PARTICLES & ARTICLES Flashcards
άρθρο
ARTICLE
Conjunction
ᾰ̓́ρᾰ • (ára)
so, then, therefore, consequently
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-
Proto-Indo-European
Root
*h₂er-
to fit, to fix, to put together
From Latin: ordō
Noun
ōrdō m (genitive ōrdinis); third declension
a methodical series, arrangement, or order; regular line, row, or series
a class, station, condition, rank
a group (of people) of the same class, caste, station, or rank (“vir senatorii ordinis”)
(military) A rank or line of soldiers; band, troop, company
(military) command, captaincy, generalship
From Latin: ars Noun ars f (genitive artis); third declension art skill, craft, handicraft, trade, power
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tís (“fitting”)
from the root *h₂er- (“to join”).
From Ancient Greek: ἀρθμός (arthmós)
Noun
ἀρθμός • (arthmós) m (genitive ἀρθμοῦ); second declension
bond, league, friendship
Noun
ᾰ̓́ρθρον • (árthron) n (genitive ᾰ̓́ρθρου); second declension
(anatomy) joint
Synonym: ἅψος (hápsos)
(anatomy) limb
articulation
ἄρθρον τῆς φωνῆς ( árthron tês phōnês ) – vocal articulation
(grammar) connecting word
(grammar) an article: a category including the definite article ὁ (ho) and the basic relative pronoun ὅς (hós)
from Proto-Indo-European *-dʰrom Proto-Indo-European: *-trom Alternative forms *-dʰlom, *-tlom, *-trom Suffix *-dʰrom n Alternative form of *-trom
Suffix
*(é)-trom n
Forms nouns denoting a tool or instrument.
Noun άρθρο • (árthro) n (plural άρθρα) (grammar) article οριστικό άρθρο ― oristikó árthro ― definite article (journalism) article
κύριο άρθρο ― kýrio árthro ― lead story article of a charter, law, contract etc.
άρθρο πίστεως ― árthro písteos ― article of faith
(grammar): οριστικό άρθρο n (oristikó árthro, “definite article”)
(grammar): αόριστο άρθρο n (aóristo árthro, “indefinite article”)
(journalism): κύριο άρθρο n (kýrio árthro, “leading article”)
άρθρο πίστεως n (árthro písteos, “article of faith”)
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ARTICLE
From Middle English article, from Old French article,
from Latin articulus (“a joint, limb, member, part, division, the article in grammar, a point of time”),
from Latin artus
from Proto-Indo-European *h₂értus (“that which is fit together; juncture, ordering”),
from the root *h₂er- (“to join, fit (together)”).
Latin: artus
Adjective
artus (feminine arta, neuter artum, comparative artior, superlative artissimus); first/second-declension adjective
narrow, close, fitted, confined, dense
(figuratively) severe, strict, scanty, brief
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂r̥tós (“fitted”), from the root *h₂er- (“to join, fit (together)”). Cognates include Sanskrit ऋत (ṛtá, “order; right, etc.”) and Avestan 𐬀𐬴𐬀 (aṣ̌a, “truth”).
Noun
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Article (publishing)
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Article (grammar)
article (plural articles)
A piece of nonfictional writing such as a story, report, opinion piece, or entry in a newspaper, magazine, journal, dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.
An object, a member of a group or class.
an article of clothing
a sales article
(grammar) A part of speech that indicates, specifies and limits a noun (a, an, or the in English). In some languages the article may appear as an ending (e.g. definite article in Swedish) or there may be none (e.g. Russian, Pashto).
A section of a legal document, bylaws, etc. or, in the plural, the entire document seen as a collection of these.
The Articles of War are a set of regulations […] to govern the conduct of […] military […] forces
A genuine article.
A part or segment of something joined to other parts, or, in combination, forming a structured set.
Each of the chelicerae is composed of two articles, forming a powerful pincer.
(derogatory, dated) A person; an individual.
a shrewd article
(archaic) A wench.
She’s a prime article (whip slang), she’s a devilish good piece, a hell of a goer.
(dated) Subject matter; concern.
(dated) A distinct part.
(obsolete) A precise point in time; a moment.
Particle (grammar)
σωματίδιο
A particle is a function word that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e., does not have its own lexical definition.
