologism) disincentive Antonym: κίνητρο (kínitro) αεικίνητο n (aeikínito, “which is in perpetual motion”) αεροκινητήρας m (aerokinitíras, “aero engine”) αεροκίνητος (aerokínitos, “airborne”) ακινησία f (akinisía, “motionlessness”) ακινητοποιώ (akinitopoió, “immobilise”) ακινητώ (akinitó, “be still”) ανακινώ (anakinó, “shake, stri”) αργοκινώ (argokinó, “move slowly”) αυτοκίνητο n (aftokínito, “automobile, car”) διακινώ (diakinó, “distribute”) δυσκινησία f (dyskinisía, “difficulty of motion”) ευκινησία f (efkinisía, “ease of motion, mobility”) κίνημα n (kínima, “coup, movement”) κινηματίας m (kinimatías) κινηματογράφος f (kinimatográfos, “cinema”) κίνηση f (kínisi, “movement”) & compounds κινησιο- (kinisio-) κινητήρας m (kinitíras, “motro”) κινητήριος (kinitírios, “moving, causing movement”) κινητικός (kinitikós, “moveable, mobile”) κινητικότητα f (kinitikótita, “movability”) κινητό n (kinitó, “mobile -phone-”) κινητοποίηση f (kinitopoíisi) κινητοποιώ (kinitopoió) κινητός (kinitós, “mobile”) -κίνητος (-kínitos) κίνητρο n (kínitro, “motivation”) μετακίνηση f (metakínisi, “repositioning, move”) μετακινώ (metakinó, “reposition, move”) ξεκινάω (xekináo, “start”), ξεκινώ (xekinó) παρακινώ (parakinó, “urge”) συγκινώ (sygkinó, “move emotionally”) τηλεκινησία f (tilekinisía) υποκινώ (ypokinó) ——————————————— συγκινώ • (sygkinó) (past συγκίνησα, passive συγκινούμαι, p‑past συγκινήθηκα, ppp συγκινημένος) (transitive) move, touch, affect, thrill, excite (affect emotionally) Με συγκίνησε πολύ αυτή η ταινία. Me sygkínise polý aftí i tainía. That film really touched me. Μας συγκίνησε η ανιδιοτέλειά του. Mas sygkínise i anidiotéleiá tou. His selflessness moved us. (transitive, usually in a negative sentence) appeal to, interest Δεν με συγκινεί η μοντέρνα κλασσική. Den me sygkineí i montérna klassikí. Modern classical (music) doesn't appeal to me. Also see passive συγκινούμαι (sygkinoúmai) from συν- (sun-, “with”) + κινέω (kinéo, “to move”). Equiavalent to (συν) συγ- +‎ κινώ. ————————————————- συγκίνηση • (sygkínisi) f (plural συγκινήσεις) emotion, excitement, thrill, stir (emotional affection) Υπήρξε μεγάλη συγκίνηση στην κηδεία του. Ypírxe megáli sygkínisi stin kideía tou. There was great emotion at his funeral. Έχει πρόβλημα με την καρδιά και ο γιατρός του συνέστησε να αποφεύγει τις συγκινήσεις. Échei próvlima me tin kardiá kai o giatrós tou synéstise na apofévgei tis sygkiníseis. He has a problem with his heart and the doctor recommended that he avoid (too much) excitement. ———————————————- συγκινημένος • (sygkiniménos) m (feminine συγκινημένη, neuter συγκινημένο) moved, touched (affected emotionally) (often implies tears or crying) Φάνηκε πολύ συγκινημένη στην κηδεία. Fánike polý sygkiniméni stin kideía. She looked very moved at the funeral. Perfect participle of συγκινούμαι (sygkinoúmai), passive voice of συγκινώ (“I move emotionally”). —————————————— συγκινούμαι • (sygkinoúmai) passive (past συγκινήθηκα, ppp συγκινημένος, active συγκινώ) be moved, be touched (be affected emotionally) (often implies tears or crying) Συγκινήθηκα όταν είδα το φέρετρο. Sygkiníthika ótan eída to féretro. I was moved (to tears) when I saw the coffin. Οι ζητιάνοι βάζουν παιδάκια να ζητιανέψουν, για να συγκινηθεί ο κόσμος. Oi zitiánoi vázoun paidákia na zitianépsoun, gia na sygkinitheí o kósmos. Beggars put little kids out to beg so that everyone will be touched. care, be interested Ό,τι και να του πεις αυτουνού, δε συγκινείται! Ó,ti kai na tou peis aftounoú, de sygkineítai! No matter what you tell him, he doesn't care! Γέρος άνθρωπος ενενήντα χρόνων, και κανένας στο λεωφορείο δε συγκινήθηκε να του δώσει θέση! Géros ánthropos enenínta chrónon, kai kanénas sto leoforeío de sygkiníthike na tou dósei thési! An old man of ninety and not one person on the bus cared enough to give him a seat! ————————————————- συγκινητικός • (sygkinitikós) m (feminine συγκινητική, neuter συγκινητικό) moving, touching (emotionally affecting) Αυτό το τραγούδι είναι πολύ συγκινητικό. Aftó to tragoúdi eínai polý sygkinitikó. That song is very moving. Το συγκινητικό θέαμα των συγγενών στην κηδεία. To sygkinitikó théama ton syngenón stin kideía. The moving sight of relatives at the funeral. from συν- (sun-, “with”) + κινέω (kinéo, “to move”) + -τικός (-tikós, “-ing, -tic”). ———————————————— Adjective / Adverb συγκινητικά • (sygkinitiká) movingly, touchingly (in an emotionally affecting manner) μια συγκινητικά ωραία ιστορία ― mia sygkinitiká oraía istoría ― a movingly lovely story ———————————————— Adverb συγκινητικώς • (sygkinitikós) (formal) movingly, touchingly (in an emotionally affecting manner) μια συγκινητικώς ωραία ιστορία ― mia sygkinitikós oraía istoría ― a movingly lovely story

Answer 19

ANIMUS - ANIMATE - SOUL έμψυχος, -η, -ο ( literally ) ( metaphorically ) that has a soul ( materialized ) the souls : all living beings ( humans , animals ) From ἐν (in, within) + ψυχή (soul, animating principle) ψυχή the basic principle of human existence , the life of man and married people have a soul the intangible basic element of human nature , as opposed to the material that is the body until the human soul finds ... the immortal element of human existence May God rest his soul . the emotional , spiritual and moral world of man has a good soul the kindness , the generosity of a man do not you have a soul ? ( by extension ) the benevolent , generous man is a great soul man as an individual there was no soul on the road the courage , the bravery wants a soul to ... he was a man with a soul a person who with his presence and actions strengthens and inspires courage in the society to which he belongs was the soul of the team ( Platonic atheism ) considered as the supreme counter-ideal that can not be defined not because of human weakness but because it is not contained in the "eternal archetypes" as defined differently by Platonic atheists (not Plato) ( entomology ) the butterfly ( music ) (instrument accessory) a small stick inside the string speaker of a musical instrument, which helps transmit the vibrations of the strings and is critical for the quality of the sound ——————————————— εμψυχώνω encourage, reanimate, animate animate ( passive voice : animate ) give soul to something inanimate , the render animate , to give life ≈ synonyms : I am alive ( Figuratively ) I give mental strength , courage , courage or confidence in someone or something ≈ synonyms : revivify , egkardiono , encourage , quicken , tone up ———————————————- ζωογονώ quicken, vitalize, vivify, animate ———————————————- ψυχισμός psyche the psychic world of the individual, the mental functioning of has a disturbed psyche The investigation of the human psyche is mainly the subject of psychology, psychiatry, but also sociology ———————————————— ψυχούλα soul ( as a sign of sympathy ) the soul of a man his soul knows what he has pulled the very kind, sensitive , tender and kind person who wants to help others out of kindness and compassion , who never wants to hurt anyone ψυχούλα < ψυχ ( ή ) + diminutive suffix -ούλα ————————————————— soul ``` breath , breath , breath , life itself THE elipe soul : fainted Soul pernicious : the death The Law of soul agony about the soul to fight : he fights for his life (Homer) ``` ⁇ τῶνδε τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἀρετὴ τὴς⁇ λλάδος ἦν ψυχή : για νεκρούς σε πόλεμο, ότι η αρετή τους έσωσε τη ζωή της Ελλάδας the immortal part of human existence or the psychic part of human existence, the soul, the psyche bliss is what makes the soul energies flat aretin perfect (Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics ) ἀγένητόν τε καὶ ἀθάνατον ψυχή (Πλάτωνας) the most valuable item for a man or a city money gar soul vrotoisi (Hesiod) πᾶσι δ᾽ ἀνθρώποις ψυχή τέκν᾽ [ἐστί] ( Ευριπίδης ) Pasha state Soul City Estin tosaftin having a force extinguishes approx college of fronisis ( address ) tender address for a loved one, adored, precious Or soul studies the spirit of a dead man ψυχαί δ᾽ Ἄϊδόσδε κατῆλθον mood , will , heart , vigor μορφὰν βραχύς, ψυχὰν δ᾽ ἄκαμπτος (Πίνδαρος) ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς the temperament , the nature beasts soul imeroumen ———————————————- ψυχάριον neutral psyche (& psyche ) diminutive of soul , small soul

Answer 20

ENCOURAGE - FOSTER ενθαρρύνω • (entharrýno) (past ενθάρρυνα, passive ενθαρρύνομαι) encourage, foster Antonym: αποθαρρύνω (apotharrýno) αποθαρρύνω • (apotharrýno) (past αποθάρρυνα, passive αποθαρρύνομαι) discourage, dishearten Antonym: ενθαρρύνω (entharrýno) Noun αποθάρρυνση • (apothárrynsi) f (plural αποθαρρύνσεις) discouragement gloom, despondency, dejection

