GRAMMAR - γραμματική Flashcards

Question

VERB (6 Parts of Conjugation)

Answer 1

Verbs in Ancient Greek have six principal parts: present (I), future (II), aorist (III), perfect (IV), perfect middle (V) and aorist passive (VI), each listed in its first-person singular form: Part I forms the entire present system, as well as the imperfect. Part II forms the future tense in the active and middle voices. Part III forms the aorist in the active and middle voices. Part IV forms the perfect and pluperfect in the active voice, and the (exceedingly rare) future perfect, active. Part V forms the perfect and pluperfect in the middle voice, and the (rare) future perfect, middle. Part VI forms the aorist and future in the passive voice. One principal part can sometimes be predicted from another, but not with any certainty. For some classes of verbs, however, all principal parts can be predicted given the first one.

Answer 2

To make the past tenses of the indicative mood, the vowel ε- (e-), called an "augment", is prefixed to the verb stem, e.g. aorist ἔ-λυσα (é-lusa) "I freed", imperfect ἔ-λυον (é-luon) "I was freeing". This augment is found only in the indicative, not in the other moods or in the infinitive or participle.

Answer 3

To make the perfect tense the first consonant is "reduplicated", that is, repeated with the vowel e (λέλυκα (léluka) "I have freed", γέγραφα (gégrapha) "I have written"), or in some cases an augment is used in lieu of reduplication (e.g. ηὕρηκα (hēúrēka) "I have found"). Unlike the augment of past tenses, this reduplication or augment is retained in all the moods of the perfect tense as well as in the perfect infinitive and participle.

Answer 4

PURPOSE (Bound Under the Will of the Law) A grammatical mood indicating purpose. Predestined - Intended Outcome. The Latin Supine Mood suffix... ( -um ) A. The Supine in -um may be used after verbs of motion to express purpose: Legätös ad Caesarem mittunt rogätum auxilium. They send envoys to Caesar to ask for help. Stultitia est venätum ducere invïtäs canës. It is folly to take unwilling dogs to hunt. from Latin supīnus (“lying down with the face upwards, supine; careless, heedless, thoughtless, negligent, indolent; (grammar) supine”) from *sup- ((“under”) + -īnus (“of, pertaining to”). a Latin verbal noun used only in the accusative and ablative cases, especially to denote purpose (e.g., dictu in mirabile dictu “wonderful to relate”). ``` The word is cognate with Catalan supí Italian supino (“on one's back, supine”) ``` ``` Old French sovin, Middle French souvin Anglo-Norman supin Old Occitan sobin, sopin Portuguese supino (“on one's back, supine”) Spanish supino (“on one's back, supine”) ```

Answer 5

GRAMMATICAL MOOD - (Incline) έγκλιση • (égklisi) f (plural εγκλίσεις) (grammar) grammatical mood, mood (linguistics) enclisis. From ἐγκλίνω (“to incline”) +‎ -σῐς -σῐς • Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process. ``` from ἐν + κλίσις ἐν • (location) in, on, at; (with plural) among. (topical) surrounded by; wearing. (time) in, at, or during the time of. ``` ``` κλῐ́σῐς • bending, inclination a lying down; a place for lying down (of soldiers) turning (grammar) inflection (of nouns and verbs) (grammar) augment. From κλῑ́νω +‎ -σῐς ``` ``` κλίνω • to bend, slant to cause to give way, cause to retreat to lean, prop something on another to turn aside to decline, wane to seat, cause to lie down (grammar) to inflect, decline, conjugate (passive) to lean, be sloping (passive) to wander, stray ``` ἔγκλῐσῐς • (énklisis) f (genitive ἐγκλῐ́σεως); third declension inclination; slope defeat, failure (medicine) displacement (grammar) mood of a verb (grammar) change of acute accent to grave accent (grammar, generally) inflection of derivative forms.

Answer 6

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (Literally) under tactics, under orders, under a will. τακτική Tactics. Ordering. Arranging. _________________________________________ SUBJUNCTIVE From Latin subjunctīvus (“serving to join, connecting, in grammar applies to the subjunctive mode”), from subjungere (“to add, join, subjoin”), from sub (“under”) + jungere (“to join, yoke”). iungō (present infinitive iungere, perfect active iūnxī, supine iūnctum); third conjugation I join. From Proto-Italic *jungō from Proto-Indo-European *yunégti ~ *yungénti, from the root *yewg-. *yunégti (imperfective) to be joining. *yewg- (perfective) to join, to yoke, to tie together. From sub- Under, submissive. _________________________________________ MOOD mood (plural moods) (grammar) A verb form that depends on how its containing clause relates to the speaker’s or writer’s wish, intent, or assertion about reality. from Old English mōd (“heart, mind, spirit, mood, temper; courage; arrogance, pride; power, violence”) from Proto-Germanic *mōdą, *mōdaz (“sense, courage, zeal, anger”) West Frisian moed (“mind, spirit, courage, will, intention”) from Proto-Indo-European *moh₁-, *meh₁- (“endeavour, will, temper”) Cognate with Scots mude, muid (“mood, courage, spirit, temper, disposition”) Saterland Frisian Moud (“courage”) Dutch moed (“courage, bravery, heart, valor”) German Low German Mood (“mind, heart, courage”) German Mut (“courage, braveness, heart, spirit”) Icelandic móður (“wrath, grief, moodiness”) Latin mōs (“will, humour, wont, inclination, mood”) Alternative form of mode (“intellect, mood, will, courage, nature”) ___________________________________________ WONT wont 1. one's customary behavior in a particular situation. "Constance, as was her wont, had paid her little attention" synonyms: custom, habit, way, practice, convention, routine, use, rule "Paul, as was his wont, was driving far too fast" 1. (of a person) in the habit of doing something; accustomed. "he was wont to arise at 5:30 every morning" synonyms: accustomed, used, given, inclined; in the habit of "he was wont to arise at 5.30 every morning" verbARCHAIC 1. make or be or become accustomed. "wont thy heart to thoughts hereof" ___________________________________________ MODE mode (plural modes) Activity within one's mind or brain: One's current mindset or feelings; mood: Fortitude, braveness, bravery, heart. Vainness, proudness; the display of conceit. Sadness, lamenting; the state of being sad or upset. Angriness, ire, resentment. One's mental capacity or intellect; the fount of reasoning. One's overall or overarching feelings; a opinion or will. What one currently wants or likes; a goal or aim One's motivation or willpower; resoluteness. (rare) Part of one's thought process. A person's nature or temperament; that which defines one's behaviour. One's visible nature; the appearance of someone. (rare) One's actions as a whole; the way one behaves. (rare) Writing or speaking; communication. (rare) A enterprise or endeavour.

Answer 7

IMPERATIVE MOOD To command obedience to a "will" mood. Command to move toward intended outcome. The principle commands the agent to move in accord with the tactics intended to result in the desired outcome envisioned by the principe. The purpose or the ordered arrangement of moves is to achieve the goal being a planned outcome. From - προσ (to, toward) From - τακτική (tactics, ordering, arranging) ``` To order tactics To command tactics To declare tactics To exclaim tactics To decree tactics To compel tactics ``` From imperator - supreme commander.