Particles are typically words that encode grammatical categories (such as negation, mood, tense, or case), clitics, or fillers or (oral) discourse markers such as well, um, etc. Particles are never inflected.
δή δαί
TRULY - EXACTLY - THATS RIGHT - NOW!
Adds temporal specificity: now, already.
Adds emphasis: truly, !
Adds specificity: exactly.
With pronouns: of all people.
δαί (daí) – after interrogatives, to express wonder or curiosity
δή (dḗ) is a post-positive (adjective ‘after’ noun) word, meaning that it will usually (but not always) be the second word in a clause.
δή • (dḗ) (discourse particle)
Adds temporal specificity: now, already
Adds emphasis: truly, !
Adds specificity: exactly
With pronouns: of all people
μέν
ON THE ONE HAND - WHEREAS
on the one hand, while, whereas
(before other particles) accordingly, and so.
να
POSSIBLY - HYPOTHETICALLY - MAYBE - PERHAPS
From Byzantine Greek να (na), from Ancient Greek ἵνα (hína).
added before the dependent or present verb forms to form the different subjunctive moods, serving a variety of different clausal functions and to express imperatives, wishes or hypotheticals:
Μπορώ να έχω… ― Can I have…
Θέλω να φύγω. ― I want to leave.
Να μείνω ή να φύγω; ― Should I stay or should I go?
Δεν θέλω να τον βλέπω. ― I don’t want to be seeing him.
Δεν έχω όρεξη να κάθομαι εκεί επί ώρες. ― I’m not in the mood to be sitting there for hours.
Να προσέχεις τον εαυτό σου. ― Take care of yourself.
Να ‘χεις το νου σου. ― Be aware/be on the lookout.
Να είχαμε πέντε λεπτά ακόμα. ― If only we had five more minutes.
used after the neuter definite article and before the second person singular of the present tense, it converts the clause to a noun phrase with the function of gerund:
Το να κλέβεις τις ιδέες ενός είναι “λογοκλοπή”, το να κλέβεις τις ιδέες πολλών είναι “επιστημονική έρευνα”. ― Stealing ideas from one person is “plagiarism”, stealing from many is “research”.
used to show or point out someone or something: there, here
Να τα προβλήματά μου. ― Na ta provlímatá mou. ― These are my problems.
Να ‘τος! ― Na ‘tos! ― There he is!
(τος here is a contraction of αυτός)
Να ‘μαστε πάλι εδώ Αντρέα! ― Na ‘maste páli edó Antréa! ― Here we are again, Andrea!
(μαστε here is a contraction of είμαστε, να ‘μαστε (namaste) can be considered as false friend of namaste)
when used with the hand gesture moutza, indicates of displeasure or anger:
Να! Παρ’ τα! ― Na! Par’ ta! ― There! Take that!
(vulgar) when used with a hand gesture pointing to own genitals, means “I don’t give a shit”:
Κι εμένα, να! ― Ki eména, na! ― As for myself I don’t give a shit!
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Particle[edit]
να • (na)
added before the dependent or present verb forms to form the different subjunctive moods, serving a variety of different clausal functions and to express imperatives, wishes or hypotheticals:
Μπορώ να έχω… ― Boró na écho… ― Can I have…
Θέλω να φύγω. ― Thélo na fýgo. ― I want to leave.
Να μείνω ή να φύγω; ― Na meíno í na fýgo? ― Should I stay or should I go?
Δεν θέλω να τον βλέπω. ― Den thélo na ton vlépo. ― I don’t want to be seeing him.
Δεν έχω όρεξη να κάθομαι εκεί επί ώρες. ― Den écho órexi na káthomai ekeí epí óres. ― I’m not in the mood to be sitting there for hours.
Να προσέχεις τον εαυτό σου. ― Na prosécheis ton eaftó sou. ― Take care of yourself.
Να ‘χεις το νου σου. ― Na ‘cheis to nou sou. ― Be aware/be on the lookout.