Answer 21

WILL - GOAL - AIM - PURPOSE - TARGET - INTENT ``` σκοπός • (skopós) m (genitive σκοποῦ); second declension watcher, lookout protector, guardian spy, scout mark, target goal, aim ``` From σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “I observe”). σκοπός • (skopós) m (plural σκοποί) goal (aim, desired result) guard (occupation) tune, melody αντικατασκοπεία f (antikataskopeía, “counterintelligence”) σκόπευση f (skópefsi, “aim, aiming”) σκοπευτήριο n (skopeftírio, “rifle range”) σκοπευτής m (skopeftís, “marksman”) σκοπευτικός (skopeftikós, “shooting”) σκοπεύτρια f (skopéftria, “markswoman”) σκόπευτρο n (skópeftro, “viewfinder”) σκοπεύω (skopévo, “aim, aim at”) σκοπιά f (skopiá, “observation post, watchtower”) —————————————- ``` σκέπτομαι • (sképtomai) I look at, examine I examine, consider, think (rarely) I think, deem I prepare, premeditate ``` —————————————— ``` ἄσκεπτος • (áskeptos) m or f (neuter ἄσκεπτον); second declension inconsiderate, unreflecting unconsidered, unobserved unseen, hidden too small to be observed, negligible ``` From ἀ- (a-, not) +‎ σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “to see”). ——————————- δῐᾰσκέπτομαι • (diasképtomai) (deponent) (Koine) Synonym of δῐᾰσκοπέω (diaskopéō) look at in different ways, examine or consider well διασκέπτομαι • (diasképtomai) deponent (past διασκέφθηκα) I am in conference Synonym: συσκέπτομαι (sysképtomai) from δια- (“through”) +‎ σκέπτομαι (“think”). ——————————————— συσκέπτομαι • (sysképtomai) deponent (past συσκέφθηκα) I am in conference from συ- (συν-) (“with, co-”) +‎ σκέπτομαι (“think”). σύσκεψη f (sýskepsi, “conference”) διασκέπτομαι (diasképtomai, “I am in conference”) συνδιασκέπτομαι (syndiasképtomai, “I take part in a conference”) and see: σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “think”) συνδιασκέπτομαι • (syndiasképtomai) deponent (past συνδιασκέφθηκα) I am in conference along with others Morphologically, from συν- (“co-, plus”) +‎ δια- (“through”) +‎ σκέπτομαι (“think”). ———————————————- Adjective σκεπτικός • (skeptikós) m (feminine σκεπτική, neuter σκεπτικό) contemplative, meditative, thoughtful Adjective σκεπτῐκός • (skeptikós) m (feminine σκεπτῐκή, neuter σκεπτῐκόν); first/second declension thoughtful, inquiring (philosophy, in the plural, substantive) a sceptic, a member of the school of thought founded by Pyrrho of Elis From σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “to consider”) +‎ -ικός (-ikós). -ῐκός • (-ikós) m (feminine -ῐκή, neuter -ῐκόν); first/second declension Added to noun stems to form adjectives: of or pertaining to, in the manner of; -ic ————————————————— ``` Noun σκέψῐς • (sképsis) f (genitive σκέψεως); third declension viewing, sensory perception, observation examination, speculation, consideration doubt, hesitation (politics) resolution, decree ``` From σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “to consider”) +‎ -σῐς (abstract noun). —————————————————- ``` Noun σκόπελος • (skópelos) m (genitive σκοπέλου); second declension lookout place peak; headland, promontory watchtower ``` —————————————————— Verb σκοπεύω • (skopévo) (past σκόπευσα, passive —) aim, take aim aim, intend σκοπός m (skopós, “observer, watcher, aim, goal”) ``` Noun σκοπός • (skopós) m (plural σκοποί) goal (aim, desired result) guard (occupation) tune, melody ``` ``` Noun σκοπός • (skopós) m (genitive σκοποῦ); second declension watcher, lookout protector, guardian spy, scout mark, target goal, aim ``` From Ancient Greek σκοπός (skopós, “lookout, watcher”) Noun σκοπιά • (skopiá) f (plural σκοπιές) watchtower, sentry viewpoint αντικατασκοπεία • (antikataskopeía) f (plural αντικατασκοπείες) counterintelligence, counterespionage, secret service Noun σκοπευτήριο • (skopeftírio) n shooting range Verb σκοπέω • (skopéō) I look, look at, behold; I examine, inspect (figuratively) I contemplate, consider I look for (middle) like active, perhaps implying a more deliberate consideration From σκοπός (“watcher”) +‎ -έω (denominative verbal suffix) Noun σκοπή • (skopḗ) f (genitive σκοπῆς); first declension a vantage point, a lookout, a watchtower From σκέπτομαι (sképtomai) +‎ -η (-forms an action noun). Noun σκοπιά • (skopiá) f (plural σκοπιές) watchtower, sentry viewpoint ``` Adjective ᾰ̓́σκοπος • (áskopos) m or f (neuter ᾰ̓́σκοπον); second declension inconsiderate, heedless, unregarding not to be seen, invisible not to be understood, unintelligible bewildering, strange ``` From ἀ- (not) +‎ σκοπέω (“to consider, examine”) +‎ -ος (adjective). Adjective ᾰ̓́σκοπος • (áskopos) m or f (neuter ᾰ̓́σκοπον); second declension aimless, without a goal From ἀ- (a-, not) +‎ σκοπός (skopós, “aim, goal”). —————————————————- επισκέπτομαι • (episképtomai) deponent (past επισκέφτηκα/επισκέφθηκα) (επισκέφθηκα is formal) visit (to go and meet or see) from επι- (“over”) +‎ σκέπτομαι (“think”). επίσκεψη f (epískepsi, “visit”) επισκεπτήριο n (episkeptírio) επισκέπτης m (episképtis, “visitor”), επισκέπτρια f (episképtria) επισκέπτρια f (episképtria, “district nurse”) and see: σκέπτομαι (sképtomai, “think”) επίσκεψη • (epískepsi) f (plural επισκέψεις) visit Σας υπενθυμίζω την επίσκεψη του Δαλάι Λάμα στις 31 Μαΐου στις Βρυξέλλες. Sas ypenthymízo tin epískepsi tou Dalái Láma stis 31 Maḯou stis Vryxélles. Let me remind you of the Dalai Lama’s visit to Brussels on 31 May. Noun επισκέπτης • (episképtis) m (plural επισκέπτες, feminine επισκέπτρια) visitor, guest επισκέπτης καθηγητής ― episképtis kathigitís ― visiting professor district nurse Related terms βιβλίο επισκεπτών n (vivlío episkeptón, “visitors' book, guest book”) επίσκεψη f (epískepsi, “visit, visitor”) επισκέπτομαι (episképtomai, “to visit”) See also πελάτης m (pelátis, “hotel guest, patron, customer”) αντεπίσκεψη • (antepískepsi) f (plural αντεπισκέψεις) return visit επισκέπτρια • (episképtria) f (plural επισκέπτριες, masculine επισκέπτης) visitor district nurse, community nurse Noun επισκεπτήριο • (episkeptírio) n (plural επισκεπτήρια) visiting hour(s) (by extension) visitor(s) (during visitor hours) visiting card, card σκεπτόμενος participle (“thinker, thinking”) ————————————————- LATIN Cognate to Latin speciō (“I see”) speciō (present infinitive specere, perfect active spexī, supine spectum); third conjugation iō-variant I observe, watch, look at Synonym: spectō ``` spectō (present infinitive spectāre, perfect active spectāvī, supine spectātum); first conjugation I watch, observe, look at I test I consider I aim, strive, or endeavour after ``` ``` Proto-Indo-European / *speḱyeti Etymology From *speḱ- +‎ *-yeti. Verb *spéḱyeti (imperfective) to be looking at, to keep looking at ``` Proto-Indo-European / *speḱ- Root *speḱ- to see, to look, to observe *(é)-yeti Creates transitive imperfective verbs from roots.

Answer 22

QUICKEN - ANIMATE - GIVE LIFE - STIMULATE (Literally) life/animate + born Quicken stimulate or become stimulated. "her interest quickened" ``` Similar: stimulate excite stir up arouse rouse waken animate ``` quicken I give life , I stimulate ``` Related words refresh life-giving invigorating animating ``` ``` quicken verb (used with object) to make more rapid; accelerate; hasten: She quickened her pace. to give or restore vigor or activity to; stir up, rouse, or stimulate: to quicken the imagination. to revive; restore life to: The spring rains quickened the earth. verb (used without object) to become more active, sensitive, etc.: This drug causes the pulse to quicken. to become alive; receive life. (of the mother) to enter that stage of pregnancy in which the fetus gives indications of life. ``` ———————————————- ``` γόνω γόνω: translation offspring that which is begotten masc / fem nom / voc / acc dual offspring that which is begotten masc / fem gen sg (doric aeolic) ``` ``` γόνος offspring child, descendant The offspring of a well - known family was seen as the protagonist of the theater sperm, seed the pollen of flowers fish eggs or pups brood fishing is prohibited ``` γόνῳ - γόνος that which is begotten masc / fem dat sg… Greek morphological index (Ελληνική μορφολογικοί δείκτης ) γόνωι - γόνῳ, γόνος that which is begotten masc / fem dat sg… Greek morphological index (Ελληνική μορφολογικές δείκτης ) ζωγονώ - ζωγονώ, έω (Α) πάπ. (for trees) I am thirsty, I am in prosperity. ΕΤΥΜΟΛ.

Answer 23

MAY - MIGHT Μήπως (not certain) Verb maybe • ( boreí ) impersonal may μήπως From Ancient Greek phrase μή (mḗ) πως (pōs). ``` μήπως • (mípos) if, by any chance, perhaps Μήπως θέλεις να βγούμε; Mípos théleis na vgoúme? By any chance would you like to go? ``` Μήπως είδες το παιδί μου; Mípos eídes to paidí mou? Did you by any chance see my child? as if, didn't? (forming rhetorical questions that indicate the opposite of the question is true) Μήπως δεν τον βοήθησα τόσες φορές; Mípos den ton voḯthisa tóses forés? As if I didn't help him so many times. in case, for fear that, lest Φοβήθηκα μήπως του έγινε κάτι, αργεί πολύ. Fovíthika mípos tou égine káti, argeí polý. I'm worried in case something happened to him, he's very late. ——————————————— μή From Proto-Indo-European *meh₁ (prohibitive particle) Particle μή • (mḗ) (negative particle) not (used in clauses expressing will or thought) (with an imperative or subjunctive in negative commands) (with an optative or past indicative, expressing a negative wish) (in a question expecting a negative answer) (in dependent clauses) (with participle representing conditional clause) (in warnings or statements of fear) (in independent clauses) that ... not; that (introducing indirect statement after verb of fearing or apprehension) that πως • (pōs) (indefinite adverb) In any way, at all, by any means In a certain way

Answer 24

MAYBE - (as far as I can say) ``` Adverb ίσως • (ísos) might, may, perhaps, maybe (expressing possibility) Ίσως να είναι σπίτι. Ísos na eínai spíti. He might be home. Ίσως δεν ξέρει τί έγινε. Ísos den xérei tí égine. Maybe she doesn't know what happened. ``` From Ancient Greek ἴσως (ísōs, “equally”), adverbial form of ἴσος (ísos, “like, equal”); surface analysis ίσος (ísos) +‎ -ως (-os). ``` Adverb ἴσως • (ísōs) equally, fairly, equitably probably perhaps, maybe Synonyms: ποθι (pothi), τάχα (tákha), τυχόν (tukhón) (with numerals) about, approximately ``` From ἴσος (maybe) +‎ ως (as far as) Adverb[edit] ως • (os) as Να δέχεσαι τα πράγματα ως έχουν. (To accept things as they are.) Particle[edit] ως • (os) as Σας μιλώ ως επιστήμονας. (I speak to you as a scientist.) Αντιμετωπίστε καθετί νέο ως πρόκληση! (Treat everything new as a challenge!) Preposition[edit] ως • (os) (position): to, as far as πάω ως την άκρη του κόσμου. (I go to the end of the world.) (time): until, before, by Θα είμαι στο σπίτι ως τις έξι. (I'll be home before six.)

Answer 25

CERTAINLY σίγουρα (sígoura, “certainly, definitely”) Adverb for sure with confidence , with certainty this candidate will definitely be the winner sure Adverb σίγουρα • (sígoura) certainly, inescapably, inevitably, unavoidably Adverb άφευκτα • (áfefkta) certainly, inescapably, inevitably, unavoidably

Answer 26

DEONTIC LOGIC Neuter present participle of δεῖ (deî, “it is necessary, it behoves”). Noun δέον • (déon) That which is binding, needful, right, proper. Participle δέον • (déon) nominative/accusative/vocative singular neuter of δέων (déōn) Noun[edit] δέον • (déon) That which is binding, needful, right, proper. δέον • (déon) n (plural δέοντα) ``` that which is right, proper, necessary Ανησυχείς υπέρ το δέον. Anisycheís ypér to déon. You worry too much, more than necessary. (in the plural) a set of actions or measures that must be taken for a given situation Έπραξε τα δέοντα. Épraxe ta déonta. He did what had to be done. (in the plural) compliments, respects Τα δέοντα στον πατέρα σας! Ta déonta ston patéra sas! My compliments to your father! Synonyms: χαιρετίσματα (chairetísmata), σέβη (sévi) ``` Verb δεῖ • (deî) (with personal accusative and infinitive) it behoves one to, it is necessary to, one must (with impersonal accusative and infinitive) (when used in absolute an infinitive may be supplied) (with impersonal genitive) there is need of, there is wanting (with a personal dative) (with personal accusative) (nominative, rare) (neuter participle, absolute use) it being needful, fitting Etymology Impersonal forms of δέω (déō, “to lack”). Inflection[edit] Present indicative: δεῖ (deî) Present subjunctive: δέῃ (déēi), δῇ (dêi) Present optative: δέοι (déoi) Present infinitive: δεῖν (deîn) Present participle: δέον (déon), δεῖν (deîn) Imperfect: ἔδει (édei), ἔδεε (édee) (Ionic) Future: δεήσει (deḗsei) Aorist: ἐδέησε (edéēse) ``` Related terms Formal expressions (& polytonic, where different) ``` πέραν του δέοντος (péran tou déontos, “beyond what is necessary”) πέραν τοῦ δέοντος πλέον του δέοντος (pléon tou déontos, “more than is necessary”) πλέον τοῦ δέοντος τα δέοντα n pl (ta déonta, “necessary things; compliments”) τι δέον γενέσθαι (ti déon genésthai, “what should be done?”) τί δέον γενέσθαι το δέον γενέσθαι (to déon genésthai, “that which must be done”) τὸ δέον γενέσθαι υπέρ το δέον (ypér to déon, “more than is necessary”), ὑπέρ τὸ δέον ——————————————————————— Phrase[edit] το δέον γενέσθαι • (to déon genésthai) (Katharevousa) that which must be done Ας σκεφτούν οι πολιτικοί το δέον γενέσθαι. As skeftoún oi politikoí to déon genésthai. The politicians should contemplate on what must be done. Singular neuter article τό (tó) + neuter present participle δέον (déon) (of δέω2 (déō2, “to need”)) + middle aorist infinitive γενέσθαι (genésthai) of γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “to become”).