Answer 8

OPTATIVE MOOD The "wishing" mood. The "praying" mood. The "votive offering" mood. The "promissory" mood. The "oath and vow" to obey a 'will' mood. _____________________________________________ εὐκτῐκή • (euktikḗ) f (genitive εὐκτῐκῆς); first declension. εὐχή From εὔχομαι (“pray, wish”) +‎ -η (suffix forming action nouns). (grammar) The optative mood. εὐκτῐκός • (euktikós) m (feminine εὐκτῐκή, neuter εὐκτῐκόν); first/second declension Adjective Related to wishing. (grammar) Used to express a wish: the forms of the optative mood. Expressing a prayer or vow. (substantive) εὐκτῐκόν: utterance in the form of a prayer or wish. From εὐχ- the stem of εὔχομαι (“to wish, pray, or vow”), + -τῐκός (verbal adjective suffix). ``` εὔχομαι • (eúkhomai) to pray, offer prayers to pray for, wish for, long for to vow or promise to do to profess loudly, to boast, vaunt. ``` εὔχεται • (eúkhetai) third-person plural present indicative mediopassive of εὔχομαι (eúkhomai) From Proto-Indo-European *h₁wegʷʰ- *h₁wegʷʰ- to promise, to vow to praise. εὖχος • (eûkhos) n (genitive εὔχους or εὔχεος); third declension Noun the thing prayed for, object of prayer, prayer a boast, vaunt (later Greek) a vow, votive offering. From εὔχομαι ( “pray, vow, boast”) Mycenaean 𐀁𐀄𐀐𐀵 (e-u-ke-to, “εὔχεται”) (substantive) εὐκτῐκόν Utterance in the form of a prayer or wish. ``` προσευχή • (proseukhḗ) f (genitive προσευχῆς); first declension (Koine) prayer place of prayer. From Hellenistic Koine Greek προσευχή. Morphologically... from προσ- (“toward”) + ευχή (“wish”). From Ancient Greek εὐχή (“prayer,wish”) ευχή • (efchí) f (plural ευχές) religious blessing wish. ``` ευχετήριος "with greetings”, adjective ( of greeting cards, written wishes) (with greetings, with good wishes) απευχή f (“not a wish”) ευχέτης (ecclesiastical) One who wishes (one who takes vows) From ευχέ(της) ("one who wishes”) ευχετικός (“wishing, desiderative”, adjective) From ευχέ(της) “one who wishes”) +‎ -τήριος. εύχομαι (“I wish”) ευχή f (efchí, “the wish”) ευχετήρια κάρτα (“greetings card”) ___________________________________________ From Latin - votive dedicated or given in fulfillment of a vow or pledge from Latin - vōtīvus (“votive”), from vōtum (“vow”). From Latin - voveō (“to vow”) +‎ -īvus. voveō (present infinitive vovēre, perfect active vōvī, supine vōtum); second conjugation I vow, promise; dedicate or devote to a deity. I wish for, desire. Cognates include Ancient Greek εὔχομαι vōtum n (genitive vōtī); second declension promise, dedication, vow determination, will, desire prayer. ______________________________________ VOTE = VOW From Old French vut, in turn from Latin vōtum (“a promise, dedication, vow”), from vovēre (“to promise, vow”). Doublet of vote. vow (plural vows) A solemn promise to perform some act, or behave in a specified manner, especially a promise to live and act in accordance with the rules of a religious order. The old hermit, up in the mountains, took a vow of silence. A declaration or assertion. Swearing doesn't just mean what we now understand by "dirty words". It is entwined, in social and linguistic history, with the other sort of swearing: vows and oaths. Consider for a moment the origins of almost any word we have for bad language – "profanity", "curses", "oaths" and "swearing" itself. vow (third-person singular simple present vows, present participle vowing, simple past and past participle vowed) (transitive, intransitive) To make a vow; to promise. Bible, Eccl. v. 4 When thou vowest a vow unto God, defer not to pay it. Richard Baxter We do not vow that we will never sin, nor neglect a duty (nor ought we to do so). (transitive) To make a vow regarding (something). The wronged woman vowed revenge. To declare publicly that one has made a vow, usually to show one's determination or to announce an act of retaliation. The rebels vowed to continue their fight. ——————————————————- LATIN Latin: optātīvus (feminine optātīva, neuter optātīvum); first/second-declension adjective (grammar) optative Verbal adjective from optō (“to wish”) from the perfect passive participle optātus +‎ -īvus (adjective suffix) a calque of Ancient Greek εὐκτική (euktikḗ, “related to wishing”). Latin: optātus (feminine optāta, neuter optātum, comparative optātior, superlative optātissimus); first/second-declension participle Past Participle (-ed) wished for, desired, pleasant, having been desired. chosen, selected, having been chosen. From perfect passive participle of optō (“choose, select”). From Proto-Indo-European *op- (“to prefer, choose”) Latin: optō (present infinitive optāre, perfect active optāvī, supine optātum); first conjugation I choose, select, opt. I wish for, desire. ``` from Proto-Indo-European *op- (“to prefer, choose”) Proto-Indo-European Root *h₃ep- to work, toil, make ability, force ``` Latin: ops f (genitive opis); third declension (in the singular) strength, power, assistance, power to help, property (in the plural) resources, wealth Latin: optimus optimus (feminine optima, neuter optimum, positive bonus); first/second declension Adjective best; very good Hic mundus perfectissimus est etiam mundorum possibilium omnium optimus This most perfect world is even the best of all possible worlds (Immanuel Kant, echoing Leibniz) perhaps from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi (“at, near; on”) Latin: opīnor (present infinitive opīnārī, perfect active opīnātus sum); first conjugation, deponent I suppose, imagine, deem, think, judge, opine Italian: optare (per) to opt (for) to decide (upon) to take out an option on a stock ———————————————————- RELATED TO OPTION option (n.) c. 1600, "action of choosing;" 1630s, "power or liberty of choosing," from French option (Old French opcion) from Latin optionem (nominative optio) "choice, free choice, liberty to choose," from optare "to desire, pray for, choose," which is of uncertain origin. De Vaan derives it from Proto-Italic *opeje- "to choose, grab," from PIE *hopeie- "to choose, grab," and compares Hittite epp/app- "to take, grab," Sanskrit apa, Avestan apa "has reached." The meaning "thing that may be chosen" is attested from 1885. The commercial transaction sense of "privilege secured by payment of a premium (on a stock or a certain produce at a specified time and at a specified price)" is recorded from 1755 (the verb in this sense is attested by 1880 in American English). As a North American football play in which the back may either pass the ball or run with it, it is recorded by 1953. ———————————————————- RELATED TO DESIRE desire (n.) c. 1300, "a craving or yearning; an emotion directed toward attainment or possession of an object; sensual appetite, physical desire, lust," from Old French desir, from desirer (see desire (v.)). Meaning "that which is longed for" is from mid-14c. desire (v.) "to wish or long for, express a wish to obtain," c. 1200, desiren, from Old French desirrer (12c.) "wish, desire, long for," from Latin desiderare "long for, wish for; demand, expect," the original sense perhaps being "await what the stars will bring," from the phrase de sidere "from the stars," from sidus (genitive sideris) "heavenly body, star, constellation" (but see consider). desirous (adj.) "filled with desire (for something), wishing to obtain," c. 1300, from Anglo-French desirous, Old French desirros (11c., Modern French désireux), from Vulgar Latin *desiderosus, from stem of Latin desiderare (see desire (v.)). desiderata (n.) "things desired or desirable, that which is lacking or required," 1650s, plural of desideratum, Latin, literally "something for which desire is felt," noun use of neuter past participle of desiderare "to long for" (see desire (v.)). A Latin word in English; other offshoots of the Latin verb were nativized in Middle English: desiderable "wished for, desired" (mid-14c.), also "worthy of being admired;" desideracioun "longing, yearning" (late 15c.); desiderantly "with ardent desire" (c. 1500). Also compare obsolete desiderate "feel a desire or longing for" (1640s). covet (v.) mid-13c., "to desire or wish for inordinately or without regard for the rights of others," from Old French coveitier "covet, desire, lust after" (12c., Modern French convoiter, influenced by con- words), probably ultimately from Latin cupiditas "passionate desire, eagerness, ambition," from cupidus "very desirous," from cupere "long for, desire" (see cupidity). From mid-14c. in a good sense, "desire or wish for eagerly, desire to obtain or possess." Related: Coveted; coveting. Related entries & more cupidity (n.) "eager desire to possess something," mid-15c., from Anglo-French cupidite and directly from Latin cupiditatem (nominative cupiditas) "passionate desire, lust; ambition," from cupidus "eager, passionate," from cupere "to desire." This is perhaps from a PIE root *kup-(e)i- "to tremble; to desire," and cognate with Sanskrit kupyati "bubbles up, becomes agitated;" Old Church Slavonic kypeti "to boil;" Lithuanian kupėti "to boil over;" Old Irish accobor "desire." Despite the primarily erotic sense of the Latin word, in English cupidity originally, and still especially, means "desire for wealth." Related entries & more venereal (adj.) early 15c., "of or pertaining to sexual desire or intercourse," from Latin venereus, venerius "of Venus; of sexual love," from venus (genitive veneris) "sexual love, sexual desire" (from PIE root *wen- (1) "to desire, strive for"). Used of sexually transmitted diseases from 1650s. Related: Venereally. Related entries & more list (v.4) "to be pleased, desire" (intransitive), a sense now archaic, mid-12c., lusten, listen "to please, desire," from Old English lystan "to please, cause pleasure or desire, provoke longing," from Proto-Germanic *lustjan (source also of Old Saxon lustian, Dutch lusten "to like, fancy," Old High German lusten, German lüsten, Old Norse lysta "desire, wish, have a fancy"), from *lustuz-, from PIE root *las- "to be eager, wanton, or unruly" (see lust (n.)). Related: Listed; listing. Related entries & more optative (n.) mid-15c., optatif, "the optative mood," in grammar, a form of a verb expressing wish or desire, from Old French optatif (15c.), from Late Latin optativus, from Latin optatus "wished, desired, longed for," past participle of optare "to choose, wish, desire" (see option). Also mid-15c. as an adjective, "expressing wish or desire by a distinct grammatical form." The general adjectival sense of "expressing or expressive of desire or wish" is by 1610s.

Answer 9

INDICATIVE MOOD DEFINITE TENSE οριστική • (oristikí) f (plural οριστικές) (grammar) indicative mood. οριστικός (“definite”) ὁρῐστός (“limited”) ``` οριστικός • (oristikós) m feminine οριστική neuter οριστικό Adjective final, in a final stage (grammar) definite Antonym: αόριστος (aóristos) ``` ________________________________________

