MODAL VERBS (Could, Would, Should) Flashcards
έγκλιση
GRAMMATICAL MOODS
έγκλιση f (égklisi, “grammatical mood”)
οριστική f (oristikí, “indicative mood”)
υποτακτική f (ypotaktikí, “subjunctive mood”)
ευκτική f (efktikí, “optative mood”)
οριστική f (oristikí, “indicative mood”)
προστακτική f (prostaktikí, “imperative mood”)
υποτακτική f (ypotaktikí, “subjunctive mood”)
Noun
έγκλιση • (égklisi) f (plural εγκλίσεις)
(grammar) grammatical mood, mood
(linguistics) enclisis
ἔγκλῐσῐς • (énklisis) f (genitive ἐγκλῐ́σεως); third declension
inclination; slope
defeat, failure
(medicine) displacement
(grammar) mood of a verb
(grammar) throwing back of the accent or change of acute accent to grave accent
(grammar, generally) inflection of derivative forms
From ἐγκλίνω (enklínō, “to incline”) + -σῐς (-sis).
προστακτική • (prostaktikí) f (plural προστακτικές)
(grammar) imperative mood
LIST
MOOD (subjunctive, optative, hortative etc.)
Would/ Should/ Could/ Will/ Ought/ Must/ Might/ May/ Maybe/ Possibly/ Can/ Wish/ Hope/Shall
Would
Could
Should
Shall
Shan’t (shall not)
Can
Can’t (can not)
Must Shall Have To You had better Or else If not this, then that (threat)
May
Might
Possibly
Can
Able to
Will
Should
Obliged to
Need to
Want to
Desire to
Hope to
Pray
Petition
Beg
Plee
Necessary to Behooves you to Required to Fitting to Proper to
Benefits you to
In your interest to
A guy might want to
Probably Maybe Might Possibly Statistically Predictably
————————————————————
Would — Could — Should
May — Might — Can
Ought — Must — Shall — Will — Duty — Promise — Obligation
Possibly — Potentially — Probably
MODAL VERBS
Modal verbs
English has the modal verbs can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would, and also (depending on classification adopted) ought (to), dare, need, had (better), used (to). These do not add -s for the third-person singular, and they do not form infinitives or participles; the only inflection they undergo is that to a certain extent could, might, should and would function as preterites (past tenses) of can, may, shall and will respectively.
A modal verb can serve as the finite verb introducing a verb catena, as in he might have been injured then. These generally express some form of modality (possibility, obligation, etc.), although will and would (and sometimes shall and should) can serve—among their other uses—to express future time reference and conditional mood, as described elsewhere on this page.
For details of the uses of modal verbs, see English modal verbs.
List
Necessary
Behoove
Required
Should
Would
Should
Could
Can
Can’t
Could
Will
Would
Won’t
Shall / Shan’t
Ought
Ought Not
Must
Might
May
Maybe
Possible Possibly Potentially Statistically Probably Predictably Conceivably
Wish
Hope
Ordered to…
Commanded to…
Request Notice Notified Respond Respondent
Obliged to Obligated to Indebted to Compelled to Impelled to
Under consideration to
Contemplating to
Thinking to
Under penalty to With your understanding to Under perjury to Coerced to Compelled to Forced to Threatened to Under duress to — V.C. (Vi Coactus) Vi Coactus is a Latin term meaning "having been forced" or "having been compelled". In Latin, cōgō means "to compel" or "to force". The passive participle of cōgō is coāctus, meaning "having been forced" or "having been compelled" or "coerced".
——————————————
WOULD
would
(heading) As a past-tense form of will.
(heading) As a modal verb, the subjunctive of will.
Usage notes
As an auxiliary verb, would is followed by the bare infinitive (without to):
John said he would have fish for dinner.
Would is frequently contracted to ‘d, especially after a pronoun (as in I’d, you’d, and so on).
The term would-be retains the senses of both desire and potentiality (those of wannabe and might-be, respectively).
Indicating a wish, would takes a clause in the past subjunctive (irrealis) mood; this clause may or may not be introduced with that. Most commonly in modern usage, it is followed by the adverb rather, as in I would rather that he go now. A call to a deity or other higher power is sometimes interposed after would and before the subjunctive clause, as in Would to God that […] ; see the citations page for examples.
When used, mainly archaically, in the sense of “if only”, the first-person subject pronoun is often omitted.
Synonyms[edit]
(indicating an action in the past that happened repeatedly or commonly): used to
(used to express a polite request): be so good as to, kindly, please
LIST
Would — Could — Should
May — Might — Can
Ought — Must — Shall — Will — Duty — Promise — Obligation
Possibly — Potentially — Probably
NECESSARY OBLIGATION
[a conveyance has occurred]
Imperative Is Am Did Done Fact
—————————————————-
CONDITIONAL OBLIGATION
[a conveyance should occur]
Ought
Conditionally obliged under these conditions
Needs to
Wants to
Desires to
Should Might May Maybe Possibly Potentially
Must Shall Will Behoove Necessary Bound Bind Debt Obligated under penalty —————————————————— CONDITIONAL CAPACITY [a proper conveyance depends upon skills and timely execution]
[fault - error]
Skill (was able to complete based on proper training, knowledge and execution of the task)
Timely (job or task was done at the proper time)
Duty fulfilled (executed obligation, promise kept)
Could Can Able Capable Faculty Capacity Dynamic ability Skilled
Would
If only
If then
Conditionally
—————————————————-
BINARY LOGIC
“Yes” Under these conditions
“No” Under these conditions
“True” Under these conditions
“False” Under these conditions
“On” Under these conditions
“Off” Under these conditions
“1” Under these conditions
“0” Under these conditions
“Open” Under these conditions
“Closed” Under these conditions
“—” Under these conditions
“O” Under these conditions
—————————————————-
PREDICTION
May Might Possibly Potentially Guess
LIMITS
(Imperatives) Do or Do Not Is or Is Not Shall or Shall Not Will or Will Not Must or Must Not May or May Not Might or Might Not Hopeful or Hopeless Can or Cannot Could or Could Not Should or Should Not Ought or Ought Not
(Rights)
Right or No Right
Privilege or No Privilege
Liberty or No Liberty
(Binding) Obligated or Not Obligated Bound or Not Bound Promise or Not Promise Agree or Not Agree Oath or No Oath Vow or No Vow In Accord or Out of Accord Proper or Improper
(Obligations) Will or Will Not Requires or Requires Not Is Necessary or Is Not Necessary Commands or Does Not Command
(Powers-Potens) Possible or Impossible Power or Weakness Capacity Ability Faculty Potentiality Full Powers - Plenipotentiary Competency Skill Knowledge Awareness
δεῖ
SHOULD - BEHOOVES - NECESSARY
δεῖ • (deî)
(with personal accusative and infinitive) it behoves one to, it is necessary to, one must
(with impersonal accusative and infinitive)
(when used in absolute an infinitive may be supplied)
(with impersonal genitive) there is need of, there is wanting
(with a personal dative)
(with personal accusative)
(nominative, rare)
(neuter participle, absolute use) it being needful, fitting
ἔδει
ONE SHOULD
ἔδει • (édei)
imperfect of δεῖ (deî, “one should”)
πιθανώς
πείθω
POSSIBLY - MAYBE - PROBABLE
πιθανός • (pithanós) m (feminine πιθανή, neuter πιθανό)
Adjective
(‘probable, likely’)
ενδεχόμενος (endechómenos, “possible, conceivable”)
πῐθᾰνός • (pithanós) m (feminine πῐθᾰνή, neuter πῐθᾰνόν); first/second declension persuasive, influential, winning plausible, credible (art) true to nature, natural easy to persuade, credulous obedient, docile
From the root of πείθω (“I persuade”) + -νος (adjective suffix).