Να είχαμε πέντε λεπτά ακόμα. ― Na eíchame pénte leptá akóma. ― If only we had five more minutes.
used after the neuter definite article and before the second person singular of the present tense, it converts the clause to a noun phrase with the function of gerund:
Το να κλέβεις τις ιδέες ενός είναι “λογοκλοπή”, το να κλέβεις τις ιδέες πολλών είναι “επιστημονική έρευνα”. ― To na kléveis tis idées enós eínai “logoklopí”, to na kléveis tis idées pollón eínai “epistimonikí érevna”. ― Stealing ideas from one person is “plagiarism”, stealing from many is “research”.
Related terms[edit]
θα (tha, “would, will”)
ας (as, “let; leave off”)
Etymology 2[edit]
From Byzantine Greek να (na), from Ancient Greek ἤν (ḗn).
Particle[edit]
να • (na)
used to show or point out someone or something: there, here
Να τα προβλήματά μου. ― Na ta provlímatá mou. ― These are my problems.
Να ‘τος! ― Na ‘tos! ― There he is!
(τος here is a contraction of αυτός)
Να ‘μαστε πάλι εδώ Αντρέα! ― Na ‘maste páli edó Antréa! ― Here we are again, Andrea!
(μαστε here is a contraction of είμαστε, να ‘μαστε (namaste) can be considered as false friend of namaste)
when used with the hand gesture moutza, indicates of displeasure or anger:
Να! Παρ’ τα! ― Na! Par’ ta! ― There! Take that!
(vulgar) when used with a hand gesture pointing to own genitals, means “I don’t give a shit”:
Κι εμένα, να! ― Ki eména, na! ― As for myself I don’t give a shit!
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HAP
Happy
Happen
Happenstance
Perhaps
ἵν
ῐ̔́νᾰ
IN ORDER THAT - SO THAT
in order that, so that, so
Subordinating conjunction
final, introducing a subordinate clause expressing a purpose: in order that, so that, so
introducing a clause of effort, indicating what someone is trying to accomplish: that
(usually poetic) where
ἐπεί
Conjunction
WHENEVER - SINCE WHEN
(of time) after, after that, since, when
whenever, when once
(with optative, without ἄν (án))
(referring to future time)
ᾰ̓́ν
Particle
CONTINGENCY
Expresses potentiality or conditionality.
(with optative) Expresses future potentiality: would or could do or be doing
(with imperfect indicative) Expresses present or rarely past potentiality: were doing, would be doing
(with aorist indicative) Expresses past potentiality.
(with past indicative) Expresses unreality
(with aorist) Past or rarely present unreality: would have done, would do
(with imperfect) Present or past unreality: would do, would be doing; would have been doing
(with pluperfect) Present or less commonly past unreality:
(with past indicative) Expresses iteration or habituality: had done, had been doing; would have done, would have been doing; used to do
ἄν
THIS CONTINGENT UPON THAT - POSSIBLE - UNCERTAIN
makes a statement contingent
in that case, anyhow
the general effect of which is to make a statement contingent, which would otherwise be definite:
it is thus regularly used with the subjunctive mood.
Original Word: ἄν
Part of Speech: Particle, Disjunctive Particle
Transliteration: an
Phonetic Spelling: (an)
Short Definition: an untranslatable word that makes a statement contingent
Definition: an untranslatable word (under the circumstances, in that case, anyhow), the general effect of which is to make a statement contingent, which would otherwise be definite: it is thus regularly used with the subjunctive mood.
302 án – a conditional particle expressing possibility, based on a preexisting condition (stipulation, prerequisite). This adds an important theoretical (hypothetical) sense to a statement which narrows down the sense of that statement.
302 (an) “indicates what can (could) occur – but only on certain conditions, or by the combination of certain fortuitous causes” (J. Thayer). Only the context determines how 302 (án) “limits” (“conditions”) the statement by the possibility (condition) involved. Accordingly, 302 (án) is often called the “untranslatable particle.” However, it always influences (“conditions”) its sentence and is key to properly understanding the verse (passage) in which it occurs.
[Though 302 (án) is not easily “translatable,” it always conveys important meaning. (The KJV sometimes translates an as “perchance,” “haply.”)
302 (an) is used about 300 times in the NT, introducing statements that have conditional or hypothetical meaning.]