Answer 10

AORIST TENSE - (α-όριστος) INDEFINITE TENSE αόριστος • (aóristos) m (feminine αόριστη, neuter αόριστο) vague (grammar) indefinite. (grammar) preterite. αόριστος • (aóristos) m (plural αόριστοι) Noun Aorist Tense (grammar) aorist, past tense, simple past, perfective past. From ἀ- (a-, “not”) +‎ ὁρῐστός (“limited”) ``` ᾰ̓όρῐστος • (aóristos) m or f neuter ᾰ̓όρῐστον Adjective indefinite, indeterminate without boundaries, debatable the phrase ὁ ἀόριστος (χρόνος) the aorist tense. ``` Preterite Adjective (grammar, of a tense) showing an action at a determined moment in the past. Belonging wholly to the past; passed by. (grammar) The preterite tense, simple past tense: the grammatical tense that determines the specific initiation or termination of an action in the past. From Latin praeteritum (as in tempus praeteritum (“time past”) The past participle of praetereō (“I go by, go past”) Itself from praeter (“beyond, before, above, more than”) Comparatives of prae (“before”) + itum (the past participle of eō (“I go”) ____________________________________ 1 Peter 2:24 = "fact," not past tense! (Garth D. Wiebe, Jan 2015, added additional "'Aorist'..." paragraph May 2015) Entire sermons have been delivered, usually by preachers in the "word of faith" movement, on a fallacy about 1 Peter 2:24 that comes from an ambiguity in the English language. Peter did not misquote Isa 53:5, strategically changing the tense from present to past tense, as some claim. And I will prove it here without a doubt. The verb in 1 Pet 2:24 is not spelled ιασθε = "iasthe" = "you(plural) have been healed (Perfect passive) The verb in 1 Pet 2:24 is spelled ιαθητε = "iathete" = "you(plural) are healed" (Aorist passive, emphasis mine) This matches Isaiah 53:5 in the Septuagint translation: ιαθημεν = "iathemen" ="we are healed" (Aorist passive, emphasis mine) The only difference between those last two words is the 2nd vs. 3rd person ("you" vs. "we") conjugation of the verb. This corresponds to Isaiah 53:5 in the Hebrew text: נִרְפָּא־ לָֽנוּ׃ = "lnu -nrpha" = "he-has-been-healed (niphal, perfect) to/toward-us" The Greek indefinite, aorist verb tense specifies state, not action, fact rather than act, what timelessly just "is" rather than something happening in time. We don't have an explicit way of writing that verb tense in English, either with verb endings (-s, -ed, -ing, etc.) or with helper verbs (has-, will-, etc.) So we can't translate it very easily, or at least not unambiguously. But it conveys that healing applies to us. It is a "done deal." Just like you see that Isaiah 53:5 says in the Hebrew (which also makes for awkward English). "Aorist" was the ancient Greeks' definition for the verb tense, and not a modern scholar's definition (see LSJ "ἀόριστος" definition II.3.). The word "aorist" is from Greek "α-οριστος" = "a-oristos," where "a" = "without," and "oristos" = "defined boundary." Strong's G3724 ("οριζω") is the verb form used in "α-οριζω" = "a-[h]orizo." We get the English transliteration "horizon" from this Greek word (without the "a-"). A "horizon" is a fixed boundary that can be viewed a reference point. "A-orist" has no reference point. It is indefinite. If I were to say "I play the piano," then according to the rules of English grammar, that would be a simple present tense. But if I tell you "I play the piano" while sitting at the computer typing at a computer keyboard, you would implicitly understand it as aorist, that "I am a piano player," as a matter of fact, not action on a time line. See this post for more detailed discussion of this. Many translators use the English present perfect ("have been ___-ed") or past tense ("were ___-ed"), because that conveys the sense of something having been accomplished. And although it is true that the price for healing was paid, completed in time, in an event that occurred, past tense, 2000 years ago, that's not what either Isa 53:5 or 1 Pet 2:24 actually recite. Both recite the fact of it as it applies to us, which is timeless. Note that the Greek Septuagint (LXX), which was the Greek translation of the Hebrew scriptures in use in Biblical times, uses the same aorist tense. This proves that it cannot be translated as "past tense" or "perfect tense," because Isaiah 53 was a prophecy that was yet to be fulfilled at the time the prophecy was written! The tense of the Greek Septuagint (LXX) Old Testament matches the tense of the Greek New Testament! However you render it in the New Testament Greek you would need to render the same way in an Old Testament Greek translation. The verb tense in Isaiah certainly can't be "past tense"! Hebrew has no "aorist" tense, either. But notice how it is expressed. The Hebrew "נִרְפָּא־" = "nrpha" is perfect tense, 3rd person singular ("he-has-been-healed"), combined with "לָֽנוּ" = "lnu" = "to/toward-us," which is 1st person plural. Since the Hebrew combines 3rd person singular ("he," as in Jesus) with 1st person plural ("we," as in us), it is a timeless proposition, when the prophecy was made by Isaiah. At the time of Isaiah, Jesus "has been healed" (i.e. it has been accomplished) as applying to "us," where "us" would be the audience reading the book of Isaiah, hundreds of years before the time of the cross! So, you see that the Hebrew shows the same sense of accomplishment as 1 Pet 2:24. In Matt 8:17, translations often read, referring to the fulfillment of Isaiah 53:4 (one verse before verse 5), "he took our infirmities and bore our sicknesses." But this was before the cross, when Jesus was walking around healing the sick during his earthly ministry, not yet having atoned for sicknesses. How can this be? It is the same issue. It is not past tense. ``` "ελαβεν" = "elaben" = aorist "take" "εβαστασεν" = "ebastasen" = aorist "bear" ``` Therefore, it is more appropriate to translate Matt 8:17 "he takes our infirmities and bears our sicknesses" In other words, this can be paraphrased, "by him our infirmities are taken and our sicknesses are carried" This resolves how Matt 8:17 can say that Jesus, by healing people, was fulfilling the prophecy of Isaiah even before he went to the cross! Jesus believed that Isaiah's statement about him was true and simply applied as fact, and that the future fulfillment in the atonement was certain, without any doubt in his mind! The fact of healing just "is," if you believe the word of God. If you don't believe it, then it does not apply; you nullify the word of God by whatever tradition you throw in to hinder it, exempt yourself from it, and "healing" does not apply to you. You either believe and "are healed," or don't believe and are not. If we can all get a hold of this, I think it will help immensely. We proclaim healing over someone, according to the truth of the word of God, and declare it to apply, 100%, fact. Period. It is not "will be healed" (English future verb tense) or "will be being healed" (English future progressive verb tense). It is not "were healed" (English past tense) or "have been healed" (English present perfect tense); the person was not previously in a "healed" state, because of ignorance or unbelief. On the timeline, they were afflicted, not "healed." When we put healing on the timeline, we are adding a hindrance or condition to what the word of God declares as simple truth. "Healed" is truth, which we accept by faith, and then it just applies. Now, for the case of the commonplace teaching that says that Peter changed Isaiah 53:5 from present to past tense, on the face of it, this cannot be, either, because if 1 Peter 2:24 was supposed to be in the past tense, looking back at the cross, then Isaiah 53:5 ought to be translated in the future tense, looking forward to the cross! Yet it is not. This is a matter of "truth," not temporal circumstances. We declare "truth" and expect the temporal circumstances to change to line up with the Word of God. This may seem a little complicated at first, but when you understand it, it actually simplifies things immensely. You can proclaim "healed" with integrity, without having to fuss with all of the timeline objections to your proclamation by worldly-thinking people who look with their physical (instead of spiritual) eyes at circumstances in the here-and-now, judging based on what their eyes see, instead of what the Word of God declares.

Answer 11

TENSE - ASPECT - MOOD Testate or Intestate Evidentiality - Provability - Demonstrability. Bound or Unbound Defined or Undefined Limited or Unlimited Promise or Not Promise Perfected Act or Not Perfected Act Delimited Persona or Not Delimited Persona Defined Identity or Not Defined Identity tense–modality–aspect (abbreviated as tma) is a group of grammatical categories that covers the expression of... (1) tense (location in time) (2) aspect (fabric of time – a single block of time, continuous flow of time, or repetitive occurrence) (3) mood or modality (degree of necessity, obligation, probability, ability). _______________________________________ In some languages, evidentiality (whether evidence exists for the statement, and if so what kind) and mirativity (surprise) may also be included.

Answer 12

PRESENT PERFECT πᾰρᾰκείμενος (grammar) present perfect tense. ________________________________________ feminine πᾰρᾰκειμένη neuter πᾰρᾰκείμενον genitive πᾰρᾰκειμένου ``` Singular Nominative - ὁ πᾰρᾰκείμενος Genitive - τοῦ πᾰρᾰκειμένου Dative - τῷ πᾰρᾰκειμένῳ Accusative - τὸν πᾰρᾰκείμενον ``` ``` Plural Nominative - οἱ πᾰρᾰκείμενοι Genitive - τῶν πᾰρᾰκειμένων Dative - τοῖς πᾰρᾰκειμένοις Accusative - τοὺς πᾰρᾰκειμένους ``` Vocative Singular - πᾰρᾰκείμενε Dual - πᾰρᾰκειμένω Plural - πᾰρᾰκείμενοι ________________________________________ Perfect participle of πᾰρᾰ́κειμαι (parákeimai). Substantivized (sense for grammar) in Hellenistic Koine with ellipsis of χρόνος (tense”). _____________________________________________ παρακείμενος • (parakeímenos) m Verb (grammar) perfect, present perfect. παρακείμενος (auxiliary verb έχω + infinitive) παρακείμενος (auxiliary verb είμαι + passive perfect participle. ______________________________________ παρακείμενος • (parakeímenos) m (feminine παρακείμενη, neuter παρακείμενο) Participle (formal) lie beside or before, left or right. ________________________________________

Answer 13

TENSE χρόνος • (khrónos) m (genitive χρόνου); second declension ``` time (in the abstract sense) specific time, period, term lifetime delay (grammar, Koine) tense. ``` ________________________________________ SYNONYM καιρός • (kairós) m (genitive καιροῦ); second declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Koine) measure; proportion; fitness (of time): period (of time); season; time (often in a positive sense) proper time, opportunity; prime (loosely): God's time (in the plural) the times advantage, profit. __________________________________________ "Chi-Rho" symbol ☧ chiro (time) Early symbols similar to the Chi Rho were the Staurogram and the IX monogram. The IX monogram is formed by the combination of the letter "I" or Iota for IHSOYS (Ιησους, Jesus in Greek) and "X" or Chi for XPISTOS (Χριστος, Christ in Greek). In antiquity, the cross, i.e. the instrument of Christ's crucifixion (crux, stauros), was taken to be T-shaped, while the X-shape ("chiasmus") had different connotations. There has been scholarly speculation on the development of the Christian cross, the letter Chi used to abbreviate the name of Christ, and the various pre-Christian symbolism associated with the chiasmus interpreted in terms of "the mystery of the pre-existent Christ". In Plato's Timaeus, it is explained that the two bands which form the "world soul" (anima mundi) cross each other like the letter chi, possibly referring to the ecliptic crossing the celestial equator. The first two letters of the name of Jesus in Greek, iota (Ι) and eta (Η), sometime superimposed one on the other, or the numeric value 18 of ΙΗ in Greek, was a well known and very early way to represent Christ.[18] This symbol was already explained in the Epistle of Barnabas and by Clement of Alexandria.[5] For other christograms such as IHS, see Article Christogram. __________________________________________ σταυρός • (staurós) m (genitive σταυροῦ); second declension upright stake or pile. crucifix. The word stauros comes from the verb ἵστημι (histēmi: "straighten up", "stand"), which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root, *steh2-u- "pole", related to the root *steh2- "to stand, to set" (the same root is found in German Stern, or Stamm, the English "stand", the Spanish word estaca, the Portuguese word estaca, the Polish stać, the Italian stare, of similar meanings). __________________________________________ CRUCIFIX From crux +‎ fīgō. Perfect passive participle of crucifīgō. crucifīxus m (feminine crucifīxa, neuter crucifīxum); first/second declension crucified. crucifix (plural crucifixes) A wooden cross used for crucifixions, as by the Romans. An ornamental or symbolic sculptural representation of Christ on a cross, often worn as a pendant or displayed in a Christian church. Plain crosses are preferred by Protestants, but crucifixes by Catholics. (gymnastics) The iron cross, a position on the rings where the gymnast holds the rings straight out on either side of the body. _______________________________________ FIGO - FIGURE - FIX - FICTION - FIG TREE? ``` fīgō (present infinitive fīgere, perfect active fīxī, supine fīxum); third conjugation I fasten, fix. I transfix, pierce. I drive nails. from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, set up”). from Proto-Italic *feigʷō *feigʷō to insert to fasten. ``` fingō (present infinitive fingere, perfect active fīnxī, supine fictum); third conjugation I shape, fashion, form, knead (dough) I adorn, dress, arrange I dissemble; I alter the truth in order to deceive; feign; pretend I train, teach, instruct. ``` fictus m (feminine ficta, neuter fictum); first/second declension feigned, fictitious, false, counterfeit, having been feigned. ``` From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to mold”). Cognates include Ancient Greek τεῖχος (teîkhos), Sanskrit देग्धि (degdhi) and English dough. τεῖχος • (teîkhos) n (genitive τείχεος or τείχους); third declension mound, earth works wall (especially one enclosing a town or city) 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 227a fortified city fortification, castle. From Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ-. Cognates include Sanskrit देग्धि (degdhi) Latin fingō Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬰𐬀‎ (daēza, “wall”) English - dough dough (usually uncountable, plural doughs) A thick, malleable substance made by mixing flour with other ingredients such as water, eggs, and/or butter, that is made into a particular form and then baked. Pizza dough is very stretchy. (slang) Money. From Middle English dow, dogh, dagh, from Old English dāh, dāg (“dough”), from Proto-Germanic *daigaz (“dough”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to knead, form, mold”). Sanskrit- देग्धि • (degdhi) (root दिह्, class 2, type P) (Vedic): dáigdhi (transitive) to anoint, smear, plaster, besmear to increase, accumulate. Cognate with Ancient Greek τεῖχος (teîkhos) Latin fingō. from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéyǵʰ-ti from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to mold”) *dʰeyǵʰ- to knead to form, to shape. From Sanskrit- देह • (déha) m body. From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dʰáyźʰas, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dʰáyĵʰas, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰéyǵʰos, from *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to mold, to knead”). Cognate with English dough, Ancient Greek τεῖχος (teîkhos), Latin fingō (whence English figure, fiction etc). from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeygʷ- (“to stick, set up”) West Frisian dyk (“dam”), Dutch dijk, German Deich (“dike”) and Teich (“pond”) English - Figure From Middle English figure, borrowed from Old French figure, from Latin figūra (“form, shape, form of a word, a figure of speech, Late Latin a sketch, drawing”), from fingō (“to form, shape, mold, fashion”) from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyǵʰ- (“to mold, shape, form, knead”). Cognate with Ancient Greek τεῖχος (teîkhos), Sanskrit देग्धि (degdhi) Old English dāg (“dough”). figure (plural figures) A drawing or diagram conveying information. The representation of any form, as by drawing, painting, modelling, carving, embroidering, etc.; especially, a representation of the human body. A person or thing representing a certain consciousness. The appearance or impression made by the conduct or career of a person. (obsolete) Distinguished appearance; magnificence; conspicuous representation; splendour; show. __________________________________________ CRUX From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). Possible cognate with Latin circus (“circle”) and curvus (“curve”). Cycle? crux f (genitive crucis); third declension wooden frame on which criminals were crucified, especially a cross (derogatory) gallows bird; one who deserves to be hanged (figuratively) torture; misery. Latin - circus m (genitive circī); second declension a circular line or orbit; circle, ring a racecourse or space where games are held, especially one that is round the spectators in a circus; a circus. Latin - curvus (feminine curva, neuter curvum); first/second declension bent, crooked, curved. From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, curve, turn”) + *-wós (whence Latin -vus). -uus forms adjectives on verbal stems. From Ancient Greek κίρκος (“circle, ring”) related with κρίκος (“ring”). ``` κύκλος m (kýklos, “circle”) κύκλος • (kýklos) m (plural κύκλοι) (geometry) circle period, cycle series, cycle clique, coterie, circle, set (of people) (sports) circuit, course, track (education) course (business) turnover From Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”). Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀐𐀩𐀄 (ku-ke-re-u) wheel, cycle Cognate w/ Mycenaean Greek 𐀓𐀐𐀩𐀄 (ku-ke-re-u). *kʷékʷlos m (non-ablauting) wheel circle. From *kʷel- (“to turn”). ``` Sumerian 𒄑𒇀 (ĜIŠ - GIGIR, “chariot”) ``` Aramaic and Hebrew גַּלְגַּל‎ (galgal, “anything that rolls; wheel”) compare גָּלַל‎ (gālal, “to roll”) גָּלַל • (galal) (pa'al construction) to roll (literally or figuratively) ``` κρῐ́κος • (kríkos) m (genitive κρῐ́κου); second declension Ring. From Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to bend, turn”). *(s)ker- to cut off. κίρκος • (kírkos) m (genitive κίρκου); second declension type of hawk or falcon type of wolf circle, ring racecourse, circus type of stone. Of Pre-Greek origin. Compare κρέξ (kréx, “crane, crex”) and κρίκος (kríkos, “ring”) (the different senses may well be of different origin). κρέξ • (kréx) f (genitive κρεκός); third declension A long-legged bird. __________________________________________ καῖρος • (kaîros) m (genitive καίρου); second declension Noun row of thrums in the loom, ravel. Loom A frame or machine of wood or other material, in which a weaver forms cloth out of thread; a machine for interweaving yarn or threads into a fabric, as in knitting or lace making. Thrum thrum (plural thrums) the ends of the warp threads in a loom which remain unwoven attached to the loom when the web is cut. (chiefly in plural) a fringe made of such threads. any short piece of leftover thread or yarn; a tuft or tassel. (botany) a threadlike part of a flower; a stamen. (botany) a tuft, bundle, or fringe of any threadlike structures, as hairs on a leaf, fibers of a root. (anatomy) a bundle of minute blood vessels, a plexus. (nautical, chiefly in plural) small pieces of rope yarn used for making mats or mops. (nautical) a mat made of canvas and tufts of yarn. (mining) A shove out of place; a small displacement or fault along a seam. Ravel ravel (plural ravels) Noun A snarl, complication. To tangle; entangle; entwine confusedly, become snarled; thus to involve; perplex; confuse. From Dutch ravelen (“to tangle, fray out, unweave”), from Dutch rafel (“frayed thread”). Unravel - (untangle, untie)