Suffix[edit]
-νος • (-nos) m (feminine -νη, neuter -νον); first/second declension
Added to roots or words to forms adjectives or nouns; often accented on ultima
πιθανότητα • (pithanótita) f (plural πιθανότητες)
Noun
possibility (the quality of being possible)
probability, likelihood (relative chance of an event happening)
(mathematics) probability (a number, between 0 and 1, expressing the precise likelihood of an event happening)
From Ancient Greek πιθανότης (pithanótēs), equivalent to πιθανός (pithanós, “likely”) + -ότητα (-ótita, “-ity, -ness”).
Antonym
απίθανος • (apíthanos) m
improbable
μπορώ
MAY - MIGHT - CAN
μπορώ • (boró) (simple past μπόρεσα)
can, be able
Μπορείς αύριο; ― Can you make it tomorrow?
Μπορούν να μιλήσουν Ελληνικά; ― Can they speak Greek?
Μπορείς να πετύχεις τα πάντα. ― You can accomplish everything.
may
Μπορώ; Μπορώ! ― May I? I may!
Μπορώ να έχω ένα ποτήρι νερό; ― Can I have a glass of water?
Μπορεί να βρέξει αύριο. ― It may rain tomorrow.
(3rd person singular - μπορεί) it is possible
δεν μπορεί ― it’s not possible
δεν μπορεί να ― it cannot be
μπορώ
Present → Imperfect → Continuous future → Continuous subjunctive → Imperative →
1s μπορώ μπορούσα θα μπορώ να μπορώ
2s μπορείς μπορούσες θα μπορείς να μπορείς —
3s μπορεί μπορούσε θα μπορεί να μπορεί
1p μπορούμε μπορούσαμε θα μπορούμε να μπορούμε
2p μπορείτε μπορούσατε θα μπορείτε να μπορείτε μπορείτε
3p μπορούν, μπορούνε μπορούσαν, μπορούσανε θα μπορούν, θα μπορούνε να μπορούν, να μπορούνε
Dependent † Simple past → Simple future → Simple subjunctive → Imperative →
1s μπορέσω μπόρεσα θα μπορέσω να μπορέσω
2s μπορέσεις μπόρεσες θα μπορέσεις να μπορέσεις μπόρεσε
3s μπορέσει μπόρεσε θα μπορέσει να μπορέσει
1p μπορέσουμε, μπορέσομε μπορέσαμε θα μπορέσουμε, θα μπορέσομε να μπορέσουμε, να μπορέσομε
2p μπορέσετε μπορέσατε θα μπορέσετε να μπορέσετε μπορέστε, μπορέσετε
3p μπορέσουν, μπορέσουνε μπόρεσαν, μπορέσαν, μπορέσανε θα μπορέσουν, θα μπορέσουνε να μπορέσουν, να μπορέσουνε
Perfect → Pluperfect → Future perfect → Subjunctive →
1s έχω μπορέσει είχα μπορέσει θα έχω μπορέσει να έχω μπορέσει
2s έχεις μπορέσει είχες μπορέσει θα έχεις μπορέσει να έχεις μπορέσει
3s έχει μπορέσει είχε μπορέσει θα έχει μπορέσει να έχει μπορέσει
1p έχουμε μπορέσει είχαμε μπορέσει θα έχουμε μπορέσει να έχουμε μπορέσει
2p έχετε μπορέσει είχατε μπορέσει θα έχετε μπορέσει να έχετε μπορέσει
3p έχουν μπορέσει είχαν μπορέσει θα έχουν μπορέσει να έχουν μπορέσει
Participle: μπορώντας Non-finite ‡ μπορέσει 76, εσ, 2B1d,
πρέπω • (prépō)
OUGHT - FITTING - APROPOS — HAVE TO — HAD TO
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *prep-.
Cognates include Old Armenian երեւիմ (erewim),
Old High German furben (“to clean”),
Old Irish richt (“shape”), Welsh rhith (“species”).
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /pré.pɔː/ → /ˈpre.po/ → /ˈpre.po/
Verb
πρέπω • (prépō)
to be clearly seen, to be visible or conspicuous among a number
to be heard
to smell strong
to be conspicuously like, to be like, to resemble
to be conspicuously fit, to become, beseem, suit
(in participle)
(neuter participle) that which is seemly, fitness, propriety, decorum
(rarely with a person as the subject) fit
(mostly impersonal) it is fitting, it beseems, suits, becomes
(with personal accusative and infinitive)
(with infinitive only)
when an accusative alone follows, an infinitive must be supplied
(transitive) to liken.
πρέπει • (prépei) impersonal (imperfect έπρεπε) (found only in the 3rd person)
(+ genitive personal pronoun) to be fit for, to be worthy of, deserve
Του πρέπουν μεγάλες τιμές: πρέπει να πάρει βραβείο Νόμπελ.
Tou prépoun megáles timés: prépei na párei vraveío Nómpel.
Great honours are fitting for him: he must receive a Nobel prize.
(singular only) must, have to, ought
πρέπει να πω πως… ― prépei na po pos… ― I must say that…
Δεν πρέπει να λες ψέματα. ― Den prépei na les psémata. ― Υou ought not to lie.