Matthew 2:13 Prtcl GRK: ἐκεῖ ἕως ἂν εἴπω σοι KJV: there until I bring thee INT: there until anyhow I should tell you Matthew 5:18 Prtcl GRK: ὑμῖν ἕως ἂν παρέλθῃ ὁ INT: to you until anyhow shall pass away
Matthew 5:18 Prtcl
GRK: νόμου ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται
INT: law until anyhow all come to pass
Matthew 5:19 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall practice and
Matthew 5:21 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν φονεύσῃ ἔνοχος
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall murder liable
Matthew 5:22 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall say to
Matthew 5:22 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν εἴπῃ Μωρέ
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall say Fool
Matthew 5:26 Prtcl
GRK: ἐκεῖθεν ἕως ἂν ἀποδῷς τὸν
INT: from there until anyhow you pay the
Matthew 5:31 Prtcl
GRK: δέ Ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ τὴν
INT: moreover whoever anyhow shall divorce the
Matthew 10:11 Prtcl
GRK: ἣν δ’ ἂν πόλιν ἢ
KJV: and there abide till ye go thence.
INT: whatever moreover anyhow city or
Matthew 10:11 Prtcl
GRK: μείνατε ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε
KJV: And into whatsoever city or
INT: remain until anyhow you go forth
Matthew 10:14 Prtcl
GRK: καὶ ὃς ἂν μὴ δέξηται
INT: And whoever anyhow not will receive
Matthew 10:23 Prtcl
GRK: Ἰσραὴλ ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ ὁ
INT: Israel until if be come the
Matthew 10:33 Prtcl
GRK: ὅστις δ’ ἂν ἀρνήσηταί με
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall deny me
Matthew 10:42 Prtcl
GRK: καὶ ὃς ἂν ποτίσῃ ἕνα
INT: And whoever anyhow shall give to drink to one of
Matthew 11:21 Prtcl
GRK: ὑμῖν πάλαι ἂν ἐν σάκκῳ
KJV: they would have repented long ago in
INT: you long ago anyhow in sackcloth
Matthew 11:23 Prtcl
GRK: σοί ἔμεινεν ἂν μέχρι τῆς
KJV: Sodom, it would have remained until
INT: you it had remained anyhow until which
Matthew 12:7 Prtcl
GRK: θυσίαν οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς
KJV: sacrifice, ye would not
INT: sacrifice not anyhow you had condemned the
Matthew 12:20 Prtcl
GRK: σβέσει ἕως ἂν ἐκβάλῃ εἰς
INT: he will quench until anyhow he bring forth unto
Matthew 12:32 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν εἴπῃ κατὰ
INT: whoever moreover anyhow speaks against
Matthew 12:50 Prtcl
GRK: ὅστις γὰρ ἂν ποιήσῃ τὸ
INT: whoever indeed anyhow shall do the
Matthew 15:5 Prtcl
GRK: λέγετε Ὃς ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ
INT: say whoever anyhow shall say the
Matthew 16:25 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν ἀπολέσῃ τὴν
INT: whoever however anyhow might lose the
Matthew 16:28 Prtcl
GRK: θανάτου ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν τὸν
KJV: taste of death, till they see the Son
INT: of death until anyhow they have seen the
Matthew 18:6 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν σκανδαλίσῃ ἕνα
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall cause to stumble one
ἄν
ANYHOW
ὃς δ’ ἂν
whoever moreover anyhow
Matthew 2:13 Prtcl GRK: ἐκεῖ ἕως ἂν εἴπω σοι KJV: there until I bring thee INT: there until anyhow I should tell you Matthew 5:18 Prtcl GRK: ὑμῖν ἕως ἂν παρέλθῃ ὁ INT: to you until anyhow shall pass away
Matthew 5:18 Prtcl
GRK: νόμου ἕως ἂν πάντα γένηται
INT: law until anyhow all come to pass
Matthew 5:19 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall practice and
Matthew 5:21 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν φονεύσῃ ἔνοχος
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall murder liable
Matthew 5:22 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall say to
Matthew 5:22 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν εἴπῃ Μωρέ
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall say Fool
Matthew 5:26 Prtcl
GRK: ἐκεῖθεν ἕως ἂν ἀποδῷς τὸν
INT: from there until anyhow you pay the
Matthew 5:31 Prtcl
GRK: δέ Ὃς ἂν ἀπολύσῃ τὴν
INT: moreover whoever anyhow shall divorce the
Matthew 10:11 Prtcl
GRK: ἣν δ’ ἂν πόλιν ἢ
KJV: and there abide till ye go thence.