Answer 14

GERUND - ACTION NOUN (difference) ACTION NOUN An action noun "is not" a participant in the event. An action noun is a deverbal noun that refers to the event or action itself, i.e. (not to a participant of the event). A noun denoting action (such as belief, inspection, arrival) —sometimes used to include verbal nouns (such as the infinitive to believe or the gerund believing). GERUND A gerund "is" a participant in the event. γερούνδιο • (geroúndio) n (plural γερούνδια) (grammar) gerund. A Noun that shares verbal attributes. EXAMPLE (gerund) He ran in the race. He was the "runner" who had won the race. The suffix "-er" combined with the context informs us that the word "runner" is an accusative noun sharing the verbal attribute of running. EXAMPLE (action noun) The water dripped in the sink. (Verb) The water was "dripping" in the sink. (Verb) I didn't get any sleep because I heard "dripping" all night long. (Action Noun) From Latin gerundium, from gerundus (“which is to be carried out”), future passive participle (gerundive) of gerō (“carry, bear”). From Latin gerundium, from gerundus (“which is to be carried out”), future passive participle (gerundive) of gerō (“carry, bear”). ``` gerō (present infinitive gerere, perfect active gessī, supine gestum); third conjugation Verb I carry, bear I wear (i.e. have on clothing) I have or possess (of traits) I carry (on), wage. ``` From Proto-Italic *gezō. *gezō carry, bear. from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂eǵ- *h₂eǵ- (imperfective) Root to drive. From Proto-Italic/ agō *agō drive, push, impel, do, act. From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éǵeti. To be driving. __________________________________________ ACTION NOUN SUFFIXES -η • (-ē) f (genitive -ης) first declension (Attic, Epic, Ionic, Koine) Suffix Added to verbal stems ending in a consonant to form an action noun. Added to o-grade of the verbal stem ‎τρέφω (“to nourish”) + ‎-η → ‎τροφή (“nourishment”) He nourished the baby cow with a bottle of milk. The baby cow needed nourishment to grow. Added to zero-grade of the verbal stem ‎φεύγω (“to flee”) + ‎-η → ‎φυγή (“flight”) The thief fled the crime scene. The thief took flight. ‎τυγχάνω (τυχ-) (“to happen”) + ‎-η → ‎τύχη (“fortune”) He happened upon a pot of gold. He reveled in his good fortune. Added to e-grade of the verbal stem ‎στέγω (“to shelter”) + ‎-η → ‎στέγη (“roof”)

Answer 15

θετικός m (thetikós, “positive”) συγκριτικός m (sygkritikós, “comparative”) υπερθετικός m (yperthetikós, “superlative”) BIG - BIGGER - BIGGEST _________________________________ POSITIVE θετικός • (thetikós) m (plural θετικοί) (grammar) positive ο θετικός, ο συγκριτικός και ο υπερθετικός (the positive, the comparative and superlative) From θέσῐς +‎ -τῐκός , from τίθημι (“I place”) θέσῐς • (thésis) f (genitive θέσεως); third declension Noun a setting, placement, arrangement deposit adoption (of a child) adoption (in the more general sense of accepting as one's own) (philosophy) position, conclusion, thesis (dancing) putting down the foot (metre) the last half of the foot (rhetoric) affirmation (grammar) stop -τῐκός • (-tikós) m (feminine -τῐκή, neuter -τῐκόν); first/second declension Suffix Added to verbal stems to form adjectives: relating to, suited to, skilled in, able to, -ive ‎ποιέω (poiéō, “to make”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ποιητικός (poiētikós, “creative”) Added to other stems to form adjectives, particularly those ending in vowels ‎ἔξω (éxō, “outside”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ἐξωτικός (exōtikós, “foreign”) ‎ναυ-ς (nau-s, “ship”) + ‎-τικός (-tikós) → ‎ναυτικός (nautikós, “seafaring”) From -σις (verbal noun suffix) or - τος (verbal adjective suffix) + - ικός (adjective suffix) τῐ́θημῐ • (títhēmi) Verb. I put, place, set. in phrases (with πόδα) I plant the foot, i.e. walk, run. (with ἐν χειρί, ἐν χερσίν (en kheirí, en khersín)) I put something into someone's hands. (with παῖδα (paîda), υἱὸν (huiòn), etc. ὑπὸ ζώνῃ (hupò zṓnēi)) I have a child put under my girdle, i.e. I concieve. (with ἐν ὄμμασι (en ómmasi)) I set before one's eyes. (with ἐν στήθεσσι (en stḗthessi), ἐν φρεσί (en phresí), etc.) I put or plant in one's heart. _________________________________ COMPARATIVE συγκριτικός • (sygkritikós) m (feminine συγκριτική, neuter συγκριτικό) Adjective (grammar) comparative συγκριτικός βαθμός του επιθέτου (the comparative degree of the adjective) συγκριτικός • (sygkritikós) m (plural συγκριτικοί) Adjective (grammar) comparative ο θετικός, ο συγκριτικός και ο υπερθετικός (the positive, the comparative and superlative) _________________________________ SUPERLATIVE υπερθετικός • (yperthetikós) m (feminine υπερθετική, neuter υπερθετικό) Noun or adjective (grammar) superlative υπερθετικός βαθμός του επιθέτου (the superlative degree of the adjective) υπερθετικός • (yperthetikós) m (plural υπερθετικοί) Noun superlative ο θετικός, ο συγκριτικός και ο υπερθετικός (the positive, the comparative and superlative) υπερθετικός • Nominative Singular υπερθετικοί • Nominative Plural υπερθετικού • Genitive Singular υπερθετικών • Genitive Plural υπερθετικό • Accusative Singular υπερθετικούς • Accusative Plural υπερθετικέ • Vocative Singular υπερθετικοί • Vocative Plural