έπρεπε • (éprepe)
A form of the impersonal verb πρέπει (prépei).
had to
Έπρεπε να τελειώσω την δουλειά. ― Éprepe na teleióso tin douleiá. ― I had to finish the job.
Έπρεπε να φύγουμε αμέσως. ― Éprepe na fýgoume amésos. ― We had to leave immediately.
ought, should
Θα έπρεπε να είχα φύγει. ― Tha éprepe na eícha fýgei. ― I ought to have gone.
Δεν θα έπρεπε οι πολίτες να έχουν αναρωτηθεί γιατί … ― Den tha éprepe oi polítes na échoun anarotitheí giatí … ― Should the people not have wondered why …
δῐᾰπρέπω (diaprépō, “be prominent”) ἐκπρέπω (ekprépō, “be excellent”) ἐμπρέπω (emprépō, “be conspicuous in”) ἐνδῐᾰπρέπω (endiaprépō, “be distinguished in”) ἐπῐπρέπω (epiprépō, “be conspicuous”) εὐπρεπέω (euprepéō, “be acceptable”) εὐπρεπῐ́ζω (euprepízō, “be acceptable”) μετᾰπρέπω (metaprépō, “distinguish oneself”) σῠμπρέπω (sumprépō, “befit”)
διαπρέπω (diaprépo, “distinguish”)
ευπρεπίζω (efprepízo, “to tidy up”)
καθωσπρέπει (kathosprépei, “seemly”, adverb)
-πρεπής (-prepís)
-πρεπος (-prepos)
πρεπούμενος (prepoúmenos, “fitting”) (vernacular)
πρέπω
GO BE APPROPRIATE FOR - BESEEM - SEEMLY - FITTING
πρέπω • (prépō)
to be clearly seen, to be visible or conspicuous among a number quotations ▼
to be heard quotations ▼
to smell strong quotations ▼
to be conspicuously like, to be like, to resemble quotations ▼
to be conspicuously fit, to become, beseem, suit quotations ▼
(in participle)
(neuter participle) that which is seemly, fitness, propriety, decorum quotations ▼
(rarely with a person as the subject) fit quotations ▼
(mostly impersonal) it is fitting, it beseems, suits, becomes quotations ▼
(with personal accusative and infinitive) quotations ▼
(with infinitive only) quotations ▼
when an accusative alone follows, an infinitive must be supplied quotations ▼
From Proto-Indo-European *prep-. Cognates include Old Armenian երեւիմ (erewim), Old High German furben (“to clean”), Old Irish richt (“shape”), Welsh rhith (“species”).
Derived terms[edit] θεοπρόπος (theoprópos) -πρέπεια f (-prépeia) -πρεπής (-prepḗs) ἀξιοπρεπής (axioprepḗs) -πρεπόντως (-prepóntōs, adverbs) -πρεπῶς (-prepôs, adverbs) Compounds of the verb: δῐᾰπρέπω (diaprépō, “be prominent”) ἐκπρέπω (ekprépō, “be excellent”) ἐμπρέπω (emprépō, “be conspicuous in”) ἐνδῐᾰπρέπω (endiaprépō, “be distinguished in”) ἐπῐπρέπω (epiprépō, “be conspicuous”) εὐπρεπέω (euprepéō, “be acceptable”) εὐπρεπῐ́ζω (euprepízō, “be acceptable”) μετᾰπρέπω (metaprépō, “distinguish oneself”) σῠμπρέπω (sumprépō, “befit”)
ἀξιοπρεπής • (axioprepḗs) m or f (neuter ἀξιοπρεπές); third declension.
Adjective
proper, becoming
430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Symposium 8.40:
καὶ σῶμα ἀξιοπρεπέστατον μὲν ἰδεῖν τῆς πόλεως ἔχεις, ἱκανὸν δὲ μόχθους ὑποφέρειν.
kaì sôma axioprepéstaton mèn ideîn tês póleōs ékheis, hikanòn dè mókhthous hupophérein.
and you possess a person more goodly to the eye than any other in the city and one at the same time able to withstand effort and hardship.
From ἄξιος (áxios, “worthy”) + πρέπω (prépō, “to be appropriate for”) + -ής (-ḗs, adjective suffix).
διαπρέπω • (diaprépo) (simple past διέπρεψα, passive —)
distinguish oneself
Etymology[edit]
From Ancient Greek διαπρέπω. Synchronically analysable as δια- (“through”) + πρέπω (prépō, “beseem”).
διαπρεπής (diaprepís, “one who is distinguished”)
πρέπει
SHOULD
πρέπει
Verb
πρέπει • (prépei) impersonal (imperfect έπρεπε) (found only in the 3rd person)
(+ genitive personal pronoun, personal use) to be fit for, to be worthy of, deserve.
Του πρέπουν μεγάλες τιμές: πρέπει να πάρει βραβείο Νόμπελ.
Great honours are fitting for him: he must receive a Nobel prize.
(singular only, impersonal use) must, have to, ought.
πρέπει να πω πως… ― I must say that…
Δεν πρέπει να λες ψέματα. ― Υou ought not to lie.
θα πρέπει να πάτε σπίτι
You should go home.
3rd persons impersonal: πρέπει (prépei, “must”)
Θα έπρεπε να μελετήσω για τη δοκιμή
I should have studied for the test.
μελέτη - study
δοκιμή - test
εξέταση • (exétasi) f (plural εξετάσεις) examination, investigation (generally) of plans, accounts, objects, etc (education) examination, exam (law) examination (of witness) (medicine) examination (of patient)
Synonyms
(education): διαγωνισμός m (diagonismós) (colloquial)
Related terms[edit]
Ιερά Εξέταση (Ierá Exétasi, “Inquisition”)
and see: εξετάζω (exetázo, “to examine”)
δοκιμή • (dokimí) f (plural δοκιμές)
Noun
trial, test
Etymology From δόκῐμος (“approved”) from δέχομαι (“I receive, I accept”). Pronunciation IPA(key): /do.ki.mɛ̌ː/ → /ðo.kiˈmi/ → /ðo.ciˈmi/ Noun[edit] δοκῐμή • (dokimḗ) f (genitive δοκῐμῆς); first declension test, trial, examination The passing of a trial, character.