Answer 27

ESSENTIAL - NECESSARY Adjective απαραίτητος • (aparaítitos) m (feminine απαραίτητη, neuter απαραίτητο) needed, necessary, required, indispensable

Answer 28

YOU NEED TO - YOU MUST - PROPER Verb πρέπω • ( prépō ) to be clearly seen, to be visible or conspicuous among a number to be heard to smell strong to be conspicuously like, to be like , to resemble to be conspicuously fit, to become, beseem , suit ( in participle ) ( neuter participle ) that which is seemly, fitness , propriety , decorum ( rarely with a person as the subject ) fit ( mostly impersonal ) it is fitting, it beseems, suits, becomes ( with personal accusative and infinitive ) ( with infinitive only ) when an accusative alone follows, an infinitive must be supplied Verb must • ( prepei ) impersonal ( imperfect had ) ( found only in the 3rd person ) ( + genitive personal pronoun , personal use ) to be fit for, to be worthy of, deserve He deserves great honors; he must win a Nobel Prize. Tou prépoun megáles timés; prepei na párei vraveío Nómpel. Great honors are fitting for him; he must receive a Nobel prize. ( singular only , impersonal use ) must , have to , ought must say that ... - prepei na po pos ... - I must say that ... You must not lie. - Den prépei na les psemata. - You ought not to lie. πρέπων (prépon, “fitting, suitable”, participle) Noun πρέπων • (prépōn) m (genitive πρέποντος); third declension kind of fish Perhaps from πρέπω (“to be appropriate”), properly "fit for eating". ``` Derived terms θεοπρόπος ( theoprópos ) -πρέπεια f ( -prépeia ) -must ( -prepes ) ἀξιοπρεπή ( axioprepḗs ) -πρεπόντως ( -prepóntōs , adverbs ) -πρεπῶς ( -prepôs , adverbs ) Compounds of the verb: ``` δῐᾰπρέπω ( diaprépō , “ be prominent ” ) ἐκπρέπω ( ekprépō , “ be excellent ” ) ἐμπρέπω ( emprépō , “ be conspicuous in ” ) ἐνδῐᾰπρέπω ( endiaprépō , “ be distinguished in ” ) ἐπῐπρέπω ( epiprépō , “ be conspicuous ” ) εὐπρεπέω ( euprepéō , “ be acceptable ” ) εὐπρεπῐ́ζω ( euprepízō , “ be acceptable ” ) μετᾰπρέπω ( metaprépō , “ distinguish oneself ” ) σῠμπρέπω ( sumprépō , “ befit ” ) Descendants [ edit ] Greek: must ( prepei ) ( this term descends in the impersonal form and as compund verbs ) διαπρέπω ( diaprépo , “ to distinguish yourself ” ) ευπρεπίζω ( efprepízo , “ to tidy up ” ) Adjective ἀξιοπρεπή • ( axioprepḗs ) m or f ( neuter ἀξιοπρεπών ); third declension proper, becoming, dignified From Axios (“worthy " ) + should (“to be appropriate for " ) + ή (adjective suffix ) . διαπρέπω • (diaprépo) (past διέπρεψα, passive —) distinguish oneself δια- (“through”) + πρέπω (prépō, “beseem”). ————————————————————— LATIN ``` Adjective proprius (feminine propria, neuter proprium); first/second-declension adjective one's own (inalienable) belonging to oneself as property personal, private, exclusive (not shared with others) particular to one case, special Antonym: commūnis (of activities) proper to, characteristic of a given set of persons or things (of words) proper, literal, strict Antonyms: trā(ns)lāticius, trā(ns)lātus concrete, specific used of proper nouns ``` for *proprīvus, from the root of prīvus (“individual”) from Proto-Indo-European *prey-wo-s (“being in front”). for *propatrius, from pro- +‎ pater, meaning “from one's forefathers” taking Ancient Greek προπάτωρ (“forefather”) as comparison. ``` Proto-Indo-European Etymology From *preyH- +‎ *-ós. Adjective *priHós dear, beloved happy, free ``` Celtic: *ɸriyos (“free”) ————————————————————- PROPER Adjective κατάλληλος suitable, appropriate, proper, right, convenient, fit αρμόζων proper, befitting From the root of “Harmony” καθώς πρέπει decent, proper, seemly κύριος main, leading, chief, dominant, capital, proper κόσμιος decent, comely, neat, tidy, decorous, proper ίδιος same, self, proper, self-same ————————————————————— HARMONY - FIT - PROPER - SUITABLE αρμόζων, -ουσα, -ον where appropriate , that fits , decent appropriate < share present tense of suitable αρμόζω fit (usually in the third person) I fit , I am the right one from a moral point of view. I adapt, I adapt. appropriate, “these words are not appropriate for a young person” ``` ἁρμόζω join , connect , make fit engage arrange , cyber , dioiko befit , suit , I'm fit ``` Noun αρμονία harmony, tune, keeping, unison, symphony, concordance Indo-European root * h₂er - ( connect , match , place together ) ἁρμόζω From Early Indo-European * h₂er - ( connect , match , place together ). From Ancient Greek: συνδέω συνδέω connect , aor . : Plugged / I connected I connect two things with a material or intangible bond, so that they form a whole or communicate with each other. I bought a cable to connect the two computers. They are constructing an air corridor to connect the two remote wings to the main building. integrate something into a whole or a network . The municipal crew came to connect us to the water supply and sewerage network. correlate , assume that there is something in common between two elements or show the existence of such a relationship . Police have not yet been able to link the findings from the crime scene to the main suspect. I am the element that unites two things. Their connecting long friendship The pipe that connects us to the water supply network broke . ( computer network ) interface : I place a device (computer, printer, etc.) on a network via a network interface (port)

Answer 29

YOU BETTER

Answer 30

YOU MIGHT WANT TO CONSIDER

Answer 31

IT WOULD BE IN YOUR BEST INTEREST

Answer 32

YOUR MONEY OR YOUR LIFE IF NOT THIS — THEN THAT THREAT

Answer 33

YOU ARE OBLIGED TO

Answer 34

YOU SHALL GO

Answer 35

YOU MUST GO

Answer 36

YOU MUST PAY πληρώ I pay ( passive voice : I am paid ) ( scholar ) I fulfill , I respond πληρώσεις payments ( yes, let, if, maybe etc ) second subjunctive singular indefinite of the verb I pay you will pay : b 'singular definite instant future of the verb I pay Clitic type of noun payments filling in the roll , the accusative and vocative of plural πληρόω • (plēróō) to fill, make full to finish, complete to fulfill πλήρης (plḗrēs, “full”) +‎ -όω (-óō, factitive verb suffix) Adjective πλήρης • (plḗrēs) m or f (neuter πλῆρες); third declension full [+genitive = of something], complete from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-, pleh₁-r-. Compare Latin plērus. Proto-Indo-European Root *pleh₁- (perfective) to fill ``` Verb πλήθω • (plḗthō) I am or become full, I swell (transitive, only in later poets) I go through a period of time (from the filling of the moon) ``` Latin: pleō pleō (present infinitive plēre, perfect active plēvī, supine plētum); second conjugation Combining form used to form prefixed verbs with the approximate meaning "to fill". ca. 500, Pompeius, In artem Donati p. 240 l.34: […] est conpositum quod nōn potest fierī simplex, ut conpleō: nēmō potest dīcere pleō. it's likewise a compound when it cannot be used on its own, such as complete: one can't say plete.