Answer 16

GRAMMAR γρᾰμμή • (grammḗ) f (genitive γρᾰμμῆς); first declension Noun a stroke or line of a pen, a line as in mathematical figures (in forming letters) a line traced by a teacher an outline a line across the course, a starting- or winning-point used metaphorically of life a boundary-line, an edge the cutting edge of a knife a line or square on a chequer-board (law) the “long line”, i.e. a death sentence (medicine) linea alba Synonym of ζέα ___________________________________ γρᾰμμᾰτῐκός • (grammatikós) m (feminine γρᾰμμᾰτῐκή, neuter γρᾰμμᾰτῐκόν); first/second declension Adjective knowing one’s letters, of a good scholar (in the phrase γραμματικὸν ἔκπωμα) a cup engraved with the alphabet or an inscription concerned with textual criticism (in the phrase γραμματικὴ τέχνη) the grammatical art or craft, grammar. From γρᾰ́μμᾰ (grámma) +‎ -ῐκός SUFFIX -ῐκός • (-ikós) m (feminine -ῐκή, neuter -ῐκόν); first/second declension Added to noun stems to form adjectives: of or pertaining to, in the manner of; -ic -ic m Used to form adjectives from nouns with the meaning “of or pertaining to”. Also, Used to form diminutive nouns. ___________________________________ γράμμα • (grámma) n (genitive γράμματος); third declension Noun that which is written, that which is drawn, picture letter (in plural) alphabet writing, book. From γράφω (“I write”) +‎ -μα (result noun suffix) SUFFIX -μα Added to verbal stems to form neuter nouns denoting the result of an action, a particular instance of an action, or the object of an action ___________________________________ γραφεύς • (grapheús) m (genitive γραφέως); third declension Agent noun painter, secretary, writer, scribe, scrivener. From γράφω (“to write”) +‎ -εύς (“-er”, masculine agent noun suffix). SUFFIX -εύς • (-eús) m (genitive -έως); third declension Added to noun or adjective stems to form a masculine noun of the person concerned with a thing Added to an ancestor's or place name to form a demonym: -ian Added to verbal stems to form a masculine agent noun: -er ___________________________________ γραμματεύς • (grammateús) m (genitive γραμματέως); third declension Agent noun secretary, registrar; clerk (title of officials in Greek poleis) scribe, scholar. From γράμμα (“writing”) +‎ -εύς (masculine suffix of person concerned). γραμματέως • (grammatéos) f Genitive verb Genitive singular form of γραμματέας (grammatéas). ___________________________________ γρᾰφή • (graphḗ) f (genitive γρᾰφῆς); first declension Noun drawing, painting, writing, a writing. A description. From γράφω +‎ -η SUFFIX -η Added to verbal stems ending in a consonant to form an action noun. In Attic, the suffix retains the form -ᾱ after ε, ι or ρ. -ᾰ • (-a) Added to adjectival roots to form an adverb: -ly ‎σᾰφ-ής (“clear”) + ‎-ᾰ → ‎σᾰ́φᾰ (“clearly”) ᾰ̓γείρω (“to gather”) + -ᾱ > ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (assembly) ___________________________________ καταγράφω • (katagráfo) (simple past κατέγραψα) Verb register, list minute (to write minutes) ___________________________________ From γρᾰ́φω • (gráphō) (Epic) to scratch, cut into 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Iliad 17.599: γράψεν δέ οἱ ὀστέον ἄχρις / αἰχμὴ Πουλυδάμαντος […] grápsen dé hoi ostéon ákhris / aikhmḕ Pouludámantos […] and the spearpoint of Polydamas scratched him close to the bone […] to draw, sketch, paint to write to write down, propose a law 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hellenica 1.7.34: ταῦτ’ εἰπὼν Εὐρυπτόλεμος ἔγραψε γνώμην κατὰ τὸ Καννωνοῦ ψήφισμα κρίνεσθαι τοὺς ἄνδρας δίχα ἕκαστον. taût’ eipṑn Euruptólemos égrapse gnṓmēn katà tò Kannōnoû psḗphisma krínesthai toùs ándras díkha hékaston. After saying this, Euryptolemus proposed a resolution that the men be tried under the decree of Cannonus, each one separately. (middle) (indirect reflexive) write down for oneself, note down 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 143a: Τερψίων ἀτὰρ τίνες ἦσαν οἱ λόγοι; ἔχοις ἂν διηγήσασθαι; Εὐκλείδης οὐ μὰ τὸν Δία, […] ἀλλ’ ἐγραψάμην μὲν τότ’ εὐθὺς οἴκαδ’ ἐλθὼν ὑπομνήματα […] . Terpsíōn atàr tínes êsan hoi lógoi? ékhois àn diēgḗsasthai? Eukleídēs ou mà tòn Día, […] all’ egrapsámēn mèn tót’ euthùs oíkad’ elthṑn hupomnḗmata […] . Terpsion: But what was the talk? Can you repeat it? Eucleides: No, by Zeus, but I wrote myself notes as soon as I came home. to indict, prosecute 330 BCE, Demosthenes, On the Crown 13: δεῖ […] ταῖς ἐκ τῶν νόμων τιμωρίαις παρ’ αὐτὰ τἀδικήματα χρῆσθαι, […] εἰ δὲ γράφοντα παράνομα, παρανόμων γραφόμενον deî […] taîs ek tôn nómōn timōríais par’ autà tadikḗmata khrêsthai, […] ei dè gráphonta paránoma, paranómōn graphómenon he must make use of the legal punishments for these crimes: […] if [I] proposed illegal measures, to indict [me] for breaking the law οἱ γραψάμενοι hoi grapsámenoi the prosecutors (perfect passive) be written down, be in written form 366 BCE – 348 BCE, Plato, Theaetetus 143a: Εὐκλείδης […] ὥστε μοι σχεδόν τι πᾶς ὁ λόγος γέγραπται. Eukleídēs […] hṓste moi skhedón ti pâs ho lógos gégraptai. Eucleides: […] So I have pretty much the whole conversation written down.

Answer 17

PROTOCOL πρωτοκολλώ • (protokolló) (simple past πρωτοκόλλησα) register on the official logbook that keeps records of incoming and outgoing documents

Answer 18

ARCHIVE αρχειοθετώ • (archeiothetó) (simple past αρχειοθέτησα) Verb file, archive ``` αρχείο • (archeío) n (plural αρχεία) Noun archive file journal (daily record) ``` αρχειοθετώ (“to file, to archive”) αρχειοθήκη f (“filing cabinet”) αρχειοφύλακας m ("archivist”) __________________________________ SYNONYM ημερολόγιο • (imerológio) n calendar (system for calculating days of the year) σεληνιακό ημερολόγιο, Γρηγοριανό ημερολόγιο, κλπ (lunar calendar, Gregorian calendar, etc) calendar (wall chart showing months day-by-day) diary, journal (personal daily record of someone's life) ledger, journal(daily record of financial transactions) το ημερολόγιο της Άννας Φρανκ (the diary of Anne Frank) (nautical) ship's log

Answer 19

έγκλιση f (“grammatical mood”) οριστική f (“indicative mood”) υποτακτική f (“subjunctive mood”) _____________________________ έγκλιση • (égklisi) f (plural εγκλίσεις) (grammar) grammatical mood, mood (linguistics) enclisis. From Ancient Greek ἔγκλισις from ἐν (in) + κλίσις (klísis) ἐν • (en) (governs the genitive, dative, and accusative) Prepositional Prefix (location) in, on, at; (with plural) among (elliptical, with genitive) in the house or the land of surrounded by; wearing. (time) in, at, or during the time of. κλῐ́σῐς • (klísis) f (genitive κλῐ́σεως); third declension Noun bending, inclination a lying down; a place for lying down (of soldiers) turning (grammar) inflection (of nouns and verbs) (grammar) augment. From κλῑ́νω (recline, incline) +‎ -σῐς (result noun) From κλίνω (klíno, “to bend, to inflect”) ``` κλίνω • (klínō) Verb to bend, slant to cause to give way, cause to retreat to lean, prop something on another to turn aside to decline, wane to seat, cause to lie down (grammar) to inflect, decline, conjugate (passive) to lean, be sloping (passive) to wander, stray ``` SUFFIX -σῐς • (-sis) f (genitive -σεως or -σῐος or -σηος); third declension Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process. ``` κλίση • (klísi) f (plural κλίσεις) Noun inclination, tilt, steepness, slope inclination, disposition, tendency (grammar) inflection; declension; conjugation. ``` κλισιόμετρο • (klisiómetro) n (plural κλισιόμετρα) Noun clinometer, inclinometer A devise that measures the angle of an incline. alidade. alidade (plural alidades) (cartography, astronomy, surveying) A sighting device used for measuring incline angles. ``` κλήσεως • (klíseos) f Genitive singular form of κλήση (klísi). κλήσεων • (klíseon) f Genitive plural form of κλήση (klísi). κλήσεις • (klíseis) f Nominative, accusative and vocative plural form of κλήση (klísi). __________________________________ ``` προστακτική - Imperative Mood υποτακτική - Subjunctive Mood οριστική - Indicative Mood αόριστος (“vague, (grammar): past tense”) μετοχή (participle) ___________________________________ οριστική • (oristikí) Nominative, accusative and vocative singular feminine form of οριστικός (oristikós). Noun Edit οριστική • (oristikí) f (plural οριστικές) (grammar) indicative mood. From ὅρος • (hóros) m (genitive ὅρου); second declension boundary, limit, frontier, landmark marking stones, stones used for inscribing legal contracts the broad wooden piece serving as the upper part of an oil/wine press rule, standard term, definition goal, end, aim. οὖρος • (oûros) m (genitive οὔρου); second declension Noun guardian, watcher. Ᾰ̓ρκτοῦρος From ᾰ̓́ρκτος (“bear”) +‎ οὖρος (“guard”) Ursa Major and Ursa Minor. Arcturus, a bright star in the Boötes constellation. The time of Arcturus' rising (mid September). ᾰ̓́ρκτος • (árktos) f (genitive ᾰ̓́ρκτου); second declension bear, the north. from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”). Ἄρκτος (Árktos, “Ursa Major”) ἀρκτικός (arktikós, “Arctic”) from the Proto-Indo-European *h₂ŕ̥tḱos (“bear”). Μεγάλη Άρκτος f (Megáli Árktos, “Ursa Major”) αρκτικός κύκλος m (“Arctic Circle”) αρκτικός • (arktikós) m (feminine αρκτική, neuter αρκτικό) Adjective initial, of the beginning. From Ancient Greek ἀρκτικός, from ἀρκ- of ἄρχω (árkhō) (sense: "begin") + -τικός. SUFFIX τικός Added to verbal stems to form adjectives: relating to, suited to, skilled in, able to, -ive. αρκούδα • (arkoúda) f (plural αρκούδες) bear. πολική αρκούδα f (“polar bear”) From πολικός (“polar, arctic”) + αρκούδα (“bear”) Πολικός Αστέρας m (“Pole Star”) άρκος (árkos) m a bear. Ἄρκτος • (Árktos) f (genitive Ἄρκτου); second declension (astronomy) Ursa Major ``` From ὁρίζω • (horízō) Verb. I divide, separate from. Separate, delimit, bound, part, divide. Mark out. I ordain, determine, lay down. (Attic law) I have marked with ὅροι (hóroi) ``` οριστικός • (oristikós) m (feminine οριστική, neuter οριστικό) final, in a final stage (grammar) definite. ``` ορίζω • (orízo) active (simple past όρισα, passive ορίζομαι) Verb define, designate decide arrive, reach. ``` περιορίζω • (periorízo) (simple past περιόρισα, passive περιορίζομαι) Verb (transitive) confine, restrict, curb. Limit, restrain. ``` ορίζοντας m (orízontas, “horizon”) οριζόντιος (orizóntios, “horizontal”) ορίζουσα (orízousa) (mathematics) εξορίζω (“exile”) καθορίζω (“determine”) καλωσορίζω (“welcome”) ``` Latin - orior (present infinitive orīrī, perfect active ortus sum); fourth conjugation, deponent Verb I rise, get up. I appear, become visible. I am born, come to exist, originate. From Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“to stir, rise”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῡμι. ``` ὄρνῡμῐ • (órnūmi) Verb to set upon, let loose upon, move on to awaken, arouse to raise, excite to stir up, encourage, exhort, cheer on. ``` ``` οὖρος A fair wind. Boundary, landmark. A mountain or hill. Watcher, guardian. A trench. ``` aurochs (οὖρος) The Bull of Heaven. Bos primigenius m A taxonomic species within the family Bovidae – the aurochs, sometimes considered the ancestor of most domestic cattle. An extinct European mammal, Bos primigenius, the ancestor of domestic cattle. The European bison (Bison bonasus) _________________________________ αόριστος (“vague, (grammar): past tense”) _________________________________ IMPERATIVE MOOD προστακτική • (prostaktikí) f (plural προστακτικές) (grammar) imperative mood imperative (countable and uncountable, plural imperatives) (uncountable, grammar) The grammatical mood expressing an order (see jussive). In English, the imperative form of a verb is the same as that of the bare infinitive. The verbs in sentences like "Do it!" and "Say what you like!" are in the imperative. (countable, grammar) A verb in imperative mood. (countable) An essential action, a must: something which is imperative. __________________________________ PARTICIPLE μετοχή • (metokhḗ) f (genitive μετοχῆς); first declension participation (Koine, grammar) participle. From μετέχω (metékhō, “to take part”) +‎ -η (-ē, abstract noun suffix).