δοκιμάζω (dokimázo, “to test”)
δοκιμάζομαι (dokimázomai, “to be tested”)
δοκιμαστής m (dokimastís, “tester, taster”)
δοκιμάστρια f (dokimástria, “tester, taster”)
δοκιμασία f (dokimasía, “ordeal, trial, assay”)
δοκιμασμένος (dokimasménos, “experienced, staunch”)
δοκιμαστήριο n (dokimastírio, “fitting room”)
δοκιμαστικό n (dokimastikó, “audition, trial”)
δοκιμαστικός (dokimastikós, “test, trial”)
and see: δοκίμιο n (dokímio, “proof copy, essay”)
δοκιμάζω • (dokimázo) simple past δοκίμασα passive δοκιμάζομαι TO TRY (transitive) try, try out Δοκίμασες ποτέ πίτσα με ανανά; ― Dokímases poté pítsa me ananá? ― Ever tried pineapple pizza? (transitive) test (transitive) taste (intransitive) attempt, try Δοκίμασε να σκαρφαλώσει το βουνό.― He tried to climb the mountain.
Related terms[edit]
αποδοκιμάζω (apodokimázo, “to condemn”)
επιδοκιμάζω (epidokimázo, “to approve”)
and see: δοκιμή f (dokimí, “trial, test”)
αποδοκιμάζω • (apodokimázo) (simple past αποδοκίμασα, passive αποδοκιμάζομαι)
Verb
disapprove of, condemn
επιδοκιμάζω • (epidokimázo) (simple past επιδοκίμασα, passive επιδοκιμάζομαι)
Verb
approve, endorse, commend
Etymology
επι- (epi-, “half”) + δοκιμάζω (dokimázo, “floor”)
επιδοκιμασία • (epidokimasía) f (plural επιδοκιμασίες)
Noun
approval (the action or the effect of the action)
δοκιμαστήριο • (dokimastírio) n (plural δοκιμαστήρια)
Noun
fitting room, changing room (for trying on clothes)
From δόκῐμος (dókimos, “approved”), from δέχομαι (dékhomai, “I receive, I accept”).
δοκιμαστικός • (dokimastikós) m (feminine δοκιμαστική, neuter δοκιμαστικό)
Adjective
test, trial
δοκιμαστικός σωλήνας m (dokimastikós solínas, “test tube”)
δοκιμαστική εξέταση f (dokimastikí exétasi, “mock exam”)
δοκιμαστική οδήγηση f (dokimastikí odígisi, “test drive”)
δοκιμαστική πτήση f (dokimastikí ptísi, “test flight”)
έγκριση • (égkrisi) f (plural εγκρίσεις)
approval, permission, sanction
δοκιμάζομαι • (dokimázomai) passive (simple past δοκιμάστηκα, active δοκιμάζω)
Verb
passive form of δοκιμάζω (dokimázo)
δοκιμασία • (dokimasía) f (plural δοκιμασίες) Noun ordeal (a painful or trying experience) strain (a painful experience) trial
μπορούσα
I COULD HAVE
θα μπορούσα να κερδίσω το βραβείο
I could have won the prize.
μπορώ (boró): “I could, I was able to”
μπορούσα • (boroúsa)
1st person singular imperfect form of μπορώ “I could, I was able to”
μπορώ • (boró) (past μπόρεσα, passive —)
can, be able
Μπορείς αύριο; ― Mporeís ávrio? ― Can you make it tomorrow?
Μπορούν να μιλήσουν Ελληνικά; ― Mporoún na milísoun Elliniká? ― Can they speak Greek?
Μπορείς να πετύχεις τα πάντα. ― Mporeís na petýcheis ta pánta. ― You can accomplish everything.
may
Μπορώ; Μπορώ! ― Mporó? Mporó! ― May I? I may!
Μπορώ να έχω ένα ποτήρι νερό; ― Mporó na écho éna potíri neró? ― Can I have a glass of water?
Μπορεί να βρέξει αύριο. ― Mporeí na vréxei ávrio. ― It may rain tomorrow.
(3rd person singular - μπορεί) it is possible (impersonal)
δεν μπορεί ― den mporeí ― it’s not possible
δεν μπορεί να ― den mporeí na ― it cannot be
From Mediaeval Byzantine Greek μπορῶ / ἐμπορῶ (emporô) / ἠμπορῶ (ēmporô).
Through a paregymological connection to ἔμπορος m (“merchant”)
ultimately from Ancient Greek εὐπορέω (to thrive, prosper, find means)
ελπίζω
I HOPE TO
Ελπίζω να φτάσω μέχρι το μεσημέρι
I hope to arrive by noon.
ελπίζω • (elpízo) (simple past έλπισα, ήλπισα, passive —)
(transitive) hope to, expect to
(intransitive) hope, have hope
θα μπορούσε
COULD
θα μπορούσε
MIGHT
κατά πάσα πιθανότητα
(“in all likelihood, probably”)
ἂν
MAY - POSSIBLY
ἂν
MAY
Prtcl
an: usually untranslatable, but generally denoting supposition, wish, possibility or uncertainty
Original Word: ἄν
Part of Speech: Particle, Disjunctive Particle
Transliteration: an
Phonetic Spelling: (an)
Definition: usually untranslatable, but generally denoting supposition, wish, possibility or uncertainty
Usage: an untranslatable word (under the circumstances, in that case, anyhow), the general effect of which is to make a statement contingent, which would otherwise be definite: it is thus regularly used with the subjunctive mood.
HELPS Word-studies
302 án – a conditional particle expressing possibility, based on a preexisting condition (stipulation, prerequisite). This adds an important theoretical (hypothetical) sense to a statement which narrows down the sense of that statement.
302 (an) “indicates what can (could) occur – but only on certain conditions, or by the combination of certain fortuitous causes” (J. Thayer). Only the context determines how 302 (án) “limits” (“conditions”) the statement by the possibility (condition) involved. Accordingly, 302 (án) is often called the “untranslatable particle.” However, it always influences (“conditions”) its sentence and is key to properly understanding the verse (passage) in which it occurs.
[Though 302 (án) is not easily “translatable,” it always conveys important meaning. (The KJV sometimes translates an as “perchance,” “haply.”)
302 (an) is used about 300 times in the NT, introducing statements that have conditional or hypothetical meaning.]
δῠ́νᾰμαι
δυναμικός
CAN - ABLE TO
δῠ́νᾰμαι • (dúnamai)
(with infinitive) to be able, capable, strong enough to do
(of moral possibility) to be able, to dare, to bear to do
(with ὡς (hōs) and a superlative) as much as one can
to pass for
(of money) to be worth
(of numbers) to be equivalent, to equal
(of words) to signify, mean
(as a mathematical term) to be the root of a square number, to be the side of a square
(impersonal) it is possible, it can be
δῠ́νᾰμῐς (dúnamis, “ability, power, display of power”)
δυνατός (dunatós, “possible”)
δύναμαι Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: dunamai Phonetic Spelling: (doo'-nam-ahee) Definition: to be able, to have power Usage: (a) I am powerful, have (the) power, (b) I am able, I can.