Answer 37

WISH επιθυμώ wish I want , I seek "I would like you to put it another way" I miss something or someone (and I wish ) "the child is missing at the camp and I wished for it " ἐπιθυμέω ———————————————————— θυμός • (thymós) m (plural θυμοί) anger, rage from Proto-Indo-European *dʰuh₂mós (“smoke”). ``` Noun θῡμός • (thūmós) m (genitive θῡμοῦ); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Aeolic, Koine) soul, as the seat of emotion, feeling, and thought soul, life, breath soul, heart desire, will temper, passion, disposition anger, rage, wrath heart, love thought, mind ``` Noun ἐπῐθῡμῐ́ᾱ • (epithūmíā) f (genitive ἐπῐθῡμῐ́ᾱς); first declension yearning, longing, desire, craving Often with a negative connotation: lust Related to ἐπῐ́θῡμος (epíthūmos, “desirous”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā). ``` Synonyms ἵμερος (hímeros) Noun ῑ̔́μερος • (hī́meros) m (genitive ῑ̔μέρου); second declension yearning, longing desire, love ``` Aeolic Greek *ἵμμερος (*hímmeros) ⲉⲡⲓⲑⲩⲙⲓⲁ Coptic Etymology Borrowed from Ancient Greek ἐπιθυμία (epithumía). Noun ⲉⲡⲓⲑⲩⲙⲓⲁ • (epithumia) f (plural ⲉⲡⲓⲑⲩⲙⲓⲁ (epithumia)) desire, yearning ————————————————————- εὐχή εύχομαι εὐχή • (eukhḗ) f (genitive εὐχῆς); first declension prayer, wish From εὔχομαι (“pray, wish”) +‎ -η (suffix forming action nouns). εύχομαι εύχομαι • (éfchomai) deponent (past ευχήθηκα) I wish Σου εύχομαι χρόνια πολλά για τα γενέθλιά σου. Sou éfchomai chrónia pollá gia ta genéthliá sou. I wish you many years for your birthday. From Ancient Greek εὔχομαι (“pray, wish”). with εύχομαι αντεύχομαι (antéfchomai, “wish back”) απεύχομαι (apéfchomai, “wish away”) προσεύχομαι (proséfchomai, “pray”) and απευκταίος (apefktaíos, “undesired”) απευχή f (apefchí, “not a wish”) ευκταίος (efktaíos, “desired”) ευχέλαιο n (efchélaio, “holy oil for blessings”) (religion) ευχετήριος (efchetírios, “with greetings”) ευχέτης m (efchétis) (ecclesiastic) ευχετικός (efchetikós, “wishing, desiderative”) ευχή f (efchí, “wish”) ευχολογικός (efchologikós, “related to ευχολόγιο”) ευχολόγιο n (efchológio, “book with prayers, blessings; wishful thinking”) (ecclesiastic) προσευχή f (prosefchí, “prayer”) προσευχητάριο n (prosefchitário), προσευχητάρι n (prosefchitári, “book with prayers”) (ecclesiastic) ``` Verb εὔχομαι • (eúkhomai) to pray, offer prayers to pray for, wish for, long for to vow or promise to do to profess loudly, to boast, vaunt ``` ————————————————————- ``` Verb ᾰ̓πεύχομαι • (apeúkhomai) wish away, wish it may not happen reject, despise avert by prayer ``` ᾰ̓πευκταῖος (apeuktaîos, “ἀπευκτός”) ᾰ̓πευκταίως (apeuktaíōs, “to the loss of our hopes”, adverb) ᾰ̓πευκτέος (apeuktéos, “detestable”) ᾰ̓πευκτικός (apeuktikós, “deprecatory”) ᾰ̓πευκτός (apeuktós, “to be deprecated, abominable”) ᾰ̓πεύχετος (apeúkhetos, “ἀπευκτός”) ᾰ̓πευχή f (apeukhḗ, “deprecation”) ἐξᾰπεύχομαι (exapeúkhomai, “ἀπεύχομαι very much”) ————————————————————- ``` Verb ἐπεύχομαι • (epeúkhomai) to pray (to) to imprecate (upon) to exult (over) to boast ``` From ἐπι- (epi-) +‎ εὔχομαι (eúkhomai) ————————————————————- ``` Verb προσεύχομαι • (proseúkhomai) to pray, vow (with accusative) (absolute) to offer prayers, worship to pray for a thing ``` From πρός (prós, “to”) + εὔχομαι (eúkhomai, “to pray, vow”) Morphologically, προσ- (“towards”) + εύχομαι (“wish”). Related terms προσευχόμενος (prosefchómenos, present participle) προσευχή f (prosefchí, “prayer”) προσευχητάριο n (prosefchitário), προσευχητάρι n (prosefchitári, “book with prayers”) (ecclesiastic) and see: εύχομαι (éfchomai, “I wish”), ευχή f (efchí, “the wish”) ————————————————————- OPTATIVE MOOD ἔγκλῐσῐς (hē euktikḗ énklisis, “the inflection expressing wishing”): see εὐκτῐκός (euktikós). Noun εὐκτῐκή • (euktikḗ) f (genitive εὐκτῐκῆς); first declension (grammar) The optative mood Adjective εὐκτῐκός • (euktikós) m (feminine εὐκτῐκή, neuter εὐκτῐκόν); first/second declension Related to wishing (grammar) Used to express a wish: the forms of the optative mood expressing a prayer or vow (substantive) εὐκτῐκόν: utterance in the form of a prayer or wish From εὐχ- (eukh-), the stem of εὔχομαι (eúkhomai, “to wish, pray, or vow”), + -τῐκός (-tikós, verbal adjective suffix). ἔγκλῐσῐς • (énklisis) f (genitive ἐγκλῐ́σεως); third declension inclination; slope defeat, failure (medicine) displacement (grammar) mood of a verb (grammar) throwing back of the accent or change of acute accent to grave accent (grammar, generally) inflection of derivative forms From ἐγκλίνω (enklínō, “to incline”) +‎ -σῐς (-sis). ————————————————————- ————————————————————- To pine Etymology 2 From Middle English pine, pyne, from Old English *pīn (“pain”), from Proto-Germanic *pīnō (“pain, torment, torture”), possibly from Latin poena (“punishment”), from Ancient Greek ποινή (poinḗ, “penalty, fine, bloodmoney”). Cognate to pain. Etymology 3 From Middle English pinen, from Old English pīnian (“to torment”), from Proto-Germanic *pīnōną, from Proto-Germanic *pīnō (“pain, torment, torture”), from the noun (see above). Cognate with German peinigen (“to torment, torture”), Icelandic pína (“to torment”). Verb pine (third-person singular simple present pines, present participle pining, simple past and past participle pined) To languish; to lose flesh or wear away through distress. Synonyms: languish, droop (intransitive) To long, to yearn so much that it causes suffering. Synonyms: long, yearn Laura was pining for Bill all the time he was gone. (transitive) To grieve or mourn for. (transitive) To inflict pain upon; to torment. Synonyms: torment, torture, afflict ποινή Noun ποινή • (poiní) f (plural ποινές) (law) punishment, sentence, penalty Noun ποινή • (poinḗ) f (genitive ποινῆς); first declension blood money, wergeld fine, ransom, penalty, penance, satisfaction Synonyms: ζημῐ́ᾱ (zēmíā), θωή (thōḗ) compensation redemption, release from Proto-Indo-European *kʷoynéh₂, from the root *kʷey- (“to pay”). αξιόποινος (axiópoinos, “punishable, criminal”) ποινικολόγος (poinikológos, “criminal lawyer”) ποινικοποίηση (poinikopoíisi, “penalisation”) ποινικοποιώ (poinikopoió, “to penalise”) ποινικός (poinikós, “criminal, penal”) ποινολόγιο (poinológio, “crime sheet”) ————————————————————— prayer (countable and uncountable, plural prayers) (uncountable) A practice of communicating with one's God. Through prayer I ask for God's guidance. In many cultures, prayer involves singing. (countable) An act of praying. The specific words or methods used for praying. Christians recite the Lord's Prayer. For Baha'is there's a difference between obligatory and devotional prayer. A meeting held for the express purpose of praying. Grandpa never misses a chance to go to prayer. (countable) A request; a petition. This, your honor, is my prayer; that all here be set free. (in the singular, mostly in negative constructions) The remotest hope or chance. That team doesn't have a prayer of winning the championship. From Middle English preiere, from Anglo-Norman preiere, from Old French priere, proiere, from Medieval Latin or Late Latin precāria, feminine of Latin precārius (“obtained by entreaty”), from precor (“beg, entreat”). ———————————————————————- From Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to request, ask”). prex f (genitive precis); third declension prayer; request entreaty Verb precor (present infinitive precārī, perfect active precātus sum); first conjugation, deponent I beseech, beg, pray, entreat I wish well or ill (to someone); I greet with a wish From prex (“request, petition, prayer”) from Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask, woo”). ``` Adjective precārius (feminine precāria, neuter precārium); first/second-declension adjective related to entreaty or petition obtained by entreaty or by mere favor doubtful, uncertain, precarious ``` Old English freġnan, friġnan (“to ask, inquire, learn”). More at frain. freġnan Alternative form of friġnan (“to ask”) ``` Old Saxon Etymology From Proto-West Germanic *fregnan Verb fregnan to ask, pray sie mid is uuordun fragn huene sie sokean quamin (Heliand, verse 4839) ``` Verb frain (third-person singular simple present frains, present participle fraining, simple past frained or frain or (rare) froin, past participle frained or froun or (rare) frounen) (transitive, dialectal or obsolete) To ask, inquire. From Middle English frainen, freinen (“to ask”), from Old English freġnan, friġnan (“to ask, inquire, learn”), from Proto-West Germanic *fregnan, from Proto-Germanic *frehnaną (“to ask”), from Proto-Indo-European *preḱ- (“to ask, woo”). —————————————————————— OLD ENGLISH Verb ġewȳsċan to wish; desire to adopt From ġe- +‎ wȳsċan. ġe- used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfection forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co- forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process" forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs ġewȳsċendlīċ (“adoptive”) ġewȳsċendlīċe (“by adoption”) ġewȳsċednes (“adoption”) ġewȳsċing (“adoption”) —————————————————————— YEARN Etymology 1[edit] The verb is derived from Middle English yernen, yern (“to express or feel desire; to desire, long or wish for; to lust after; to ask or demand for”) [and other forms],[1] from Old English ġeornan (“to desire, yearn; to beg”) [and other forms], from Proto-West Germanic *girnijan (“to be eager for, desire”), from Proto-Germanic *girnijaną (“to desire, want”), from *gernaz (“eager, willing”) (from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn for”)) + *-janą (suffix forming factitive verbs from adjectives).[2] The noun is derived from the verb.[3] Verb[edit] yearn (third-person singular simple present yearns, present participle yearning, simple past and past participle yearned) (intransitive, also figuratively) To have a strong desire for something or to do something; to long for or to do something. quotations ▼ All I yearn for is a simple life. (specifically) To long for something in the past with melancholy or nostalgia. quotations ▼ (intransitive) Of music, words, etc.: to express strong desire or longing. quotations ▼ (intransitive, dated) To have strong feelings of affection, love, sympathy, etc., toward someone. quotations ▼ (intransitive, obsolete) To be distressed or pained; to grieve; to mourn. quotations ▼ (transitive) Often followed by out: to perform (music) which conveys or say (words) which express strong desire or longing. (transitive, archaic or poetic) To have a strong desire or longing (for something or to do something). Synonym: earn (obsolete) (transitive, obsolete) To cause (someone) to have strong feelings of affection, love, sympathy, etc.; also, to grieve or pain (someone). From Middle English yerning, from Old English ġierning, ġierninge. Equivalent to the gerund (yearn + -ing). yearn comes from Proto-West Germanic *girnijan, from Proto-Germanic *girnijaną, from *gernaz (“eager, willing”) + *-janą, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn for”). From earlier yerning, from Middle English yernyng, erning, renning. From Old English rynning and gerunnen, geurnen (“run together, coagulated, curdled”), past participles of gerinnan, geirnan, respectively. Influenced by Middle English yern (“to (cause to) coagulate or curdle”), Old English iernan (“to run, flow”), metathesized forms derived from the same origin. From verbal prefix ge- + rinnan (“to run”). First element is from Proto-West Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Germanic *ga-, from Proto-Indo-European *ḱóm (“with, by”); second element is from Proto-Germanic *rinnaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃r̥-néw-ti, from *h₃er- (“to move”). Doublet of rennet, run. ``` Old English: iernan Pronunciation IPA(key): /ˈi͜yr.nɑn/, [ˈi͜yrˠ.nɑn] Verb iernan (West Saxon) Alternative form of rinnan ``` Old English: rinnan To run, to flow

Answer 38

WISH - DESIRE εὐχή • (eukhḗ) f (genitive εὐχῆς); first declension prayer, wish From εὔχομαι (“pray, wish”) +‎ -η (suffix forming action nouns). εύχομαι εύχομαι • (éfchomai) deponent (past ευχήθηκα) I wish Σου εύχομαι χρόνια πολλά για τα γενέθλιά σου. Sou éfchomai chrónia pollá gia ta genéthliá sou. I wish you many years for your birthday. From Ancient Greek εὔχομαι (“pray, wish”). with εύχομαι αντεύχομαι (antéfchomai, “wish back”) απεύχομαι (apéfchomai, “wish away”) προσεύχομαι (proséfchomai, “pray”) and απευκταίος (apefktaíos, “undesired”) απευχή f (apefchí, “not a wish”) ευκταίος (efktaíos, “desired”) ευχέλαιο n (efchélaio, “holy oil for blessings”) (religion) ευχετήριος (efchetírios, “with greetings”) ευχέτης m (efchétis) (ecclesiastic) ευχετικός (efchetikós, “wishing, desiderative”) ευχή f (efchí, “wish”) ευχολογικός (efchologikós, “related to ευχολόγιο”) ευχολόγιο n (efchológio, “book with prayers, blessings; wishful thinking”) (ecclesiastic) προσευχή f (prosefchí, “prayer”) προσευχητάριο n (prosefchitário), προσευχητάρι n (prosefchitári, “book with prayers”) (ecclesiastic) ``` Verb εὔχομαι • (eúkhomai) to pray, offer prayers to pray for, wish for, long for to vow or promise to do to profess loudly, to boast, vaunt ``` ————————————————————- ``` Verb ᾰ̓πεύχομαι • (apeúkhomai) wish away, wish it may not happen reject, despise avert by prayer ``` ᾰ̓πευκταῖος (apeuktaîos, “ἀπευκτός”) ᾰ̓πευκταίως (apeuktaíōs, “to the loss of our hopes”, adverb) ᾰ̓πευκτέος (apeuktéos, “detestable”) ᾰ̓πευκτικός (apeuktikós, “deprecatory”) ᾰ̓πευκτός (apeuktós, “to be deprecated, abominable”) ᾰ̓πεύχετος (apeúkhetos, “ἀπευκτός”) ᾰ̓πευχή f (apeukhḗ, “deprecation”) ἐξᾰπεύχομαι (exapeúkhomai, “ἀπεύχομαι very much”) ————————————————————- ``` Verb ἐπεύχομαι • (epeúkhomai) to pray (to) to imprecate (upon) to exult (over) to boast ``` From ἐπι- (epi-) +‎ εὔχομαι (eúkhomai) ————————————————————- ``` Verb προσεύχομαι • (proseúkhomai) to pray, vow (with accusative) (absolute) to offer prayers, worship to pray for a thing ``` From πρός (prós, “to”) + εὔχομαι (eúkhomai, “to pray, vow”) Morphologically, προσ- (“towards”) + εύχομαι (“wish”). Related terms προσευχόμενος (prosefchómenos, present participle) προσευχή f (prosefchí, “prayer”) προσευχητάριο n (prosefchitário), προσευχητάρι n (prosefchitári, “book with prayers”) (ecclesiastic) and see: εύχομαι (éfchomai, “I wish”), ευχή f (efchí, “the wish”) ————————————————————- OPTATIVE MOOD ἔγκλῐσῐς (hē euktikḗ énklisis, “the inflection expressing wishing”): see εὐκτῐκός (euktikós). Noun εὐκτῐκή • (euktikḗ) f (genitive εὐκτῐκῆς); first declension (grammar) The optative mood Adjective εὐκτῐκός • (euktikós) m (feminine εὐκτῐκή, neuter εὐκτῐκόν); first/second declension Related to wishing (grammar) Used to express a wish: the forms of the optative mood expressing a prayer or vow (substantive) εὐκτῐκόν: utterance in the form of a prayer or wish From εὐχ- (eukh-), the stem of εὔχομαι (eúkhomai, “to wish, pray, or vow”), + -τῐκός (-tikós, verbal adjective suffix). ἔγκλῐσῐς • (énklisis) f (genitive ἐγκλῐ́σεως); third declension inclination; slope defeat, failure (medicine) displacement (grammar) mood of a verb (grammar) throwing back of the accent or change of acute accent to grave accent (grammar, generally) inflection of derivative forms From ἐγκλίνω (enklínō, “to incline”) +‎ -σῐς (-sis).