Answer 20

SIMILE παρομοίωση • (paromoíosi) f (plural παρομοιώσεις) ("simile") From French similaire, from Medieval Latin *similaris, extended from Latin similis (“like”); akin to simul (“together”). Latin - simul (not comparable) Adverb At the same time; simultaneously. As soon as. ``` Metaphor Analogy Figuratively Figure of speech Symbolically It is Like a... ``` simile (countable and uncountable, plural similes or similia) A figure of speech in which one thing is compared to another, in the case of English generally using like or as. A simile is a bit like a metaphor. From Latin simile ("comparison, likeness", "parallel") Originally from simile the neuter form of similis ("like, similar, resembling"). Confer the English similar. From Proto-Indo-European *sem- (“together, one”). ``` Cognate with Ancient Greek ὁμαλός (homalós) ομαλός • (omalós) m (feminine ομαλή, neuter ομαλό) Adjective (linguistics) regular smooth, even, regular normal, regular Synonyms[edit] (smooth): λείος (“smooth, sleek”) (smooth): επίπεδος (“smooth, flat”) ____________________________________ ANTONYM - ANOMALY ``` ανωμαλία f (“anomaly”) ᾰ̓νωμᾰλῐ́ᾱ • (anōmalíā) f (genitive ᾰ̓νωμᾰλῐ́ᾱς); first declension inequality, irregularity, unevenness, unsmoothness From ἀνώμαλος +‎ -ία (abstract noun). ανώμαλα (“abnormally”) ανώμαλος From ᾰ̓- (“un-”) +‎ ὁμᾰλός (“even, level”) ανώμαλος • (anómalos) m (feminine ανώμαλη, neuter ανώμαλο) Noun anomalous, abnormal ανώμαλες συνθήκες ― anómales synthíkes ― anomalous situation ανώμαλη κατάσταση ― anómali katástasi ― abnormal situation ανώμαλη προσγείωση ― anómali prosgeíosi ― hard landing (grammar, linguistics) irregular ανώμαλο ρήμα ― anómalo ríma ― irregular verb sexually perverted. ανώμαλος • (anómalos) m (plural ανώμαλοι) Noun a pervert, a sexually perverted person. ανώμαλη (adjective)

Answer 21

METAPHOR μεταφορική έννοια μετᾰφορᾱ́ • (metaphorā́) f (genitive μετᾰφορᾶς); first declension Noun transference (rhetoric) metaphor, trope. From μεταφέρω (“to transfer”) +‎ -η (action noun). __________________________________ ``` μεταφέρω • (metaphérō) Verb to carry over, transfer to change, alter (rhetoric) to transfer a word to a new sense, use it in a changed sense, employ a metaphor. ``` From μετα- (indicating change) +‎ φέρω (“bear, carry”) φέρω • (phérō) Verb to bring, bear, carry. Both φέρω (phérō) and ἄγω (ágō) mean “bring”, but φέρω (phérō) is used when the object is an inanimate object, while ἄγω (ágō) is used when the object is animate (a person or animal). Cognates include... Old English - beran English -bear Latin - ferō μεταφορά • (metaforá) f (plural μεταφορές) Noun (rhetoric) metaphor. transport, transportation. αερομεταφορά f (aerometaforá, “air transport”) from the Greek μεταφορά "transfer" from μεταφέρω "to carry over" - "to transfer" from μετά "after, with, across" + φέρω "to bear" - "to carry" __________________________________ έννοια • (énnoia) f (plural έννοιες) Noun concept, meaning, essential features. From Byzantine Greek έγνοια with [ɣn] > [n] from Ancient Greek ἔννοια (énnoia). Mophologically from εν- (“in”) +‎ νους (“mind”). Alternative form of έγνοια (“care, concern”) ἔννοιᾰ • (énnoia) f (genitive ἐννοίᾱς); first declension Noun the act of thinking, thought, consideration a thought, notion, conception a thought, intent, design (lexicography) the sense of a word (in rhetoric) a thought put into words, a sentence. From ἐννοέω (“to consider, reflect upon”) +‎ -ῐᾰ (abstract non suffix) εννοιοκρατία f (“conceptualism”) (philosophy) εννοιολογικός (ennoiologikós, “semasiological”) and see: εννοώ (ennoó, “mean; understand”) εννοώ • (ennoó) (simple past εννόησα, passive εννοούμαι) Verb mean, signify understand I am decided, have made up my mind (at 3rd passive persons) it is understood, of course Morphologically, from εν- (“in”) +‎ νοώ (“think, understand”). συνεννόηση f ( “understanding, communication”) From συνεννοη- (synennoï-, “past tense stem of συνεννοούμαι to communicate, to understand”) +‎ -ση επικοινωνία • (epikoinonía) f (plural επικοινωνίες) communication (between two people, machines, etc) αλληλεπικοινωνία f (“intercommunication”) επικοινωνώ (“to talk, to communicate”) επικοινωνώ • (epikoinonó) (simple past επικοινώνησα) talk, communicate Έχουμε επικοινωνήσει όλη την ημέρα. ― We talked all day long. διαφωνία f (“disagreement”) ασυνεννοησία f (“lack of understanding”) (understanding, agreement): ακατανοησία f (“incomprehension”) (communication): ασυνεννοησία f (“lack of communication”) συζήτηση • (syzítisi) f (plural συζητήσεις) Searching for answers together. dialogue (especially exchange of views) dialogue, conversation. συνομιλία f (synomilía) διάλογος m (diálogos) κουβέντα f (kouvénta) συνομιλία • (synomilía) f (plural συνομιλίες) dialogue, exchange of views dialogue, conversation. διᾰ́λογος • (diálogos) m (genitive διᾰλόγου); second declension ("dialogue") διαλέγω • (dialégō) I choose, gather, pick (out), select. From δια- (dia-) +‎ λέγω (légō, “to speak, choose, gather”). __________________________________ PREFIX ``` μετα- • (meta-) concerning community or participation concerning action in common with another in the midst of concerning succession concerning pursuit concerning letting go after, behind reversely (most frequent) concerning change in position or condition. ``` μεθ- (meth-) μετά- (metá-) μετ- (met-) ``` μετᾰ́ • (metá) (governs the genitive, dative and accusative) Preposition (+ genitive) in the midst of, among, between, with in common, along with, by aid of concerning one's dealings with (rare) at the same time (+ dative, only in poetry, usually Epic) between, among besides, over and above (+ accusative) coming into in pursuit of of sequence or succession (of a place) after, behind (time) after (worth, rank) next, after after, according to among, between. ``` ``` μετᾰ́ • (metá) Adverb among them, with them afterwards thereafter ``` μετα- • (meta-) indicating a repeated action or a change in position, movement ‎μετα- (meta-) + ‎φυτεύω (fytévo, “to plant”) → ‎μεταφυτεύω (metafytévo, “to replant”) ‎μετα- (meta-) + ‎κίνηση (kínisi, “move”) → ‎μετακίνηση (metakínisi, “repositioning”) DECEDENTS ``` με - As a Preposition... με • (me) (+ accusative) with μίλησε με την Ελένη ― he talked with Eleni by πουλάει με το κιλό ― she sells by the kilo by, on με το αυτοκίνητο ― by car με τα πόδια ― on foot ``` με - As a Pronoun με • (me) (weak personal) me (1st person singular, accusative) Με μισεί … μ' αγαπά! ― Me miseí … m' agapá! ― She hates me … she loves me! __________________________________ PREFIX δῐᾰ- • (dia-) through, right through, across, over ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎βαίνω (baínō) → ‎διαβαίνω (diabaínō, “step across, pass over”) in different directions ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎πέμπω (pémpō) → ‎διαπέμπω (diapémpō, “send off in different directions, send to and fro”) of separation: asunder, apart ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎σκεδάννυμι (skedánnumi) → ‎διασκεδάννυμι (diaskedánnumi, “scatter, disperse”) at variance ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎φωνέω (phōnéō) → ‎διαφωνέω (diaphōnéō, “be dissonant, disagree”) of mutual relation: one with another ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎ἀγωνίζομαι (agōnízomai) → ‎διαγωνίζομαι (diagōnízomai, “contend, struggle against”) ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎ᾄδω (ā́idō) → ‎διᾴδω (diā́idō, “contend in singing”) of preeminence ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎πρέπω (prépō) → ‎διαπρέπω (diaprépō, “appear prominent, strike the eye”) of completion: to the end, utterly, out ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎μάχομαι (mákhomai) → ‎διαμάχομαι (diamákhomai, “fight it out”) to add strength: thoroughly, out and out ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎γαληνίζω (galēnízō) → ‎διαγαληνίζω (diagalēnízō, “make quite calm”) of mixture: between, partly, somewhat ‎δια- (dia-) + ‎λευκός (leukós) → ‎διάλευκος (diáleukos, “somewhat white”) ``` As a Preposition δῐᾰ́ • (diá) (governs the genitive and accusative) (+ genitive) (of a place) in a line through in the midst of, between along at intervals of, at every (time) between after every (interval of time) (causality) through, by (attested from 1st century BCE) out of (materials from which something is made) (+ accusative) (of a place, poetic) through, among (time) during (causality) thanks to, by aid of because of for the sake of ``` from Proto-Indo-European *dwís (related to δίς (dís, “twice”) and δύο (dúo, “two”)).