Cognate: 1410 dýnamai (a primitive verb) – to show ability (power); able (enabled by God), empowered. See the cognate-noun, 1411 /dýnamis (“ability, power”).
δύναμις, εως, ἡ
Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine
Transliteration: dunamis
Phonetic Spelling: (doo’-nam-is)
Definition: (miraculous) power, might, strength
Usage: (a) physical power, force, might, ability, efficacy, energy, meaning (b) plur: powerful deeds, deeds showing (physical) power, marvelous works.
1411 dýnamis (from 1410 /dýnamai, “able, having ability”) – properly, “ability to perform” (L-N); for the believer, power to achieve by applying the Lord’s inherent abilities. “Power through God’s ability” (1411 /dýnamis) is needed in every scene of life to really grow in sanctification and prepare for heaven (glorification). 1411 (dýnamis) is a very important term, used 120 times in the NT.
δυναμικός
Adjective
δυναμικός • (dynamikós) m (feminine δυναμική, neuter δυναμικό)
able, dynamic, powerful, forceful
From δύναμις (“power”) + -ικός (-adjective )
δῠ́νᾰμῐς • (dúnamis) f (genitive δῠνᾰ́μεως); third declension power, might, strength ability, skill power, authority, influence force of war magic, magically potent substance or object, magic powers manifestation of divine power: miracle faculty, capacity worth, value The force of a word: meaning (mathematics) square root (mathematics) power
δῠνᾰ́στης (dunástēs, “ruler, petty ruler”)
δύναμη • (dýnami) f (plural δυνάμεις) power, force, strength, brawn (military) force δύναμη καταδρομών (commando force) (physics) force
δῠνᾰ́στης • (dunástēs) m (genitive δῠνᾰ́στου); first declension Lord, ruler (Greek mythology) Epithet of Zeus (Greek mythology) Epithet of Poseidon A princeling, a petty ruler Master The chief men of a state or place
δυνάστης • (dynástis) m (plural δυνάστες)
oppressing ruler, dynast
From δύναμαι (“be able”) + -στης (masculine agentive suffix).
δυναστεία f (dynasteía, “dynasty”)
δυναστευτικός (dynasteftikós, “tyrannical”)
δυναστεύω (dynastévo, “to tyrannize”)
δυναστικός (dynastikós, “dynastic”)
δυνάστρια (dynástria)
καταδυναστεύω (katadynastévo, “to oppress”)
Derived terms
δυναστεία (dunasteía, “lordship, dominion”)
δυνάστειρα (dunásteira, “lady, mistress”)
δυναστεύματες (dunasteúmates, “natural resources”)
δυναστευτικός (dunasteutikós, “arbitrary”)
δυναστεύω (dunasteúō, “to hold power”)
δυναστικός (dunastikós, “of or pertaining to a lord, arbitrary”)
δύναστις (dúnastis, “lady, mistress”)
δῠνᾰτός
TO BE ABLE
From δύναμαι (dúnamai, “to be able”) + -τος (-tos, verbal adjective suffix)
Pronunciation[edit]
more ▼
IPA(key): /dy.na.tós/ → /ðy.naˈtos/ → /ði.naˈtos/
Adjective[edit]
δῠνᾰτός • (dunatós) m (feminine δῠνᾰτή, neuter δῠνᾰτόν); first/second declension
strong, mighty quotations ▼
(with infinitive) able to do quotations ▼
(of outward power) powerful, influential quotations ▼
able to produce quotations ▼
(passive, of things) possible, practical quotations ▼
(adverbial) strongly, powerfully quotations ▼
(in phrases, such as, κατὰ τὸ δυνατόν, ὅσον δυνατόν) as much as is possible
οφείλω
MUST - OBLIGATED - INDEBTED
οφείλω • (ofeílo) (imperfect όφειλα, passive —) found only in the imperfective tenses
(transitive) owe
(intransitive) be obliged to
Conjugation
οφείλω (active forms only imperfective)
ωφελούμαι • (ofeloúmai) passive (past ωφελήθηκα, active ωφελώ)
profit, benefit
1st century Paul, 1st Epistle to the Corinthians.
13 (Προς Κορινθίους Α’, 13)
Ἐὰν ταῖς γλώσσαις τῶν ἀνθρώπων λαλῶ […] ἀγάπην δὲ μὴ ἔχω, οὐδὲν ὠφελοῦμαι.
If I speak with the languages […] but don’t have love, I am nothing. (literally: I have no profit)
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Related terms
οφειλέτης m (ofeilétis, “debtor”)
οφειλή f (ofeilí, “debt”)
όφελος n (ófelos, “benefit”)
and see: ωφελώ (ofeló, “benefit”)
Synonyms κέρδος n (kérdos) κέρδος • (kérdos) n (plural κέρδη) profit, gain (material or financial) κερδίζω • (kerdízo) (past κέρδισα, passive κερδίζομαι) Verb profit, gain, earn (money) gain κερδίζω έδαφος ― to gain ground win (gamble, lottery) win (sport, etc.) From Byzantine Greek κερδίζω from κέρδος (“the gain, the profit”) + -ίζω.
Synonym
πλεονέκτημα n (pleonéktima)
ωφέλεια f (oféleia)
Antonyms
ζημία f (zimía, “loss, damage”)
Related terms
οφειλέτης m (ofeilétis, “debtor”)
οφείλω (ofeílo, “owe”)
οφειλή f (ofeilí, “debt”)
Also:
ωφελώ (ofeló, “to profit”)
ωφελούμαι (ofeloúmai, “to gain, to make a profit”)
—————
όφελος • (ófelos) n (plural οφέλη)
(finance) profit
benefit
————————-
Synonyms[edit]
όφελος n (ófelos)
πλεονέκτημα n (pleonéktima)
ωφέλεια f (oféleia)
Antonyms[edit]
ζημία f (zimía, “loss, damage”)
Coordinate terms[edit]
ωφελώ (ofeló, “to profit”)
ωφελούμαι (ofeloúmai, “to gain, to make a profit”)
Related terms[edit]
αισχροκέρδεια f (aischrokérdeia, “profiteering”)
αισχροκερδής (aischrokerdís, “profiteering”)
αισχροκερδώ (aischrokerdó, “profiteer”)
ακερδής (akerdís, “profitless”)
ανεπικερδής (anepikerdís, “unprofitable”)
αφιλοκερδής (afilokerdís, “unselfish, not greedy of wealth”)
κερδίζω (kerdízo, “I gain, I win”)
κερδοσκοπία f (kerdoskopía, “speculation”)
κερδοσκοπικός (kerdoskopikós, “speculative”)
κερδοσκόπος m (kerdoskópos, “speculator”)
κερδοσκοπώ (kerdoskopó, “speculate”)
κερδοφορία f (kerdoforía, “profitability”)
κερδοφόρος (kerdofóros, “profitable”)
κερδώος (kerdóos, “epithet of Hermes; expression for speculative activity”)
ξανακερδίζω (xanakerdízo, “win again, regain”)
υπερκέρδος n (yperkérdos, “superprofit”)
φιλοκέρδεια f (filokérdeia, “graspingness”)
φιλοκερδής (filokerdís, “grasping, greedy of wealth”)
—————————————
πλεονέκτημα • (pleonéktima) n (plural πλεονεκτήματα)
profit, gain
advantage, boon (something offering the chance of gain)
From Ancient Greek πλεονεκτέω (pleonektéō) + -μα (-ma)
from πλέον (pléon, “more”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “to have”).