Answer 39

DESIRE - WISH - WANT επιθύμει επιθυμία επιθυμείς The cause of pain is the selfish desire of the Buddha Do not wish for others (Do not desire foreign things) Kleovoulos If you do not want much, the few will seem to you a lot Unknown If you do not want much, the few will seem to you a lot Democritus If you want to make someone rich, do not add money to them, take away their desires Assistant desire (third-person singular simple present desires, present participle desiring, simple past and past participle desired) To want; to wish for earnestly. I desire to speak with you. To put a request to (someone); to entreat. To want emotionally or sexually. She has desired him since they first met. To express a wish for; to entreat; to request. To require; to demand; to claim. To miss; to regret. From Middle English desire (noun) and desiren (verb), from Old French desirer, desirrer, from Latin dēsīderō (“to long for, desire, feel the want of, miss, regret”), apparently from de- + sidus (in the phrase de sidere, "from the stars") in connection with astrological hopes. Compare consider. Compare also desiderate. From Middle English desire (noun) and desiren (verb), from Old French desirer, desirrer, from Latin dēsīderō (“to long for, desire, feel the want of, miss, regret”), apparently from de- + sidus (in the phrase de sidere, "from the stars") in connection with astrological hopes. Compare consider. Compare also desiderate. ``` sīdus n (genitive sīderis); third declension constellation, asterism a star Synonyms: astēr, astrum, stēlla (poetic) the night sky (figuratively) a season (of the year) ``` ``` Compare Greek: σῐ́δηρος Noun σῐ́δηρος • (sídēros) m (genitive σῐδήρου); second declension iron iron tool sword blacksmith's shop, smithy ``` Greek: ῑ̔δρώς Noun ῑ̔δρώς or ῐ̔δρώς • (hīdrṓs or hidrṓs) m or f (genitive ῑ̔δρῶτος or ῐ̔δρῶτος); third declension sweat, perspiration gum, sap juice, moisture anything earned by the sweat of one's brow Compare Latin sīdus. Some refer this to Proto-Indo-European *sweyd-, whence Latin sūdor, Ancient Greek ἱδρώς (hidrṓs), English sweat. ``` Proto-Indo-European Root *sweyd- sweat to sweat ``` ``` Compare Greek: ῑ̓δίω Ancient Greek: ῑ̓δίω (īdíō) Verb ῑ̓δῑ́ω • (īdī́ō) I sweat, perspire ``` ``` Old English swāt (English sweat). Noun swāt m or n sweat used of other moisture that comes from the body, especially blood ``` swǣtan (“to sweat”) swātiġ (“sweaty”) swātþȳrel (“a pore”) ``` Latin: sūdor Noun sūdor m (genitive sūdōris); third declension sweat moisture ``` Derived terms ἀκροσίδηρος (akrosídēros, “pointed or tipped with iron”) ἀσίδηρος (asídēros, “not of iron”) αὐτοσίδηρος (autosídēros, “of sheer iron”) βαρυσίδηρος (barusídēros, “heavy with iron”) βραχυσίδηρος (brakhusídēros, “(of a dart) with a short, small head”) εὐσίδηρος (eusídēros, “well-ironed”) κατασιδηρόω (katasidēróō, “to plate with iron”) μακροσίδηρος (makrosídēros) ὁλοσίδηρος (holosídēros, “all iron”) περισιδηρόομαι (perisidēróomai, “to be cased with iron”) περισίδηρος (perisídēros, “cased with iron”) σιδηραγωγός (sidēragōgós, “attracting iron”) σιδηρεία (sidēreía, “working in iron”) σιδηρεῖα (sidēreîa, “iron-works, iron-mines”) σιδηρένδετος (sidēréndetos, “iron-banded”) σιδηρεόεις (sidēreóeis) σιδήρεος (sidḗreos, “made of iron”) σιδηρεύς (sidēreús, “worker in iron, smith”) σιδηρεύω (sidēreúō, “to work in iron”) σιδηρήεις (sidērḗeis) σιδηρίζω (sidērízō, “to be like iron”) σιδήριον (sidḗrion, “implement”) σιδηριουργός (sidēriourgós) σιδηρίσκος (sidērískos) σιδηρίτης (sidērítēs, “of iron”) σιδηρῖτις (sidērîtis, “ironwort”) σιδηροβασταγή (sidērobastagḗ, “provision, supply of iron”) σιδηρόβαφος (sidēróbaphos, “of ferruginous colour”) σιδηροβόλιον (sidērobólion, “anchor”) σιδηροβόρος (sidērobóros, “a file”) σιδηροβριθής (sidērobrithḗs, “iron-loaded”) σιδηροβρώς (sidērobrṓs, “iron-eating”) σιδηροδάκτυλος (sidērodáktulos, “iron-fingered”) σιδηροδέσμος (sidērodésmos, “with bonds of iron”) σιδηροδετέω (sidērodetéō, “to bind in iron”) σιδηρόδετος (sidēródetos, “iron-bound”) σιδηρόεις (sidēróeis) σιδηροθήκη (sidērothḗkē, “armoury”) σιδηροθώραξ (sidērothṓrax, “with iron breastplate”) σιδηροκατάδικος (sidērokatádikos, “condemned to the iron”) σιδηροκμής (sidērokmḗs, “slain by iron”) σιδηροκόλεος (sidērokóleos, “iron-sheathed”) σιδηροκόντρα (sidērokóntra, “with barbed iron spears”) σιδηροκόπος (sidērokópos) σιδηρόκωπος (sidērókōpos, “armed with iron”) σιδηρομήτωρ (sidēromḗtōr, “mother of iron”) σιδηρονόμος (sidēronómos, “distributing with iron”) σιδηρόνωτος (sidērónōtos, “iron-backed”) σιδηροπέδη (sidēropédē, “iron fetter”) σιδηρόπλαστος (sidēróplastos, “moulded of iron”) σιδηρόπληκτος (sidēróplēktos, “smitten by iron”) σιδηρόπλοκος (sidēróplokos, “plaited of iron”) σιδηροπλύτης (sidēroplútēs, “one who washes iron”) σιδηροποίκιλος (sidēropoíkilos, “a variegated stone”) σιδηρόπους (sidērópous, “iron-footed”) σιδηρόπτερος (sidērópteros, “iron-winged”) σιδηροπώλης (sidēropṓlēs, “ironmonger”) σιδηρόσπαρτος (sidēróspartos, “sown by iron”) σιδηροσφαγία (sidērosphagía, “slaying with the sword”) σιδηροτέκτων (sidērotéktōn, “worker in iron”) σιδηρότευκτος (sidēróteuktos, “wrought of iron”) σιδηροτόκος (sidērotókos, “producing iron”) σιδηροτομέω (sidērotoméō, “to cut with iron”) σιδηρότροχος (sidērótrokhos, “with iron wheels”) σιδηροτρύπανον (sidērotrúpanon, “iron borer”) σιδηρότρωτος (sidērótrōtos, “wounded with iron”) σιδηρουργεῖον (sidērourgeîon, “iron-mine”) σιδηρουργία (sidērourgía, “working in iron”) σιδηρουργός (sidērourgós, “iron-worker, smith”) σιδηροῦς (sidēroûs) σιδηροφάγος (sidērophágos, “eating into iron”) σιδηροφορέω (sidērophoréō, “to bear iron”) σιδηροφόρος (sidērophóros, “producing iron”) σιδηρόφρων (sidēróphrōn, “of iron heart”) σιδηροφυής (sidērophuḗs, “of iron nature”) σιδηροχαλκεύς (sidērokhalkeús, “smith”) σιδηρόχαλκος (sidērókhalkos, “of iron and copper”) σιδηροχάρμης (sidērokhármēs, “fighting”) σιδηροχίτων (sidērokhítōn, “with iron tunic”) σιδηρόψυχος (sidērópsukhos, “iron-hearted”) σιδηρόω (sidēróō, “to overlay with iron”) σιδηρώδης (sidērṓdēs, “of iron”) σιδήρωμα (sidḗrōma, “iron fittings”) σιδηρωρυχεῖον (sidērōrukheîon, “iron-mine”) σιδήρωσις (sidḗrōsis, “iron-work”) σιδηρωτός (sidērōtós, “iron-bound”) τμητοσίδηρος (tmētosídēros, “cut down with iron”) ὑποσίδηρος (huposídēros, “having a mixture or proportion of iron in it”) ὑποσιδηρόω (huposidēróō) χειροσιδήριον (kheirosidḗrion, “grapnel, grappling hook”)

Answer 40

WANT - WISH - DESIRE ``` θέλω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: theló Phonetic Spelling: ( eth-el'-o,) Definition: to will, wish Usage: I will, wish, desire, am willing, intend, design. ``` Cognate: 2309 thélō (a primitive verb, NAS dictionary) – to desire (wish, will), wanting what is best (optimal) because someone is ready and willing to act. 2309 /thélō ("to desire, wish") is commonly used of the Lord extending His "best-offer" to the believer – wanting (desiring) to birth His persuasion (faith) in them which also empowers, manifests His presence etc. See 2307 (thelēma). [Note the close connection between faith (4102 /pístis, "God's inbirthed persuasion") and this root (thel-, 2307 /thélēma); cf. 2 Cor 8:5-7 and Heb 10:36-39).] to will (have in mind) intend; i. e.: 1. to be resolved or determined, to purpose. ``` Θέλεις (Theleis) — 18 Occurrences Matthew 13:28 V-PIA-2S GRK: αὐτῷ λέγουσιν Θέλεις οὖν ἀπελθόντες NAS: said to him, 'Do you want us, then, KJV: unto him, Wilt thou then INT: to him said do you want then [that] having gone forth ``` Matthew 15:28 V-PIA-2S GRK: σοι ὡς θέλεις καὶ ἰάθη NAS: it shall be done for you as you wish. And her daughter KJV: unto thee even as thou wilt. And her INT: to you as you desire And was healed ``` Matthew 17:4 V-PIA-2S GRK: εἶναι εἰ θέλεις ποιήσω ὧδε NAS: if You wish, I will make KJV: here: if thou wilt, let us make here INT: to be If you wish let us make here ``` ———————————————————- HEBREW אָבָה and חֵפֶץ Verb אָבָה • (ava) (pa'al construction) to be willing Compare Akkadian 𒁍𒀪𒄿𒌈 (bu-ʾ-i-tum /buʾītu/, “a thing wished, willed, desired”), Arabic أَبَى‎ (ʾabā, “he rejected, refused, was unwilling, unwilling to do otherwise; originally to hold back, to desire to stay or wish to remain”) and the root ء ب ب‎ (ʾ b b, “to prepare to go out for”) in the phrase أَبَّ إِلَى‎ (ʾabba ʾilā, “to long after, to want to go forth to, to yearn or have a desire to go to something”), Egyptian ꜣbj (“to desire, to want, to be happy”) and ꜣb (“to take a break, to tarry or stay awhile, to refuse to go”). ``` Compare with Arabic حفظ‎ (“to keep, to heed, to pay attention”) Noun חֵפֶץ • (ḥéfets) m (plural indefinite חפצים‎) [pattern: קֵטֶל] object (thing) desire Verb חָפַץ • (ḥafáts) (pa'al construction) desire ```