INT: whatever moreover anyhow city or
Matthew 10:11 Prtcl
GRK: μείνατε ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε
KJV: And into whatsoever city or
INT: remain until anyhow you go forth
Matthew 10:14 Prtcl
GRK: καὶ ὃς ἂν μὴ δέξηται
INT: And whoever anyhow not will receive
Matthew 10:23 Prtcl
GRK: Ἰσραὴλ ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ ὁ
INT: Israel until if be come the
Matthew 10:33 Prtcl
GRK: ὅστις δ’ ἂν ἀρνήσηταί με
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall deny me
Matthew 10:42 Prtcl
GRK: καὶ ὃς ἂν ποτίσῃ ἕνα
INT: And whoever anyhow shall give to drink to one of
Matthew 11:21 Prtcl
GRK: ὑμῖν πάλαι ἂν ἐν σάκκῳ
KJV: they would have repented long ago in
INT: you long ago anyhow in sackcloth
Matthew 11:23 Prtcl
GRK: σοί ἔμεινεν ἂν μέχρι τῆς
KJV: Sodom, it would have remained until
INT: you it had remained anyhow until which
Matthew 12:7 Prtcl
GRK: θυσίαν οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς
KJV: sacrifice, ye would not
INT: sacrifice not anyhow you had condemned the
Matthew 12:20 Prtcl
GRK: σβέσει ἕως ἂν ἐκβάλῃ εἰς
INT: he will quench until anyhow he bring forth unto
Matthew 12:32 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν εἴπῃ κατὰ
INT: whoever moreover anyhow speaks against
Matthew 12:50 Prtcl
GRK: ὅστις γὰρ ἂν ποιήσῃ τὸ
INT: whoever indeed anyhow shall do the
Matthew 15:5 Prtcl
GRK: λέγετε Ὃς ἂν εἴπῃ τῷ
INT: say whoever anyhow shall say the
Matthew 16:25 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν ἀπολέσῃ τὴν
INT: whoever however anyhow might lose the
Matthew 16:28 Prtcl
GRK: θανάτου ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν τὸν
KJV: taste of death, till they see the Son
INT: of death until anyhow they have seen the
Matthew 18:6 Prtcl
GRK: ὃς δ’ ἂν σκανδαλίσῃ ἕνα
INT: whoever moreover anyhow shall cause to stumble one
an: usually untranslatable, but generally denoting supposition, wish, possibility or uncertainty
Original Word: ἄν
Part of Speech: Particle, Disjunctive Particle
Transliteration: an
Phonetic Spelling: (an)
Definition: usually untranslatable, but generally denoting supposition, wish, possibility or uncertainty
Usage: an untranslatable word (under the circumstances, in that case, anyhow), the general effect of which is to make a statement contingent, which would otherwise be definite: it is thus regularly used with the subjunctive mood.
HELPS Word-studies
302 án – a conditional particle expressing possibility, based on a preexisting condition (stipulation, prerequisite). This adds an important theoretical (hypothetical) sense to a statement which narrows down the sense of that statement.
302 (an) “indicates what can (could) occur – but only on certain conditions, or by the combination of certain fortuitous causes” (J. Thayer). Only the context determines how 302 (án) “limits” (“conditions”) the statement by the possibility (condition) involved. Accordingly, 302 (án) is often called the “untranslatable particle.” However, it always influences (“conditions”) its sentence and is key to properly understanding the verse (passage) in which it occurs.
[Though 302 (án) is not easily “translatable,” it always conveys important meaning. (The KJV sometimes translates an as “perchance,” “haply.”)
302 (an) is used about 300 times in the NT, introducing statements that have conditional or hypothetical meaning.]
ἐάν
IF THIS THEN THAT
Original Word: ἐάν Part of Speech: Conditional Particle Or Conjunction Transliteration: ean Phonetic Spelling: (eh-an') Short Definition: if Definition: if.