Antonyms[edit]
μειονέκτημα (meionéktima)
Related terms[edit]
πλεονέκτης m (pleonéktis, “greedy person”)
πλεονεκτικός (pleonektikós, “profitable, advantageous”)
πλεονεκτικότητα f (pleonektikótita, “acquisitiveness”)
πλεονεκτώ (pleonektó, “to have the advantage”)
μειονέκτημα • (meionéktima) n (plural μειονεκτήματα)
handicap, drawback, disadvantage
imperfection, defect
From Ancient Greek μειονεκτέω (meionektéō) + -μα (-ma)
from μεῖον (meîon, “less”) + ἔχω (ékhō, “to have”).
απαιτώ
REQUIRE
απαιτώ • (apaitó) (simple past απαίτησα, passive απαιτούμαι)
demand
call for, require
απαιτώ
Related terms απαίτηση f (apaítisi, “demand”) απαιτητικός (apaititikós, “demanding”) απαιτητός (apaititós, “due, demanded”) απαιτούμενος (apaitoúmenos, “necessary, demanded”)
χρειάζομαι
NEED - LACK - REQUIRE - WANT
From χρή (khrḗ, “it is necessary”)
Verb
χρή • (khrḗ)
(impersonal, expressing necessity) have to, ought, should (with accusative of person and present or aorist infinitive)
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰer- (“to yearn”).
χρῆναι • (khrênai)
present active infinitive of χρή (khrḗ)
Verb
present active infinitive of χρή (khrḗ)
χρείᾱ • (khreíā) f (genitive χρείᾱς); first declension need, want, necessity want, poverty business, purpose (especially military purpose) employment, function use use, advantage, service familiarity, intimacy maxim
χρῆν • (khrên)
third-person singular imperfect indicative active of χρή (khrḗ): (impersonal) it was necessary
χρῄζω • (khrḗizō)
(with genitive) need, lack
ἐχρῆν • (ekhrên)
third-person singular imperfect indicative active of χρή (khrḗ): (impersonal) it was necessary
Verb
χρειάζομαι • (chreiázomai) deponent (simple past χρειάστηκα)
need, require
3rd persons singular are impersonal e.g. χρειάζεται: it is needed.
Related terms
αχρείαστος (achreíastos)
χρεία f (chreía)
χρειαζούμενος (chreiazoúmenos, “needed, necessary”)
Verb
χρειάζεται • (chreiázetai)
3rd person singular present form of χρειάζομαι (chreiázomai)
also as (impersonal): it is needed
Will / Shall
WILL / SHALL
Shall and will are two of the English modal verbs. They have various uses, including the expression of propositions about the future, in what is usually referred to as the future tense of English.
Historically, prescriptive grammar stated that, when expressing pure futurity (without any additional meaning such as desire or command), shall was to be used when the subject was in the first person, and will in other cases (e.g., “On Sunday, we shall go to church, and the preacher will read the Bible.”) This rule is no longer commonly adhered to by any group of English speakers, and will has essentially replaced shall in nearly all contexts.
Shall is, however, still widely used in bureaucratic documents, especially documents written by lawyers. Owing to heavy misuse, its meaning can be ambiguous and the United States government’s Plain Language group advises writers not to use the word at all.[1] Other legal drafting experts, including Plain Language advocates, argue that while shall can be ambiguous in statutes (which most of the cited litigation on the word’s interpretation involves), court rules, and consumer contracts, that reasoning does not apply to the language of business contracts.[2] These experts recommend using shall but only to impose an obligation on a contractual party that is the subject of the sentence, i.e., to convey the meaning “hereby has a duty to.”
The verb shall derives from Old English sceal. Its cognates in other Germanic languages include Old Norse skal, German soll, and Dutch zal; these all represent *skol-, the o-grade of Indo-European *skel-. All of these verbs function as auxiliaries, representing either simple futurity, or necessity or obligation.
πρέπει
MUST
Must is a modal verb. It is followed by the base form of a verb. You use must to indicate that you think it is very important or necessary for something to happen.
——————————————
Definition of must (Entry 1 of 4)
auxiliary verb
1a : be commanded or requested to
you must stop
b : be urged to : ought by all means to
you must read that book
2 : be compelled by physical necessity to
one must eat to live
: be required by immediate or future need or purpose to
we must hurry to catch the bus
3a : be obliged to : be compelled by social considerations to
I must say you’re looking well
b : be required by law, custom, or moral conscience (see CONSCIENCE sense 1) to
we must obey the rules
c : be determined to
if you must go at least wait for me
d : be unreasonably or perversely compelled to
why must you argue
4 : be logically inferred (see INFER sense 1) or supposed to
it must be time
5 : be compelled by fate or by natural law to
what must be will be
6 : was or were presumably certain to : was or were bound to
if he did it she must have known
7 dialect : MAY, SHALL —used chiefly in questions
intransitive verb
archaic : to be obliged to go
MUST as a noun Definition of must (Entry 2 of 4) 1 : an imperative need or duty : REQUIREMENT 2 : an indispensable item : ESSENTIAL exercise is a must
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Expressions of modality
Classically, three categories of modality are distinguished in linguistics: epistemic, deontic and circumstantial (or ‘root’) modality.[1]:639[2]:47 Epistemic modality is possibility and necessity relative to a speaker’s knowledge, while deontic modality has to do with permissions and obligations according to some system of rules. Circumstantial modality is relative to the relevant circumstances of a conversation and in general dependent on facts of the world rather than the agent’s knowledge.[1]:640 These different modalities can be expressed by auxiliaries such as ‘must’ or ‘can’, and can be illustrated in the English example below:
(1) Agatha must be the murderer. (expressing epistemic modality)
(2) Agatha must go to jail. (expressing deontic modality)
(3) Agatha must sneeze. (expressing circumstantial modality)
The sentence in (1) might be spoken by someone who has decided that all of the relevant facts in a particular murder investigation point to the conclusion that Agatha was the murderer, even though it may or may not actually be the case. The ‘must’ in this sentence thus expresses epistemic modality, for ‘for all we know’, Agatha must be the murderer - where ‘for all we know’ is relative to some knowledge the speakers possess. In contrast, (2) might be spoken by someone who has decided that, according to some standard of conduct, Agatha has committed a vile crime, and therefore the correct course of action is to jail Agatha. The ‘must’ in sentence (3) has neither an epistemic reading (that Agatha must sneeze is not dependent on some speaker’s knowledge), nor a deontic reading (it is not the case that Agatha must sneeze according to the law). Rather, that Agatha must sneeze is relative to the relevant circumstances of the utterance. Although the English ‘must’ is ambiguous between these interpretations, the form of the other elements in the sentences helps to disambiguate.