Answer 41

TO WANT SOMETHING STRONGLY - COVET - CRAVE ποθώ desire I want something strongly More meanings for ποθώ (pothó̱) desire verb επιθυμία, επιθυμώ, λιμπίζομαι, λαχταρώ crave verb εκλιπαρώ, υπερεπιθυμώ, λαχταρώ yearn verb λαχταρώ long verb υπερεπιθυμώ miss verb αστοχώ, χάνω, παραλείπω, ελλείπω, αποτυχαίνω Similar Words επιθυμώ verb common epithymó̱ wish, desire, wish for, covet, be desirous λαχταρώ verb uncommon lachtaró̱ crave, yearn, hanker, long for, desire

Answer 42

COVET ορέγομαι covet ( scholar ) I long , I am possessed by a strong desire for something λαχταρώ - crave λιμπίζομαι - covet ποθώ - desire ———————————————— ``` Related words ανόρεξα ανορεξιά ανορεξία ανόρεχτος / ανόρεκτος, ανόρεξος ορεξάτα ορεξάτος όρεξη ορεκτικό / ορεχτικό ορεκτικός / ορεχτικός ``` ``` Related words I was hungry anorexia anorexia listless / anorektos , anorexia appetites appetite appetite appetizer / orechtiko appetizing / appetizing ``` ``` ——————————————————- Synonyms— Συνώνυμα λαχταρώ - crave λιμπίζομαι - covet ποθώ - desire ```

Answer 43

CRAVE λαχταρώ crave ( transitional ) I really want something or to see someone I'll give you whatever yearns your heart ( impassable ) I am scared , I am afraid for someone I longed when I saw him in the blood ( transitional ) I scare someone, I make them afraid for me You longed for us with your phone call Synonyms— Συγγενικές λέξεις λαχτάρα - crave λαχταρίζω - desire λαχταριστός - yearn - longing - craving λαχταριστός, -ή, -ό who yearn in desire much the food was hot hot and delicious λαχτάρα longing strong desire I am longing to see you person or thing that is the object of intense desire You are the craving I waiting with emotional charge he eagerly awaited the results of the exams the great fear, the turmoil that follows a sudden event I had a great longing for his illness

Answer 44

CHOICE Noun επιλογή selection, choice, option ποικιλία variety, diversity, choice, kind, miscellany, sundries εκλογή election, choice, selection, pick, cull προτίμηση preference, choice, predilection, bias, penchant Adjective εκλεκτός chosen, exquisite, choice, picked, select, recherche selection • ( epilogí ) f ( plural options ) choice ``` natural selection ( fysikí epilogí ) natural selection ( fysikí epilogí ) ``` ————————————————————- Verb επιλέγω • (epilégo) (past επέλεξα, passive επιλέγομαι) (transitive, intransitive) choose, select, pick (decide upon from a set of options)[1] Επέλεξε το πράσινο φόρεμα να φορέσει. Epélexe to prásino fórema na forései. She chose the green dress to wear. Έχεις επιλέξει ακόμα; Écheis epiléxei akóma? Have you chosen yet? (intransitive, rare) conclude (to say in conclusion)[2] Επιλέγοντας, είπε ότι λυπόταν για ό,τι έκανε. Epilégontas, eípe óti lypótan gia ó,ti ékane. Concluding, he said he was sorry for what he did. (different sense for the present participle) επιλεγόμενος: eponymous ``` Verb λέγω • (légō) I put in order, arrange, gather I choose, count, reckon I say, speak I call, name (usually in the passive voice) ``` Verb ᾰπολέγω • (apolégō) to pick out from, to choose (later sense) decline, refuse ἀπολογή f (apologḗ, “selection”) Related to λέγω, sense: 'say' ἀπολογέομαι (apologéomai, “speak in defence”) ἀπολογητέος (apologētéos, “one must defend”) ἀπολογία f (apología, “speech in defence”) From ἀπό- (“from”) +‎ λέγω (“to choose, to say”) λέγω, sense: 'choose' ``` Verb ἐκλέγω • (eklégō) to pick or single out, to choose (in middle voice) to pull out one's gray hairs to levy taxes or tribute ``` From ἐκ- (“out”) +‎ λέγω (“to choose”) ``` Verb ἐπῐλέγω • (epilégō) to say in addition, to add further, to call by name to choose, to pick out, to select to read to think over, to consider ``` From ἐπῐ- (“on, onto”) +‎ λέγω (“to choose, to say”). Verb επιλέγω • (epilégo) (past επέλεξα, passive επιλέγομαι) (transitive, intransitive) choose, select, pick (decide upon from a set of options) Επέλεξε το πράσινο φόρεμα να φορέσει. Epélexe to prásino fórema na forései. She chose the green dress to wear. Έχεις επιλέξει ακόμα; Écheis epiléxei akóma? Have you chosen yet? (intransitive, rare) conclude (to say in conclusion)[2] Επιλέγοντας, είπε ότι λυπόταν για ό,τι έκανε. Epilégontas, eípe óti lypótan gia ó,ti ékane. Concluding, he said he was sorry for what he did. επίλεκτος (epílektos, “picked, handpicked”) επιλέξιμος (epiléximos, “eligible, selectable”) επιλογέας m (epilogéas, “selector, selector dial”) επιλογή f (epilogí, “choice, selection”) επίλογος m (epílogos, “epilogue”) Noun επιλογέας • (epilogéas) m (plural επιλογείς) selector, chooser, switcher dispatcher Noun English Wikipedia has an article on: epilogue epilogue (plural epilogues) A short speech, spoken directly at the audience at the end of a play The performer who gives this speech A brief oration or script at the end of a literary piece; an afterword (computing) A component of a computer program that prepares the computer to return from a routine. from Ancient Greek ἐπίλογος (“a conclusion, peroration of a speech, epilogue of a play”) from ἐπιλέγειν (“say in addition”) from ἐπί (“in addition”) + λέγειν (“to say”). (transitive) To conclude with an epilogue. Verb λέγειν • (légein) present active infinitive of λέγω (to say) Synonyms (short speech at the end of a play): endspeech (brief script at the end of a literary piece): afterword, endspeech; see also Thesaurus:afterword Noun ἐπῐ́λογος • (epílogos) m (genitive ἐπῐλόγου); second declension reasoning, inference the epilogue or concluding portion of a play the peroration of a speech a subjoined or explanatory sentence From ἐπῐ- (“on”) +‎ λόγος (“speech”). Verb διαλέγω • (dialégo) (past διάλεξα, passive διαλέγομαι, p‑past διαλέχτηκα, ppp διαλεγμένος) choose, select, pick out and see: διαλέγομαι (dialégomai) (passive voice, deponent in its own right: sense "discuss") from Ancient Greek διαλέγω (dialégō), from δια- (dia-) +‎ λέγω (légo) (sense "choose" of ancient λέγω (légō)). For the passive voice sense "discuss", a learned internal borrowing from Ancient Greek διαλέγομαι (dialégomai) (sense "say, tell" of ancient λέγω (légō)) Verb διαλέγω • (dialégō) I choose, gather, pick (out), select. Verb δῐᾰλέγομαι • (dialégomai) I converse, hold a discussion, debate, argue. (philosophy) I practise dialectic, elicit conclusions. (late) I lecture, discourse. I speak articulately, write in prose, use a dialect or language. (euphemistic, Attic) I have intercourse. I have dealings (with someone). ``` Noun δῐᾰ́λεκτος • (diálektos) f (genitive δῐᾰλέκτου); second declension discourse, conversation manner of speech, language dialect, accent ``` διάλεκτος • (diálektos) f (plural διάλεκτοι or διάλεκτες) dialect (of a language) From διαλέγομαι (dialégomai, “I discuss”) +‎ -τος (-tos), from δῐᾰ́ (diá, “through”) + λέγω (légō, “I speak”). ``` Adjective δῐᾰλεκτῐκός • (dialektikós) m (feminine δῐᾰλεκτῐκή, neuter δῐᾰλεκτῐκόν); first/second declension (Attic, Koine) (rare) Conversational Skilled in dialectic Dialectical ``` From διαλέγομαι (dialégomai, “to have a conversation”) +‎ -τῐκός (-tikós, verbal adjective suffix): literally, “related to conversation”. Noun δῐᾰλεκτῐκή • (dialektikḗ) f (genitive δῐᾰλεκτῐκής); first declension dialectic, discussion by question and answer, invented by Zeno of Elea Noun dialectic (plural dialectics) Any formal system of reasoning that arrives at a truth by the exchange of logical arguments. A contradiction of ideas that serves as the determining factor in their interaction. This situation created the inner dialectic of American history. (Marxism) Progress of conflict, especially class conflict. From Old French dialectique, from Late Latin dialectica, from Ancient Greek διαλεκτική (dialektikḗ, “the art of argument through interactive questioning and answering”), from διαλεκτικός (dialektikós, “relating to dialogue”), from διαλέγομαι (dialégomai, “to participate in a dialogue”), from διά (diá, “through, across”) + λέγειν (légein, “to speak”). Noun διάλεξη • (diálexi) f (plural διαλέξεις) lecture Synonyms ομιλία f (omilía, “lecture, homily”) ``` Noun ομιλία • (omilía) f (plural ομιλίες) speech discourse, talk lecture, homily ``` ομιλητής m (omilitís, “speaker”) ομιλήτρια f (omilítria, “speaker”) ``` Noun ὁμῑλῐ́ᾱ • (homīlíā) f (genitive ὁμῑλῐ́ᾱς); first declension intercourse, interaction, company sexual intercourse instruction, homily ``` From ὅμῑλος (hómīlos, “a crowd or gathering of people”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā). Noun ὅμῑλος • (hómīlos) m (genitive ὅμῑλου); second declension crowd, throng tumult (of battle) From ὁμός (homós) +‎ ῑ̓́λη (ī́lē, “crowd”), from εἴλω (eílō, “to aggregate”). Adjective ὁμός • (homós) m (feminine ὁμή, neuter ὁμόν); first/second declension same, common, joint From Proto-Indo-European *somHós, from the root *sem-, which also gave εἷς (heîs, “one”). Cognate with Old English sama (English same), Sanskrit सम (sama), Old Persian 𐏃𐎶 (hama), Old Church Slavonic самъ (samŭ). *somHós (non-ablauting) same, alike Antonym: *h₂élyos ``` Proto-Indo-European: *h₂élyos Alternative reconstructions *ályos Etymology[edit] From *h₂el- (“beyond, other”). Determiner *h₂élyos other, another ``` ``` Adjective alius (feminine alia, neuter aliud); first/second-declension adjective (pronominal) other, another, any other else different ``` Modern Greek αλλιώς Adverb αλλιώς • (alliós) otherwise; else; differently Pronoun άλλος • (állos) m (feminine άλλη, neuter άλλο) indefinite, contrastive other, else, someone else ——————————————————— LATIN — SELECTION — ELECT Latin: ēligō Verb ēligō (present infinitive ēligere, perfect active ēlēgī, supine ēlēctum); third conjugation I choose, I pluck or root out, extract. (figuratively, of persons or things) I pick out, choose, elect. From ex- (“out of, from”) +‎ legō (“choose, select, appoint”). ``` ēlēctē ēlēctilis ēlēctiō ēlēctus ēlēctor ēlegāns ēligibilis Eligius praeēligō ``` Verb legō (present infinitive legere, perfect active lēgī, supine lēctum); third conjugation I choose, select, appoint I collect, gather, bring together I read Lingua Graeca est; nōn potest legī. ― It's Greek, it cannot be read. (Medieval Latin) I teach, profess Cognates include Ancient Greek λέγω (légō, “I speak, I choose, I mean”) from Proto-Indo-European *leǵ- Proto-Indo-European Root *leǵ- (imperfective) to gather, collect, with derivatives meaning to speak Translations of select Verb lego select, read, cuddle, accredit, empower, commit desumo select, pick out, elect, choose, take out deligo choose, select, elect, gather, bind fast, fasten electo choose, wheedle out, ascertain, find out, select, pick out eligo choose, select, pick, pick out, single excerpo select, pick out, choose, take out, copy, leave out praelego lecture, read out, read aloud, choose, select, pick out seligo select, choose, elect, make choice, pick out, pick out from others adopto select, pick out, wish for, adopt capio take, grasp, receive, seize, catch, select opto wish, desire, choose, want, opt, select atopto adopt, select, secure, pick out, adopt legally Latin: optare To choose, select, wish, desire opto, optare, optavi, optatus