1437 eán (a conjunction, derived from 1487 /ei, “if” and 302 /án, a particle showing a statement is conditional) – if, referring to a condition extending to its “spin-off” possibilities – i.e. that happen if the condition is actualized or is valid.
a conditional particle (derived from εἰ ἄν), which makes reference to time and to experience, introducing something future, but not determining, before the event, whether it is certainly to take place; if, in case.
with the subjunctive aorist, corresponding to the Latin future perfect.
(ἐάν προσκυνήσῃς μοι, if thou shalt have worshipped me)
(ἐάν ἔλθῃ Τιμόθεος; for although he was already on his way to Corinth, yet some hindrance might still prevent his arriving)
ἐάν with the subjunctive aorist is used of things which the speaker or writer thinks will certainly take place.
ἐάν περ) if only, if indeed:
____________________________________________
contraction from ei and an.
Original Word: εἰ Part of Speech: Conditional Particle Or Conjunction Transliteration: ei Phonetic Spelling: (i) Short Definition: if Definition: if. HELPS Word-studies 1487 ei (a conditional conjunction) – if. 1487 /ei (followed by any verb) expresses "a condition, thought of as real, or to denote assumptions" (i.e. viewed as factual. for the sake of argument) (BAGD). Accordingly, 1487 (ei) should not be translated "since," but rather always "if" – since the assumption may only be portrayed as valid (true, factual).
Original Word: ἄν
Part of Speech: Particle, Disjunctive Particle
Transliteration: an
Phonetic Spelling: (an)
Short Definition: an untranslatable word that makes a statement contingent
Definition: an untranslatable word (under the circumstances, in that case, anyhow), the general effect of which is to make a statement contingent, which would otherwise be definite: it is thus regularly used with the subjunctive mood.
ἐᾱ́ν
εἰ
Conjunction
IF THIS THEN THAT
if (for more depth see εἰ (ei) and ἄν (án)
From ἐπί (epí, “on”) + εἰ (ei, “if”).
ορίστε
HEY! YES?!
(said when you hand something over to someone)
Που είναι το παλτό μου; Ορίστε!
Where’s my coat? Here you are!
Ορίστε πώς κατάντησε αυτός.
There’s how he ended up.
————————————
(said when someone is addressing you, to whom you owe respect)
Κύριε Γιάννη; Ορίστε!
Mr Yianni? Yes?
————————————
(said when asking someone to do something or say something)
Ορίστε, σας ακούω.
Go ahead, I can hear you.
————————————-
(said on answering the telephone)
Ορίστε, ποιος είναι;
Hello, who is it?
————————————
(said on requesting someone to repeat due to not having heard them)
Ορίστε, τι είπατε;
Sorry, what was that?
————————————
(said on hearing something shocking)
Ορίστε; Συμβαίνουν όντως τέτοια πράγματα;
Excuse me!? Do such things really happen!?
The interjection sense comes from the verb form, literally “set out!” or “define!”.
εἰ
IF
Original Word: εἰ Part of Speech: Conditional Particle Or Conjunction Transliteration: ei Phonetic Spelling: (i) Short Definition: if Definition: if. HELPS Word-studies 1487 ei (a conditional conjunction) – if. 1487 /ei (followed by any verb) expresses "a condition, thought of as real, or to denote assumptions" (i.e. viewed as factual. for the sake of argument) (BAGD). Accordingly, 1487 (ei) should not be translated "since," but rather always "if" – since the assumption may only be portrayed as valid (true, factual).
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Conjunction
εἴπερ • (eíper)
Strengthened form of εἰ (ei, “if”)
if really, if indeed, even if, even though
(in Attic, to imply that the supposition agrees with the fact, with the imperfect it implies that it is contrary to the fact)
From εἰ (if) + περ (emphatic, adds force)
Conjunction
εἰ • (ei)
if
Particle
περ • (per) (most common in Epic and Lyric)
Enclitic particle that follows the word it modifies and adds force to it.