θα μπορούσε
COULD / CAN / ABLE TO / MAY / MIGHT
θα
(“I will”) - (“maybe I will”)
Added before the present verb forms to form the continuous or imperfective future tense.
Added before the imperfect verb forms to form the conditional mood:
(“If this - Then that”)
μπόρεση f (“state of being able”)
μπορετός (“being able”)
μπορώ • (boró) (past μπόρεσα, passive —)
(“can, be able”)
Μπορείς αύριο; ― Can you make it tomorrow?
Μπορούν να μιλήσουν Ελληνικά; ― Can they speak Greek?
Μπορείς να πετύχεις τα πάντα. ― You can accomplish everything.
may
Μπορώ; Μπορώ! ― May I? I may!
Μπορώ να έχω ένα ποτήρι νερό; ― Can I have a glass of water?
Μπορεί να βρέξει αύριο. ― It may rain tomorrow.
(3rd person singular - μπορεί)
(“it is possible”)
δεν μπορεί ― it’s not possible
δεν μπορεί να ― it cannot be
———————————————-
EMPIRE - EMPORIUM
Through a paregymological connection to ἔμπορος m (“merchant”)
from Ancient Greek εὐπορέω (“to thrive, prosper, find means”).
ἔμπορος • (émporos) m (genitive ἐμπόρου); second declension (Epic, Attic, Koine)
one who is on a journey: wayfarer, traveller
merchant, trader
From ἐν- (“on”) + πόρος (“journey”).
εὔπορος • (eúporos) m or f (neuter εὔπορον); second declension
Adjective
easy to pass or travel through; easily got, easily done, easy
ready, glib; (of persons) full of resources or devices, ingenious, inventive (opp. ἄπορος (áporos))
well-provided with, rich in, well off
From εὐ- (“good”) + πόρος (“passage”).
εὐπορῐ́ᾱ • (euporíā) f (genitive εὐπορῐ́ᾱς); first declension
Noun
IPA(key): /eu̯.po.rí.aː/ → /eɸ.poˈri.a/ → /ef.poˈri.a/
ease [+infinitive = of doing something], easy means of providing or satisfying [+genitive = something]
plenty, abundance [+genitive = of something], wealth
εὔπορος (“easy to get or do, wealthy”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (abstract noun)
Antonym: πενῐ́ᾱ (peníā)
πενῐ́ᾱ • (peníā) f (genitive πενῐ́ᾱς); first declension
poverty, indigence, beggary
From πένης (“poor”) or πενέω (“to be poor”) + -ια (noun).
Antonyms: περῐουσῐ́ᾱ (wealth, abundance, plenty), πλοῦτος (rich)
πόρος • (póros) m (genitive πόρου); second declension
a means of passage, passageway, way, opening
especially passage over a body of water: ford, strait, ferry, bridge
a means to an end
(biology) fiber, filament, thread
journey
ἐμπορίᾱ • (emporíā) f (genitive ἐμπορίᾱς); first declension
trade, commerce
a business
From ἔμπορος (merchant) + -ίᾱ (abstract noun)
εὐπορέω • (euporéō) Verb I prosper, thrive I have plenty of, abound in I find a way, find means I supply or furnish (philosophy) I have my doubts resolved, gain clear knowledge
ἐμπόρῐον • (empórion) n (genitive ἐμπορῐ́ου); second declension
trading station, mart, factory, emporium
market centre for a district without a city
Latin - emporium
From ἔμπορος (“merchant”) + -ιον (diminutive suffix).
πείρω
(“Pierce”)
Related to πείρω (“to pierce, to run through”)
From περάω (“to drive right through”), from πέρα (péra). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per-.
πέρα • (péra)
Adverb
beyond
περᾰ́ω • (peráō)
to go from one side to another
to pass through over or traverse, cross, esp. over water
(intransitive) to penetrate or pierce (of a pointed weapon)
πέρᾱμᾰ • (pérāma) n (genitive πέρᾱμᾰτος); third declension
A ferry
The act itself of carrying or ferrying
-μᾰ • (-ma) n (genitive -μᾰτος); third declension
Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action
πιπράσκω • (pipráskō)
to sell, esp. for exportation
(perfect passive, πέπραμαι) to be betrayed, ruined, undone
from πιπεράσκω (piperáskō)
reduplicated form of περάω (“to export for sale”).
περνάω/περνώ • (pernáo/pernó) (past πέρασα, passive περνιέμαι, p‑past περάστηκα, ppp περασμένος) pass, go past outrun, go past, overtake pass through, penetrate, thread, go through put on (clothing) coat (paint, etc) while (to pass time idly)
From περν-ώ (to pass, go through) + -άω (forms verb)
From πέρα (“beyond”).