Answer 45

VOLITION Noun θέληση • (thélisi) f will, volition Noun βούληση • (voúlisi) f (plural βουλήσεις) will, volition ``` βούληση will the desire to pursue a goal the free will the popular will ``` in the modern Greek language it is called will , that is, desire that potentially leads to action βούλομαι I wish, I want επιθυμώ (I wish ) θέλω (I want) ————————————————————— volition (countable and uncountable, plural volitions) A conscious choice or decision. [from early 17th c.] The mental power or ability of choosing; the will. Out of all the factors that can influence a person’s decision, none can match the power of his or her own volition. (linguistics) A concept that distinguishes whether or not the subject or agent intended something. From French volition, from Medieval Latin volitiō (“will, volition”) from Latin volō (“to wish; to want; to mean or intend”) from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose; to want”) + -tiō (“suffix forming nouns relating to some action or the result of an action”) from Proto-Indo-European *-tis (“suffix forming abstract or action nouns from verbs”) ————————————————————— Free Will Will, generally, is the faculty of the mind that selects, at the moment of decision, a desire among the various desires present; it itself does not refer to any particular desire, but rather to the mechanism responsible for choosing from among one's desires. Within philosophy, will is important as one of the parts of the mind, along with reason and understanding. It is considered central to the field of ethics because of its role in enabling deliberate action. One of the recurring questions discussed in the Western philosophical tradition is that of free will - and the related, but more general notion of fate - which asks how the will can be truly free if a person's actions have either natural or divine causes which determine them. In turn, this is directly connected to discussions on the nature of freedom itself and to the problem of evil. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_(philosophy) Self Determination Determinism is the philosophical view that all events are determined completely by previously existing causes. Deterministic theories throughout the history of philosophy have sprung from diverse and sometimes overlapping motives and considerations. The opposite of determinism is some kind of indeterminism (otherwise called nondeterminism) or randomness. Determinism is often contrasted with free will, although some philosophers claim that the two are compatible. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Determinism Self-determination theory (SDT) is a macro theory of human motivation and personality that concerns people's inherent growth tendencies and innate psychological needs. It is concerned with the motivation behind choices people make without external influence and interference. SDT focuses on the degree to which human behavior is self-motivated and self-determined. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination_theory Motivation is a driving factor for actions, willingness, and goals. These needs, wants or desires may be acquired through influence of culture, society, lifestyle, or may be generally innate. An individual's motivation may be inspired by outside forces (extrinsic motivation)[1] or by themselves (intrinsic motivation).[1] The difference between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation depends on the actions behind it. Intrinsic motivation has to do with having an internal desire to perform a task and extrinsic motivation has to do with performing a task in order to receive some kind of reward or avoid a penalty, harm or threat. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motivation ——————————————————————— From Latin: volo volo (accusative singular volon, plural voloj, accusative plural volojn) volition what one desires or wishes, a gift of peace, one's wish Verb volō (present infinitive velle, perfect active voluī); irregular conjugation, irregular, no passive, no imperative I wish, I please Tibi bene ex animō volō. I wish you well with all my heart. Hanc rem pūblicam salvam esse volumus. We wish this republic to be safe. I want Quid vīsne? What do you want? Nunc edere volō. Now I want to eat. I mean, I intend Et dixit ad socerum, "Quid est quod facere voluisti? And he said to his father-in-law: "What is it that thou didst mean to do?" (KJV Bible, Genesis 29:25) Quibus ad se accersitis rex ait: "Quidnam est hoc quod facere voluistis ut pueros servaretis?" And the king called for them, and said: "What is it that you meant to do, that you would save the men children?" (KJV Bible, Exodus 1:18) I am willing, I consent I am going to, I intend, I am about to, I am on the point of ``` Verb volitō (present infinitive volitāre, perfect active volitāvī, supine volitātum); first conjugation, no passive I fly about I hasten I hover ``` from Proto-Indo-European *welh₁- (“to choose, to want”). Cognate with Sanskrit वृणीते (vṛṇīte, “to choose, prefer”) Old English willan (“to will, wish, desire”). More at will. Verb[edit] willan to want Hwæt wilt þū mā æt mē? What more do you want from me? to intend Iċ wolde þæt dōn! I meant to do that! Ne breġd þū nǣfre þīn sweord būtan þū his notian wille. Never draw your sword unless you intend to use it. to be willing used to express habitual behavior used to express futurity Hwæt lā wilt þū dōn, mē stingan? What are you gonna do, stab me? to want or intend to go (to or from somewhere) Hū oft wolde iċ anweġ heonan? How many times have I wanted to get away from here? used in the subjunctive past to express hypotheticals, where Modern English would use "would" Hū wolde þē līcian ġif ic wisse ealle þīne dēagolnesse? How would you like it if I knew all your secrets? From Proto-West Germanic *willjan. ``` Proto-West Germanic Etymology From Proto-Germanic *wiljaną. Verb *willjan to want ``` want (third-person singular simple present wants, present participle wanting, simple past and past participle wanted) (transitive) To wish for or desire (something); to feel a need or desire for; to crave or demand. (transitive, in particular) To wish, desire or demand to see, have the presence of or do business with. (intransitive) To desire (to experience desire); to wish. From Middle English wanten (“to lack”) from Old Norse vanta (“to lack”) from Proto-Germanic *wanatōną (“to be wanting, lack”) from *wanô (“lack, deficiency”) from Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“empty”). Cognate with Middle High German wan (“not full, empty”) Middle Dutch wan (“empty, poor”) Old English wana (“want, lack, absence, deficiency”) Latin vanus (“empty”). See wan, wan-. ``` Latin: vānus Adjective vānus (feminine vāna, neuter vānum, superlative vānissimus); first/second-declension adjective vain, empty, vacant, void unsubstantial (figuratively) groundless, baseless, meaningless, pointless ostentatious, boastful deceptive, untrustworthy ``` From Proto-Indo-European *h₁weh₂- (“empty”) Root *h₁weh₂- to leave, abandon, give out ``` Verb ἐάω • (eáō). (with accusative of person and infinitive) to let someone do something, allow to cede, grant, yield to agree to advise to neglect, disregard ```

Answer 46

THREATEN απειλώ Verb threatening • ( apeilo ) ( past threatened , passive apeiloumai , p-past threatened , ppp threatened ) threaten ( to use threats ) Verb ἀπειλέω • ( apeiléō ) to threaten με απειλείς You are threatening me ἀπειλή Noun Threats • ( apeile ) f ( genitive threat )? first declension ( mostly in the plural ) boastful promises , boasts ( mostly in the plural ) threat , menace , threatening condition Synonym: βρῑ́μη ( brī́mē ) ``` βρῑ́μη Noun βρῑ́μη • (brī́mē) f (genitive βρῑ́μης); first declension strength, might, power Synonym: ῥώμη (rhṓmē) bellowing, roaring threat, menace Synonym: ἀπειλή (apeilḗ) ``` βαρύς (barús, “heavy”) ὄβριμος (óbrimos, “strong, mighty”). βριαρός (briarós, “strong”) βρίθω (bríthō, “to be heavy or weighed down with”) Verb ἀπειλέω • (apeiléō) to threaten Noun ἀπειλή • (apeilḗ) f (genitive ἀπειλῆς); first declension (mostly in the plural) boastful promises, boasts (mostly in the plural) threat, menace, threatening condition απειλούμαι • (apeiloúmai) passive (past απειλήθηκα, ppp απειλημένος, active απειλώ) be threatened the Proto-Indo-European root would be *h₂pelH- (“to speak publicly”) compared with Proto-Germanic *spellą (“tale, story”) and Old Armenian առասպել (aṙaspel, “myth, legend”) Noun ἀπειλή • (apeilḗ) f (genitive ἀπειλῆς); first declension (mostly in the plural) boastful promises, boasts (mostly in the plural) threat, menace, threatening condition Synonym: βρῑ́μη (brī́mē) απειλούμαι • (apeiloúmai) passive (past απειλήθηκα, ppp απειλημένος, active απειλώ) To be threatened Verb επαπειλώ • (epapeiló) (past επαπείλησα, passive επαπειλούμαι) threaten (to use threats) —————————————————— ὄμνυμι " swear", ὑπισχνοῦμαι "promise", ἐλπίζω "expect, hope", ἀπειλέω "threaten" προσδοκάω "expect" ————————————————————— Translations of απειλώ Verb threaten απειλώ, φοβερίζω hector τρομοκρατώ, ανδρειεύομαι, απειλώ menace απειλώ, φοβερίζω