Answer 22

PREDICATE Predicate (plural predicates) Noun (grammar) The part of the sentence (or clause) which states something about the subject or the object of the sentence. In "The dog barked very loudly", the subject is "the dog" and the predicate is "barked very loudly". (logic) A term of a statement, where the statement may be true or false depending on whether the thing referred to by the values of the statement's variables has the property signified by that (predicative) term. A nullary predicate is a proposition. A predicate is either valid, satisfiable, or unsatisfiable. (computing) An operator or function that returns either true or false. From Middle French predicat (French prédicat), from post-classical Late Latin praedicātum (“thing said of a subject”), a noun use of the neuter past participle of praedicō (“I proclaim”), as Etymology 2, below. Predicate (comparative more predicate, superlative most predicate) Adjective (grammar) Of or related to the predicate of a sentence or clause. Predicated, stated. (law) Relating to or being any of a series of criminal acts upon which prosecution for racketeering may be predicated. Predicate (third-person singular simple present predicates, present participle predicating, simple past and past participle predicated) Verb (transitive) to proclaim, announce or assert publicly (transitive, logic) to state, assert as an attribute or quality of something. (transitive) To suppose, assume; to infer. (transitive, originally US) to base (on); to assert on the grounds of. to make a term (or expression) the predicate of a statement. From Latin praedicātus perfect passive participle of praedicō (“publish, declare, proclaim”) from prae + dicō (“proclaim, dedicate”) related to dīcō (“say, tell”). praedicātum n (genitive praedicātī); second declension ("thing said of a subject") From prae- (“before, in front”) +‎ dicō (“declare, say”). praedicō (present infinitive praedicāre, perfect active praedicāvī, supine praedicātum); first conjugation Verb I proclaim, declare publicly. I announce, make known. I praise, commend, extol. (Ecclesiastical Latin) I preach the gospel. praedicātiō f (genitive praedicātiōnis); third declension Noun public proclamation or publication praise, commendation prediction, prophesy preaching. From praedicō (“proclaim, announce”) +‎ -ātiō -tiō f (genitive -tiōnis); third declension Suffix -tion, -ation, -ing; ("used to form a noun relating to some action or the result of an action") dictātiō (“a dictating, dictation”), from dictātum, supine of dictō (“I dictate”) quadripartītiō (“a division into four parts”), from quadripartītum, supine of quadripartiō (“I divide in four parts”) From Proto-Indo-European *-tis. *(é)-tis f Derives abstract/action nouns from verb roots. See also Proto-Indo-European *-h₃onh₂- *-Hō Derives adjectives, nouns denoting burden, authority. ``` Example of a noun *corātiō f (genitive *corātiōnis); third declension Noun (Iberia) heart From cor (“heart”) +‎ -ātiō. ``` From praedicō (“to declare, proclaim, predicate”) +‎ -mentum (noun suffix). Calque of Ancient Greek κατηγορία (katēgoría, “predication, category”). __________________________________ κᾰτηγορῐ́ᾱ • (katēgoríā) f (genitive κᾰτηγορῐ́ᾱς); first declension Noun charge, accusation (logic) predication, category. From κᾰτηγορέω (“I accuse, speak against”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (forms feminine abstract nouns). SUFFIX from Proto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂. *(é)-(o)-h₂ n Creates collective nouns, which refer to groups or sets of things. __________________________________ κατηγορούμενο • (katigoroúmeno) n (plural κατηγορούμενα) (grammar, linguistics) predicative "Ο Γιώργος είναι πονηρός" - Το κατηγορούμενο του υποκειμένου είναι το επίθετο "πονηρός". "George is wicked" - The predicative of the subject is the adjective "wicked". __________________________________ κᾰτηγόρημᾰ • (katēgórēma) n (genitive κᾰτηγορήμᾰτος); third declension Noun an accusation. a predicate. From κατηγορέω (accuse) +‎ -μα (inchoate noun). From Ancient Greek κατηγόρημα (katēgórēma). Synchronically analysable as κατηγορώ (katigoró, “to accuse”) +‎ -μα (-ma). __________________________________ ``` κατηγορώ • (katigoró) (simple past κατηγόρησα, passive κατηγορούμαι) Verb blame, accuse (law) accuse, charge __________________________________ ``` κᾰτηγορέω • (katēgoréō) Verb to speak against, especially before judges, to accuse, to denounce publicly. to state or bring as a charge against a person, accuse of it. (with accusative of object) to allege in accusation. (passive) to be accused. (absolute) to be an accuser, appear as prosecutor. to signify, indicate, prove. (followed by a relative pronoun) to tell plainly, declare, assert. (in logic) to predicate of a person or thing. to affirm. From κᾰτήγορος +‎ -έω or from κᾰτᾰ- (“against”) +‎ ἀγορεύω (“to speak in assembly”). __________________________________ κᾰτηγορικός (katēgorikós) κατήγορος m or f (katígoros, “plaintiff”) αλληλοκατηγορία f (allilokatigoría, “recrimination”) κατηγορουμένη f (katigorouméni, “accused, person charged”) κατηγορούμενο n (katigoroúmeno, “predicative”, noun) κατηγόρημα n (katigórima, “predicate”) κατηγορώ (katigoró, “to accuse”) κατηγορούμενο n (katigoroúmeno, “predicative”) __________________________________ κᾰτήγορος • (katḗgoros) m (genitive κᾰτηγόρου); second declension (Attic, Ionic, Koine) Noun ("accuser") From κᾰτᾰ- (“against”) + the root of ᾰ̓γορεύω (“to speak”). ``` ἀγορεύω • (agoreúō) Verb to speak in the assembly to say, speak to proclaim. ``` From ἀγορᾱ́ (“assembly”) +‎ -εύω (“denominative verb-forming suffix”). -εύω • (-eúō) Suffix Pronunciation IPA(key): /ěu̯.ɔː/ → /ˈe.βo/ → /ˈe.vo/ Added to the stems of agent or other nouns in -εύς (-eús) to form a denominative verb of condition or activity: meaning "be x" or "do what x typically does" ‎βᾰσῐλεύς (basileús, “king”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎βᾰσῐλεύω (basileúō, “to rule”) ‎ᾰ̔λῐεύς (halieús, “fisherman”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎ᾰ̔λῐεύω (halieúō, “to fish”) Added to other nouns ‎βουλή (boulḗ, “plan”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎βουλεύω (bouleúō, “to plan”) ‎παῖς (paîs, “child”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎παιδεύω (paideúō, “to teach”) ‎ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (agorā́, “assembly, marketplace”) + ‎-εύω (-eúō) → ‎ᾰ̓γορεύω (agoreúō, “to talk”) __________________________________ ἀγείρω • (ageírō) Verb to collect, gather. From Proto-Hellenic *agéřřō from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- (“to assemble, gather together”). Cognate with Latin grex (“flock, herd”) Sanskrit गण (gaṇá, “flock, troop, group”). Proto-Hellenic/ *agéřřō *agéřřō Verb ("to collect, to gather") ``` from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ger- *h₂ger- Verb to gather, flock, herd. __________________________________ ``` ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ • (agorā́) f (genitive ᾰ̓γορᾶς); first declension Noun assembly, especially an assembly of the people (as opposed to a council, βουλή (boulḗ)) the place of assembly speech market things sold at market, provisions, supplies sale the time of market: midday. From ᾰ̓γείρω (“to gather”) +‎ -η (abstract noun suffix). Cognate with Mycenaean Greek 𐀀𐀒𐀨 (a-ko-ra). Noun 𐀀𐀒𐀨 (a-ko-ra) collection, flock. ᾰ̓γορή • (agorḗ) f (genitive ᾰ̓γορῆς); first declension Ionic and Epic form of ᾰ̓γορᾱ́ (agorā́)

Answer 23

SUBJECT Greek: υποκείμενο (“subject”) υποκείμενο • (ypokeímeno) n (plural υποκείμενα) The subject of the Sentence. (grammar) subject Το υποκείμενο του ρήματος βρίσκεται πάντα σε ονομαστική πτώση! To ypokeímeno tou rímatos vrísketai pánta se onomastikí ptósi! The subject of the verb is always in the nominative case! ὑποκείμενον • (hupokeímenon) Participle masculine accusative singular of ὑποκείμενος (hupokeímenos), present middle/passive participle of ὑπόκειμαι (hupókeimai) neuter nominative singular of ὑποκείμενος (hupokeímenos) neuter accusative singular of ὑποκείμενος (hupokeímenos) neuter vocative singular of ὑποκείμενος (hupokeímenos)