Conjunction
ἐπεί • (epeí)
(of time) after, after that, since, when
(with indicative)
(of a definite occurrence in past time, mostly with aorist)
(with implied reference to some later time)
(with subjunctive, ἄν (án) often being added)
(referring to future time)
(referring generally to any one of a number of instances, with a present apodosis of repeated action) whenever, when once
(with optative, without ἄν (án))
(referring to future time)
(more frequently, referring generally to any one of a number of past instances, with a past apodosis of repeated action)
(in indirect speech after past tenses, representing a subjunctive in direct speech)
(with infinitive, only be assimilation in indirect speech)
(with other words)
(with τάχιστα (tákhista))
(with various emphatic particles)
(causal) since, seeing that
(with indicative)
(in most of the constructions which are found in independent sentences)
(with infinitive in indirect speech)
(in various elliptical expressions)
(sometimes epexegetic, introducing a narrative)
Conjunction
ἐπειδή • (epeidḗ)
(strengthened form of ἐπεί (epeí)) after, since
From ἐπί (epí, “on”) + εἰ (ei, “if”).
From ἐπεί (epeí, “after, since”) + δή (dḗ, “emphatic particle”)
Particle δή • (dḗ) (discourse particle) Adds temporal specificity: now, already Adds emphasis: truly, ! Adds specificity: exactly With pronouns: of all people
Conjunction
δή • (dḗ)
but, and
δέ
δέ + μέν
οὐδέ
BUT, ON THE OTHER HAND
δέ • (dé)
but, and
It is often used together with μέν (mén).
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μέν • (mén) (discourse particle)
on the one hand, while, whereas (often left untranslated)
(before other particles) accordingly, and so.
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Proto-Indo-European/ de
Edit *de ~ *do or *-de ~ *-do[1]
Emphatic or contrastive particle, and, but[2]
Postpositive demonstrative particle, towards[2][3]
Ancient Greek: δή (dḗ), δαί (daí)
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οὐδέ
IF NOT THIS, THEN NOT THAT
If not “A” then not “B”
If “A” is not true, then “B” is not true.
It means: If “A” (the preceding statement) isn’t true (valid) – then “B” (which extends from it) is also not valid.
The negation rules out (invalidates) the statement that precedes it, and what naturally extends from it.
Original Word: οὐδέ Part of Speech: Conjunction,Negative Transliteration: oude Phonetic Spelling: (oo-deh') Short Definition: neither, nor, not even Definition: neither, nor, not even, and not.
οὐ Οὐκ οὐδ οὐδὲ όχι δεν μη κενώ τίποτα οὐδεὶς
NO - NOT - NEGATION
οὐ Οὐκ οὐδ οὐδὲ όχι δεν μη κενώ τίποτα οὐδεὶς
οὐ Οὐκ οὐδ οὐδὲ όχι δεν μη κενώ τίποτα οὐδεὶς
IS NOT
οὐ is the indicative negator (i.e. of facts, statements), where μή (mḗ) is the subjunctive negator (i.e. of will, thought).
NO - NOT - NONE - NOTHING - NEGATION
NEITHER - NOR
οὐδὲ, οὐδ
If not “A” then not “B”
neither, nor, not even, and not.
moreover not, neither indeed, not even, nor even.
NO - NOT - NONE - NOTHING
όχι, δεν, μη, κενώ, τίποτα
Greek - όχι
no, stop, I will not.
Latin - nihil, null
No, not, none, nothing.
δεν
Not that.
μη
non-
οὐ
not
Adv
οὐδεὶς
no one
Adj-NMS
οὔπω
Not yet
Adv
Οὐκ
Not
τίποτα
nothing
not anything; no single thing.
No big deal. No worries.
κενώ, κενός
blank, void, vacant, devoid, inane, vacuous.
άκυρος
invalid, void, null and void, null, nugatory, vitiated.
ακυρώνω
cancel, void, annul, scrub, nullify, abrogate.
αδειανός
empty, void, unoccupied, vacant.
διαφωνώ
disagree, dissent.
εναντιώνομαι
be opposed to, object to.
αντιτάσσω
oppose
αντικρούω
from αντι- (“counter-”) + κρούω (“strike”).
contest, refute, rebut, controvert.
ανθίσταμαι
resisting, standing against, standing firm.