Answer 47

ENCOURAGE - EXHORT - CHEER ON - ``` παραινετικός admonitory ( scholar ) who persuades motivating admonish and praise ``` Hortative mood from Late Latin hortatorius "encouraging, cheering", from hortatus, past participle of hortari "exhort, encourage", intensive of horiri "urge, incite, encourage". Latin: hortātus Participle hortātus (feminine hortāta, neuter hortātum); first/second-declension participle encouraged, exhorted Latin: hortor Verb hortor (present infinitive hortārī or hortārier, perfect active hortātus sum); first conjugation, deponent I encourage, exhort, urge. From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- αιρετικός αιρετικός • (airetikós) m (feminine αιρετική, neuter αιρετικό) heretical sectarian (as a noun) heretic αιρετικός m ( airetikós ), αιρετική f ( airetikí ) Verb αἱρέω • (hairéō) uncontracted form of αἱρῶ (hairô, “to hang”) (transitive) to take, grasp, seize (transitive) to win, gain (transitive) to convict, win a conviction (figuratively, transitive) to grasp with the mind, understand (middle, transitive) to take for oneself, choose, select (middle, transitive) to prefer Do not confuse with αἴρω (aírō, “to lift, raise”) contracted form of verb ἀείρω (aeírō). Verb ἀείρω • (aeírō) (Epic, Ionic, poetic) (transitive) to lift up, raise, support (of armies, ships, transitive) to get the fleet under sail (transitive) to bear, sustain (transitive) to raise up, exalt (transitive) to raise by words, praise, extol (transitive) to lift and take away, remove (transitive, with genitive) to take away from (Koine, transitive) to take off, kill (middle, transitive) to take up for oneself, to win, gain (transitive) to take upon oneself, undergo (transitive) to undertake, begin (transitive) to raise up (transitive) to take away (passive, intransitive) to hang ———————————————————- CHEER ON Cognate with Ancient Greek χαίρω (khaírō). Verb χαίρω • (khaírō) To be full of cheer, i.e. calmly happy or well off To enjoy [+dative = something], [+participle = doing something] (perfect) To be very glad; to enjoy [+dative = something], [+participle = doing something] a great deal (on meeting or parting, as an imperative) Be well; farewell, be glad, God speed, greetings, hail, joy(‐fully), rejoice (as a salutation) Proto-Indo-European: *ǵʰer- Root *ǵʰer- to yearn for ἀντιχαίρω (antikhaírō, “rejoice in turn”) ἐπῐχαίρω (epikhaírō, “rejoice over”) κᾰτᾰχαίρω (katakhaírō, “exult over”) περῐχαίρω (perikhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”) προσχαίρω (proskhaírō, “rejoice at”) προχαίρω (prokhaírō, “rejoice beforehand”) συγχαίρω (sunkhaírō, “rejoice with”) ῠ̔περχαίρω (huperkhaírō, “rejoice exceedingly”) ῠ̔ποχαίρω (hupokhaírō, “rejoice secretly”) Other derivatives: ᾰ̓ποχαιρετίζω (apokhairetízō, “say farewell, take leave”) ἐπῐχαιράγαθος (epikhairágathos, “taking delight in what is good”) ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκέω (epikhairekakéō, “rejoice at one's misfortune”) ἐπῐχαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (epikhairekakíā, “joy over one's misfortune, spite”) ἐπῐχαιρέκᾰκος (epikhairékakos, “rejoicing over one's misfortune”) Χαιρέας m (Khairéas) χαιρέφῠλλον n (khairéphullon, “garden chervil, Anthriscus cerefolium”) Χαιρεφῶν m (Khairephôn) χαιρεκᾰκέω (khairekakéō, “ἐπιχαιρεκακέω, rejoice at another's misfortune”) χαιρεκᾰκῐ́ᾱ f (khairekakíā, “ἐπιχαιρεκακία, joy over one's misfortune, spite”) χαιρέκᾰκος (khairékakos, “ἐπιχαιρέκακος, rejoicing over one's misfortune”) χαιρέτισμα n (khairétisma, “greeting, salutation,”) χαιρετισμός m (khairetismós, “greeting, visit”) χαιρετιστῐκός (khairetistikós, adjective) χαιρετῐ́ζω (khairetízō, “greet, welcome someone”) χαιρητῐκός (khairētikós, “jovial, hilarious”) χαιροσύνη f (khairosúnē, “joy”) Χαιρώνεια f (Khairṓneia) Χαιρωνεύς (Khairōneús) -χᾰρής (-kharḗs) χᾰρᾱ́ f (kharā́, “joy”) χᾰ́ρῐς f (kháris, “elegance; influence”), εὐχᾰρῐστέω (eukharistéō, “thank”), χᾰριεντῐ́ζομαι (kharientízomai, “jest”) χᾰ́ρμᾰ n (khárma, “delight”) Synonyms[edit] χαίρομαι (chaíromai) (a deponent verb, morphologically passive form of χαίρω) Derived terms[edit] Χαίρε Μαρία (Chaíre María, “Hail Mary”) χαίρετε (chaírete, “hello, greetings”) χαίρω πολύ (chaíro polý, “pleased to meet you”) Related terms[edit] And their derived terms: -χαρής (-charís) -χαρος (-charos) επιχαίρω (epichaíro, “gloat, rejoice over failure”) συγχαίρω (synchaíro, “congratulate”) χαρά f (chará, “joy”), χαρούμενος (charoúmenos, “happy”) χαιρετώ (chairetó, “to say hello”) χαιρετίζω (chairetízo, “greet”) χαιρέκακος (chairékakos, “spiteful”) χαίρομαι (chaíromai) καταχαίρομαι (katachaíromai, “exult, rejoice extremely”) χάρη f (chári, “grace; favour”) χάρις f (cháris, “grace”), ευχαριστώ (efcharistó, “thank”) ——————————————— Adjective παραινετικός admonitory, hortative παρακινητικός exciting, hortative, persuasive In linguistics, hortative modalities (/ˈhɔːrtətɪv/ (About this soundlisten); abbreviated hort) are verbal expressions used by the speaker to encourage or discourage an action. Different hortatives can be used to express greater or lesser intensity, or the speaker's attitude, for or against it. Hortative modalities signal the speaker's encouragement or discouragement toward the addressee's bringing about the action of an utterance. They can therefore be used only in the first-person plural (cohortative) and second-person singular and plural (adhortative, exhortative, dehortative, and inhortative).

Answer 48

PERHAPS From Ancient Greek ἴσως (ísōs, “equally”), adverbial form of ἴσος (ísos, “like, equal”); surface analysis ίσος (ísos) +‎ -ως (-os). άνισος (ánisos, “unequal”, adjective) ``` Adjective Edit ίσος • (ísos) m (feminine ίση, neuter ίσο) (mathematics) equal Antonym: άνισος (ánisos) equal (in size, quality, value, etc) Antonym: άνισος (ánisos) having equal rights Synonym: ισότητα (isótita) ``` ``` ίσον n (íson, “equals sign”) ίσον (íson, “equals”, adverb) ισότητα f (isótita, “equality”) ισοτιμία f (isotimía, “equality”) and see: άνισος (ánisos, “unequal”, adjective) ``` dverb Edit ίσως • (ísos) ``` might, may, perhaps, maybe (expressing possibility) Ίσως να είναι σπίτι. Ísos na eínai spíti. He might be home. Ίσως δεν ξέρει τί έγινε. Ísos den xérei tí égine. Maybe she doesn't know what happened. Synonyms Edit μπορεί (boreí, “maybe, it's possible”), ενδεχομένως (endechoménos, “possibly, maybe”) Antonyms Edit σίγουρα (sígoura, “certainly, definitely”), βεβαίως (vevaíos, “certainly, definitely”), οπωσδήποτε (oposdípote, “certainly, definitely”) Related terms Edit μάλλον (mállon, “probably”) πιθανώς (pithanós, “probably”) ```

Answer 49

PROBABLY Adverb Edit μάλλον • (mállon) (to introduce a contradiction) rather (to introduce a qualification or clarification) rather, more precisely Δεν ήθελα να φύγω. Ή μάλλον, ήθελα, αλλά όχι μόνος μου. Den íthela na fýgo. Í mállon, íthela, allá óchi mónos mou. I didn’t want to leave. Or rather I did, just not alone. rather, somewhat fairly Αυτό το πεπόνι είναι μάλλον άγευστο. Aftó to pepóni eínai mállon ágefsto. This melon is rather tasteless. (only for the first person singular of the present tense) I guess Είμαι ο μόνος εδώ μάλλον που δεν του αρέσει η ροκ μουσική. Eímai o mónos edó mállon pou den tou arései i rok mousikí. I am the only one here who doesn’t like rock music, I guess. Comparative form of μάλα (mála, “very”), from Proto-Indo-European *mel- (“strong, big”). Cognates include Latin melior (“better”) and Latvian milns (“very much, a lot of”). Adverb Edit μᾶλλον • (mâllon) (comparative) more, more strongly, rather quotations ▼ (strengthened) quotations ▼ (joined to a second comparative) quotations ▼ (in the phrase μᾶλλον δέ (mâllon dé)) much more, rather quotations ▼ (in the phrase οὐδὲν μᾶλλον (oudèn mâllon)) quotations ▼

Answer 50

AUXILIARY VERB https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb Auxiliary verb be, can, do, don't, could, have, may, might, shall, should, will, won't, would. Modal verbs can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, and dare, need and ought form a subclass of auxiliary verbs. Modal verbs are defective insofar as they cannot be inflected, nor do they appear as gerunds, infinitives, or participles. Deontic modality expresses an ability, necessity, or obligation that is associated with an agent subject. Epistemic modality expresses the speaker's assessment of reality or likelihood of reality. Distinguishing between the two types of modality can be difficult, since many sentences contain a modal verb that allows both interpretations. ——————————————————————— An auxiliary verb (abbreviated aux) is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it occurs, so as to express tense, aspect, modality, voice, emphasis, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany an infinitive verb or a participle, which respectively provide the main semantic content of the clause. An example is the verb have in the sentence I have finished my lunch. Here, the auxiliary have helps to express the perfect aspect along with the participle, finished. Some sentences contain a chain of two or more auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verbs, helper verbs, or (verbal) auxiliaries. Research has been conducted into split inflection in auxiliary verbs. basic examples Below are some sentences that contain representative auxiliary verbs from English, Spanish, German and French, with the auxiliary verb marked in bold: a. Do you want tea? – do is an auxiliary accompanying the infinitive, want, used here to form a question – see do-support. b. She has given her best shot. – have, from which has is inflected, is an auxiliary used in expressing the perfect aspect of give. The following table summarizes the auxiliary verbs in standard English and the meaning contribution to the clauses in which they appear. Many auxiliary verbs are listed more than once in the table based upon discernible differences in use. Auxiliary verb Meaning contribution Example be1 copula (= linking verb) She is the boss. be2 progressive aspect He is sleeping. be3 passive voice They were seen. can1 deontic modality I can swim. can2 epistemic modality Such things can help. could1 deontic modality I could swim. could2 epistemic modality That could help. dare deontic modality I dare not attempt it. do1 do-support/emphasis You did not understand. do2 question Do you like it? have perfect aspect They have understood. may1 deontic modality May I stay? may2 epistemic modality That may take place. might epistemic modality We might give it a try. must1 deontic modality You must not mock me. must2 epistemic modality It must have rained. need deontic modality You need not water the grass. ought deontic modality You ought to play well. shall deontic modality You shall not pass. should1 deontic modality You should listen. should2 epistemic modality That should help. will1 epistemic modality We will eat pie. will2 future tense The sun will rise tomorrow at 6:03. will3 habitual aspect He will make that mistake every time. would1 epistemic modality Nothing would accomplish that. would2 future-in-the-past tense After 1990, we would do that again. would3 habitual aspect Back then we would always go there.

Answer 51

YOU MUST DO THIS

Answer 52

YOU MIGHT DO THIS

Answer 53

YOU HAVE THE POWER TO DO THIS

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ARE YOU ABLE TO DO THIS? είστε • (eíste) 2nd person plural present form of είμαι (eímai).: "you are" θέση • (thési) f (plural θέσεις) position (a place, location) job, post station, status From Ancient Greek θέσις (thésis, “placement”) from Ancient Greek τίθημι (títhēmi, “I place”). θέσῐς • (thésis) f (genitive θέσεως); third declension a setting, placement, arrangement deposit adoption (of a child) adoption (in the more general sense of accepting as one's own) (philosophy) position, conclusion, thesis (dancing) putting down the foot (metre) the last half of the foot (rhetoric) affirmation (grammar) stop —————————————————————— ANTONYM ᾰ̓ντῐ́θεσῐς • (antíthesis) f (genitive ᾰ̓ντῐθέσεως); third declension opposition, resistance contradiction (rhetoric) antithesis (grammar) change or transposition of a letter αντίθεση • (antíthesi) f (plural αντιθέσεις) opposite, antithesis opposition, clash Adjective αντίθετος • (antíthetos) m (feminine αντίθετη, neuter αντίθετο) opposite, contrary, backward ``` Adjective αντικρινός • (antikrinós) m (feminine αντικρινή, neuter αντικρινό) opposite, facing, across from Synonym: αντίθετος (antíthetos) (noun) (the) opposite ``` Adjective αντικριστός • (antikristós) m (feminine αντικριστή, neuter αντικριστ) opposite, facing (dance) for two αντικρίζω (antikrízo, “to set eyes on, to face, to look in the face”) αντικρινός (antikrinós, “opposite, facing”, adjective) αντίκρισμα n (antíkrisma, “sight, seeing”) αντικριστά (antikristá, “face to face”, adverb) αντίκρυ (antíkry, “opposite”, adverb) απαντικρύ (apantikrý, “opposite”, adverb) Verb αντικρίζω • (antikrízo) (past αντίκρισα, passive αντικρίζομαι) set eyes on, face, confront αντίκρισμα • (antíkrisma) n (uncountable) seeing, sight (economy, banking) funds, security επιταγή χωρίς αντίκρισμα ― epitagí chorís antíkrisma ― a bad cheque (literally, “cheque without funds”)

Answer 55

YOU WILL PROBABLY DO THIS

Answer 56

OUGHT έπρεπε να (ought to) Ought implies can From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigationJump to search "Ought implies can" is an ethical formula ascribed to Immanuel Kant that claims an agent, if morally obliged to perform a certain action, must logically be able to perform it: For if the moral law commands that we ought to be better human beings now, it inescapably follows that we must be capable of being better human beings.[1] The action to which the "ought" applies must indeed be possible under natural conditions.[2] Kant believed this principle was a categorical freedom, bound only by the free will as opposed to the Humean hypothetical freedom ("Free to do otherwise if I had so chosen").[3] There are several ways of deriving the formula—for example, the argument that it is wrong to blame people for things that they cannot control (essentially phrasing the formula as the contrapositive "'cannot' implies 'has no duty to'"). έπρεπε να (ought to) See Also in Greek έπρεπε auxiliary verb common éprepe ought να particle uncommon na to