πέρα • (péra)
beyond
Derived terms[edit]
εκεί πέρα (ekeí péra, “over there”)
εδώ πέρα (edó péra, “1. here; 2. in that case”)
κάνω πέρα (káno péra, “1. step aside; 2. oust, distance”)
πέρα από κάθε (péra apó káthe, “beyond”)
πέρα βρέχει (péra vréchei)
πέρα-δώθε (péra-dóthe, “back and forth”)
πέρα για πέρα (péra gia péra, “totally, absolutely”)
πέρα ως πέρα (péra os péra, “totally, absolutely”)
τα βγάζω πέρα (ta vgázo péra, “I manage”)
τα φέρνω πέρα (ta férno péra, “I manage”)
Related terms
Compounds, stem περν-
διαπερνώ (diapernó, “pass through”)
κακοπερνάω (“have bad time”), κακοπερνώ (bad journey)
καλοπερνάω (“have good time”), καλοπερνώ (good journey)
ξαναπερνάω (“pass again”), ξαναπερνώ (xanapernó)
ξεπερνάω (“to overtake”), ξεπερνώ (xepernó)
περνοδιαβαίνω (pernodiavaíno)
προσπερνάω (prospernáo), προσπερνώ (prospernó)
ψευτοπερνάω (pseftopernáo)
Stem περασ-, περαστ-
αδιαπέραστος (adiapérastos, “impenetrable”)
αξεπέραστος (axepérastos, “unsurpassed”)
απέραστος (apérastos)
καλοπερασάκιας m (kaloperasákias)
καλοπέραση f (kalopérasi, “good time”)
πέραση f (pérasi)
πέρασμα n (pérasma, “passage, passing”)
περαστικός (perastikós, “passing”)
περαστός (perastós)
προπερασμένος (properasménos)
From Proto-Indo-European Root *per- before, in front first ———————————————-
ανημπόρια • (animpória) f (plural ανημπόριες)
Abstract Noun
indisposition, malaise, grogginess
ανήμπορος
adjective
(“poorly, groggy”)
ανήμπορος • (anímporos) m (feminine ανήμπορη, neuter ανήμπορο)
Adjective
poorly, groggy, seedy, indisposed
απορία
CANNOT / IMPOSSIBLE / IMPASSIBLE / UNCERTAIN
απορία • (aporía) f (plural απορίες)
question, wonder
Να ζει κανείς ή να μη ζει: Ιδού η απορία.
To be or not to be: That is the question.
destitution, pauperism
επίδομα απορίας ― destitution support
(philosophy) aporia
aporia (plural aporias)
(rhetoric) An expression of deliberation with oneself regarding uncertainty or doubt as to how to proceed.
(philosophy, post-structuralism) An insoluble contradiction in a text’s meaning; a logical impasse suggested by a text or speaker.
Synonyms: impasse, paradox, contradiction
from Ancient Greek ἀπορία (aporía)
from ἄπορος (“impassable”)
from ἀ- (“not”) + πόρος (“passage”).
ᾰ̓πορῐ́ᾱ • (aporíā) f (genitive ᾰ̓πορῐ́ᾱς); first declension
(of places) a difficulty in passage
difficulty, impossibility
embarrassment, doubt, uncertainty, anxiety
need, poverty
puzzle
From ᾰ̓́πορος (“impassable, difficult”) + -ῐ́ᾱ (-noun).
συγκέντρωση ισχύος
CONCENTRATION OF POWER - CENTRALIZATION
ἰσχύς, ύος, ἡ Part of Speech: Noun, Feminine Transliteration: ischus Phonetic Spelling: (is-khoos') Definition: strength, might Usage: strength (absolutely), power, might, force, ability.
2479 isxýs (from the Gk root is, “force” and 2192/exō, “have”) – properly, force to overcoming immediate resistance.
From a derivative of ἰσ (force; compare eschon, a form of echo); forcefulness (literally or figuratively) – ability, might(-ily), power, strength.
Revelation 7:12 N-NFS GRK: καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς τῷ θεῷ NAS: and power and might, [be] to our God KJV: power, and might, [be] unto our God INT: and strength to the God
ισχύς • (ischýs) f (plural ισχύες)
power, might, strength
force
(physics) power
From Ancient Greek ἰσχύς (“strength, power”).
Probable compound of ἴς (“force, power”) + ἔχω (“I have, possess, contain”).
ῑ̓́ς • (ī́s) f (genitive ῑ̓νός); third declension
force, power
muscle (of the body)
ἔχω Part of Speech: Verb Transliteration: echó Phonetic Spelling: (ekh'-o) Definition: to have, hold Usage: I have, hold, possess.
From Proto-Indo-European *weyh₁- Root to chase, pursue to suppress, persecute
Cognate with Latin vīs.
Noun
vis (plural vires)
(“Force; energy; might; power”)
from Latin vītis (“vine”).
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συγκέντρωση • (sygkéntrosi) f (plural συγκέντρωση)
centralisation (UK), centralization (US)
mental concentration
congregation (large gathering of people)
assembly (legislative body)
(chemistry) concentration
(accounting) accumulation
gathering
ασχολούμαι με τη συγκέντρωση αποδείξεων για την αθωότητα του κατηγορούμενου
I am working on gathering evidence for the innocence of the accused
συγκέντρωση
Related terms
αποκέντρωση f (apokéntrosi, “decentralisation”)
αποκεντρώνω (apokentróno, “to decentralise”)
συγκεντρώνω (sygkentróno, “to centralise”)
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A central goal of democracy is to achieve a disburse distribution of power. Participatory and representative institutions of government are designed with that goal in mind. And yet, a major theme of political discourse is the high and persistent degree of concentrated political power that emerges in democratic governments across space and time. The tendency for political power to concentrate is evidently difficult to control. This research investigates why political power concentrates. The investigators shall develop a framework and tools that offer clear strategic intuitions for how key players capture and control political processes, exploiting information about who has power in the future, and offering amendments contingent on previous voting decisions. Their framework launches a broader research agenda on identifying when information, transparency, and flexibility exacerbate the inequality of political and economic power.
The investigators propose two models of dynamic political institutions. The first is a framework of negotiations and policymaking where players have information about which players have agenda-setting power in the future. They find that transparency can exacerbate inequality and inefficiency. The second project is a framework of a flexible agenda-setter who cannot vote on outcomes but can make proposals to a voting body. The investigators find that even when voters are far-sighted and sophisticated, an agenda setter can manipulate the voting body by flexibly offering amendments that are contingent on the voting outcome.
ἰσχὺς
MIGHT - MIGHTY
ἰσχὺς (ischys) — 1 Occurrence Revelation 7:12 N-NFS GRK: καὶ ἡ ἰσχὺς τῷ θεῷ NAS: and power and might, [be] to our God KJV: power, and might, [be] unto our God INT: and strength to the God
Interlinear Greek • Interlinear Hebrew • Strong’s Numbers • Englishman’s Greek Concordance • Englishman’s Hebrew Concordance • Parallel Texts