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no determiner 1. not any. "there is no excuse" exclamation 1. used to give a negative response. "“Is anything wrong?” “No.”" synonyms: no indeed, absolutely not, most certainly not, of course not, under no circumstances, by no means, not at all, negative, never, not really, no thanks; More adverb 1. not at all; to no extent. "they were no more able to perform the task than I was" 2. SCOTTISH not. "I'll no be a minute" noun 1. a negative answer or decision, as in voting. "he was unable to change his automatic yes to a no"
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οὐ
NOT - NEGATION OF FACT
οὐ • (ou) (negative particle)
not (indicates negation)
οὐκ – before vowel with smooth breathing οὐχ – before vowel with rough breathing οὔ – pausal form οὐχί – Epic, Attic οὐκί – Epic, Ionic
οὐ is the indicative negator (i.e. of facts, statements), where μή (mḗ) is the subjunctive negator (i.e. of will, thought).
It usually immediately precedes the word (most often a verb) which it negates. Negative concord (also known as double negatives) is frequent in Ancient Greek.
Possibly οὐκί (oukí, “not so, never”),
from *ojukid, from Proto-Indo-European *(ne) h₂óyu kʷid (“not ever, not on your life”).
Compare Sanskrit उद् (ud),
Gothic 𐌿𐌳 (ud),
Old Armenian ոչ (očʿ).
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μή
οὐ
μή is the negative of thought or wish, but οὐ of objective statements of fact.
οὐ • (ou) (negative particle)
not (indicates negation)
οὐκί (“not so, never”),
from *ojukid
from Proto-Indo-European *(ne) h₂óyu kʷid (“not ever, not on your life”).
Compare Sanskrit उद् (ud),
Gothic 𐌿𐌳 (ud),
Old Armenian ոչ (očʿ).
οὐ is the indicative negator (i.e. of facts, statements), where μή (mḗ) is the subjunctive negator (i.e. of will, thought). It usually immediately precedes the word (most often a verb) which it negates. Negative concord (also known as double negatives) is frequent in Ancient Greek.
μή • (mḗ) (negative particle)
not - as a possibility.
(used in clauses expressing will or thought)
(with an imperative or subjunctive in negative commands)
(with an optative or past indicative, expressing a negative wish)
(in a question expecting a negative answer)
(in dependent clauses)
(with participle representing conditional clause)
(in warnings or statements of fear)
(in independent clauses) that … not; that.
Derived terms Edit μηδαμός (mēdamós) μηδαμοῦ (mēdamoû) μηδαμῇ (mēdamêi) μηδέ (mēdé) μηδείς (mēdeís) μηδέποτε (mēdépote) μηδέπω (mēdépō) μηδέτερος (mēdéteros) μηκέτι (mēkéti) μήπω (mḗpō) μήτις (mḗtis) μήτοι (mḗtoi) μῶν (môn)
μή
MAY NOT
μή is the negative of thought or wish,
but οὐ (ou) of objective statements of fact.
PLEASE NO - HOPEFULLY NOT
I HOPE NOT
NOT - NEGATION
μή is the negative of thought or wish,
but οὐ (ou) of objective statements of fact.
mé: not, that...not, lest (used for qualified negation)
Original Word: μή
Part of Speech: Particle, Negative
Transliteration: mé
Phonetic Spelling: (may)
Short Definition: not, lest
Definition: not, lest.
HELPS Word-studies
3361 mḗ (a particle which functions as an adverb) – no, not. 3361 (mḗ) negates "subjectively," ruling out any implications ("suggestions") that could be involved with what should (could, would) apply.
3361 /mḗ (“not”) negates the underlying idea (concept) of a statement, ruling out its possibilities, i.e. all that it suggests on a conceptual or hypothetical plane.
[3361 /mḗ (“not, no”) then negates the implications (suggestions) that naturally spring from the negated statement.]
μή • (mḗ) (negative particle)
not (used in clauses expressing will or thought)
(with an imperative or subjunctive in negative commands)
(with an optative or past indicative, expressing a negative wish)
(in a question expecting a negative answer)
(in dependent clauses)
(with participle representing conditional clause)
(in warnings or statements of fear)
(in independent clauses) that … not; that
386 BCE – 367 BCE, Plato, Meno 89c:
Σωκράτης […] ἀλλὰ μὴ τοῦτο οὐ καλῶς ὡμολογήσαμεν.
Sōkrátēs […] allà mḕ toûto ou kalôs hōmologḗsamen.
Socrates: But [let’s hope] that we didn’t agree on this incorrectly.
or [I’m worried] that we agreed […] .
(introducing indirect statement after verb of fearing or apprehension) that