Answer 24

GRAMMATICAL CASE ονομαστική f (onomastikí, “nominative”) αιτιατική f (aitiatikí, “accusative”) δοτική f (dotikí, “dative”) γενική f (genikí, “genitive”) ``` αφαιρετική f (afairetikí, “ablative”) κλητική f (klitikí, “vocative”) οργανική f (organikí, “instrumental”) τοπική f (topikí, “locative”) ___________________________________ ``` πτώση • (ptósi) f (plural πτώσεις) (grammar) case Το υποκείμενο του ρήματος βρίσκεται πάντα σε ονομαστική πτώση! To ypokeímeno tou rímatos vrísketai pánta se onomastikí ptósi! The subject of the verb is always in the nominative case! fall, drop, reduction (in position, quantity, etc) fall, downfall, overthrow. ``` From Ancient Greek πτῶσις (ptôsis). πτῶσῐς • (ptôsis) f (genitive πτώσεως); third declension Noun falling, a fall. (grammar) case (grammar) inflection. arrangement of terms in a syllogism. ``` From πῑ́πτω (“I fall”) +‎ -σῐς (Added to verb stems to form abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process). πῑ́πτω • (pī́ptō) to fall, throw oneself down. From Proto-Indo-European *pípth₂- from *peth₂- (“to fall; fly”) ``` πέφτω • (péfto) (simple past έπεσα) Verb fall, fall off, drop hang come down. ``` ``` πετάω • (petáo) (simple past πέταξα, passive πετιέμαι) Verb πέφτω (péfto, “to fall”) (intransitive) fly (transitive) throw (transitive) throw away, drop (transitive, money) waste. πετώ • (petó) (simple past πέταξα, passive πετάγομαι, πετιέμαι) Alternative form of πετάω (petáo) ``` ἐκπίπτω • (ekpíptō) Verb to fall out of to be thrown out of (functioning as the passive of ἐκβάλλω (ekbállō)) From Ancient Greek ἐκπίπτω (ekpíptō); synchronically analyzable as εκ- (ek-) +‎ πίπτω (pípto) ``` εκπίπτω • (ekpípto) simple past - εξέπεσα, passive Verb (intransitive) lose (rank, position) (intransitive) fall into disrepute, fall from grace. ``` _________________________________ ``` αἰτῐᾱτῐκή (aitiātikḗ) ᾰ̓πενεκτῐκή (apenektikḗ) ᾰ̓φαιρετῐκή (aphairetikḗ) γενῐκή (genikḗ) δοτῐκή (dotikḗ) εὐθεῖᾰ (eutheîa) κλητῐκή (klētikḗ) ὀνομαστῐκή (onomastikḗ) πατρῐκή (patrikḗ) προσᾰγορευτῐκόν (prosagoreutikón) ᾰ̓νᾰ́πτωσῐς (anáptōsis) ᾰ̓ντῐ́πτωσῐς (antíptōsis) ᾰ̓πόπτωσῐς (apóptōsis) ἐπῐ́πτωσῐς (epíptōsis) κᾰτᾰ́πτωσῐς (katáptōsis) μετᾰ́πτωσῐς (metáptōsis) πλᾰγῐ́ᾱ (plagíā) πρόπτωσῐς (próptōsis) πρόσπτωσῐς (prósptōsis) ``` ``` ᾰ̓νᾰ́πτωσῐς (anáptōsis) ᾰ̓ντῐ́πτωσῐς (antíptōsis) ᾰ̓πόπτωσῐς (apóptōsis) δῐᾰ́πτωσῐς (diáptōsis) ἔκπτωσῐς (ékptōsis) ἔμπτωσῐς (émptōsis) ἐπῐ́πτωσῐς (epíptōsis) κᾰτᾰ́πτωσῐς (katáptōsis) μετᾰ́πτωσῐς (metáptōsis) ὀρθόπτωσῐς (orthóptōsis) πᾰρᾰ́πτωσῐς (paráptōsis) περῐ́πτωσῐς (períptōsis) πλᾰγῐ́ᾱ (plagíā) πρόπτωσῐς (próptōsis) πρόσπτωσῐς (prósptōsis) σῠ́μπτωσῐς (súmptōsis) ῠ̔πόπτωσῐς (hupóptōsis) ```

Answer 25

ACCUSATIVE CASE αιτιατική • (aitiatikí) f (plural αιτιατικές) (grammar) accusative, objective αιτιατική πτώση ― aitiatikí ptósi ― accusative case. From Ancient Greek αἰτιᾱτική (aitiātikḗ), from αἰτιᾱτός (aitiātós, “effect”). αιτίαση f (aitíasi, “demand, accusation”) αἰτῐᾱτῐκός • (aitiātikós) m (feminine αἰτῐᾱτῐκή, neuter αἰτῐᾱτῐκόν); first/second declension Adjective ("causal") From αἰτῐᾱτός (aitiātós, “caused”) +‎ -ῐκός (-ikós, adjective suffix): “relating to an effect”. From accūsō (“to accuse, blame”) +‎ -īvus (verbal adjective suffix). The Latin calque accūsātīvus (from which comes English accusative) came from an analysis of the word as deriving from αἰτιάομαι (“to accuse”) +‎ -τῐκός (verbal adjective suffix), but if that were its derivation, it would have a different meaning: “related to accusing”. αἰτῐᾱτῐκή (aitiātikḗ, “accusative case”) from Latin accūsātīvus (“having been blamed”), from accūsō (“to blame”). grammatical term αἰτιᾱτική (“expressing an effect”). + -τῐκός (-tikós, verbal adjective suffix). (grammar) Applied to the case (as the fourth case of Latin, Lithuanian and Greek nouns) which expresses the immediate object on which the action or influence of a transitive verb has its limited influence. Other parts of speech, including secondary or predicate direct objects, will also influence a sentence’s construction. In German the case used for direct objects. Immediate object ... Or direct object (plural direct objects) (grammar, in languages without cases) The noun or noun phrase that a verb is directly acting upon. (grammar, in languages with case distinctions) Such an object when it is in the accusative case, but (generally) not when it is in another case. Traditional grammar defines the object in a sentence as the entity that is acted upon by the subject.[1] There is thus a primary distinction between subjects and objects that is understood in terms of the action expressed by the verb. The term complement overlaps in meaning with object: all objects are complements, but not vice versa. The objects that verbs do and do not take is explored in detail in valency theory. In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression. Complements are often also arguments (expressions that help complete the meaning of a predicate). In many non-theoretical grammars, the terms subject complement and object complement are employed to denote the predicative expressions (such as predicative adjectives and nominals) that serve to assign a property to a subject or an object:[4] Ryan is upset. – Predicative adjective as subject complement Rachelle is the boss. – Predicative nominal as subject complement That made Michael lazy. – Predicative adjective as object complement We call Rachelle the boss. – Predicative nominal as object complement This terminology is used in grammar books:[5] Type Verb Example Elements SV intransitive The sun is shining. subject, verb SVO monotransitive That lecture bored me. subject, verb, object SVC copular Your dinner seems ready. subject, verb, subject complement SVA copular My office is in the next building. subject, verb, adverbial SVOO ditransitive I must send my parents an anniversary card. subject, verb, indirect object, direct object SVOC complex-transitive Most students have found her reasonably helpful. subject, verb, object, object complement SVOA complex-transitive You can put the dish on the table.

Answer 26

DATIVE CASE ``` δοτική f (dotikí, “dative”) indirect object (plural indirect objects) ``` Examples He gave "the bank" the money. Or... Ge gave money ("to the bank") He recommended "me" a good lawyer. Or... He recommended a lawyer (" to me") (grammar) A grammatical role of a ditransitive verb that manifests a secondary or passive participant in an action, often a recipient or goal. (grammar, in languages with case distinctions also) The object of a monotransitive verb that it is not in the accusative case, especially when it is in the dative case. monotransitive (not comparable) Adjective (grammar, linguistics) pertaining to a transitive verb that takes a single mandatory object, either a direct object or a primary object depending on the language. ditransitive (not comparable) Adjective (linguistics) Of a class of verbs which take both a direct and an indirect object. An example is 'give', which entails a giver (subject), a gift (direct object) and a receiver (indirect object) From Latin datīvus (“appropriate for giving”), itself from datus (the past participle of dō (“I give”)) + -īvus (“-ive”). Latin - dō (present infinitive dare, perfect active dedī, supine datum); first conjugation, irregular I give Synonym: dōnō I offer, render Synonym: dōnō I yield, surrender, concede. Latin - datus (feminine data, neuter datum); first/second-declension participle given, offered, yielded. ``` From Ancient Greek δίδωμι (give) δίδωμι • (dídōmi) Verb I give, present, offer I grant, allow, permit (perfect active) to allow; (perfect passive) to be allowed ``` ``` From Proto-Italic *dido from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti *dédeh₃ti (imperfective) to be giving from the root *deh₃- (“give”). from Proto-Indo-European *déh₃t *déh₃t (perfective) to give ``` Cognate Old Persian 𐎭𐎭𐎠𐎬𐎢𐎺 (d-d-a-tu-u-v) (3rd person singular present imperative active of √dā) to give to take

Answer 27

GENITIVE ``` Of him With him From him By him Within him ``` ``` Belonging to a kind, type, clan or race. Belonging to a category or class. Born from a parent or the result of a process. Caused by an action. Associated with a group. Derived from a group. Categorized within a group. ``` γενῐκή • (genikḗ) f (genitive γενῐκῆς); first declension (Koine) (grammar) the genitive case – ellipsis of the phrase γενῐκὴ πτῶσῐς (ptôsis): literally “inflection expressing a kind” ``` γενῐκός • (genikós) m (feminine γενῐκή, neuter γενῐκόν); first/second declension Adjective of or belonging to the γένος (génos) principal, typical consisting of families sexual in kind. ``` From γένος (génos, “race, stock, kin”) +‎ -ῐκός (-ikós, adjectival suffix).

Answer 28

In linguistics, an argument is an expression that helps complete the meaning of a predicate,[1] the latter referring in this context to a main verb and its auxiliaries. In this regard, the complement is a closely related concept. Most predicates take one, two, or three arguments. A predicate and its arguments form a predicate-argument structure. The discussion of predicates and arguments is associated most with (content) verbs and noun phrases (NPs), although other syntactic categories can also be construed as predicates and as arguments. Arguments must be distinguished from adjuncts. While a predicate needs its arguments to complete its meaning, the adjuncts that appear with a predicate are optional; they are not necessary to complete the meaning of the predicate.[2] Most theories of syntax and semantics acknowledge arguments and adjuncts, although the terminology varies, and the distinction is generally believed to exist in all languages. Dependency grammars sometimes call arguments actants, following Tesnière (1959). The area of grammar that explores the nature of predicates, their arguments, and adjuncts is called valency theory. Predicates have a valence; they determine the number and type of arguments that can or must appear in their environment. The valence of predicates is also investigated in terms of subcategorization. The basic analysis of the syntax and semantics of clauses relies heavily on the distinction between arguments and adjuncts. The clause predicate, which is often a content verb, demands certain arguments. That is, the arguments are necessary in order to complete the meaning of the verb. The adjuncts that appear, in contrast, are not necessary in this sense. The subject phrase and object phrase are the two most frequently occurring arguments of verbal predicates.[3] For instance: Jill likes Jack. Sam fried the meat. The old man helped the young man. Each of these sentences contains two arguments (in bold), the first noun (phrase) being the subject argument, and the second the object argument. Jill, for example, is the subject argument of the predicate likes, and Jack is its object argument. Verbal predicates that demand just a subject argument (e.g. sleep, work, relax) are intransitive, verbal predicates that demand an object argument as well (e.g. like, fry, help) are transitive, and verbal predicates that demand two object arguments are ditransitive (e.g. give, lend). When additional information is added to our three example sentences, one is dealing with adjuncts, e.g. ``` Jill really likes Jack. Jill likes Jack most of the time. Jill likes Jack when the sun shines. Jill likes Jack because he's friendly. The added phrases (in bold) are adjuncts; they provide additional information that is not necessary to complete the meaning of the predicate likes. One key difference between arguments and adjuncts is that the appearance of a given argument is often obligatory, whereas adjuncts appear optionally. While typical verb arguments are subject or object nouns or noun phrases as in the examples above, they can also be prepositional phrases (PPs) (or even other categories). The PPs in bold in the following sentences are arguments: ``` Sam put the pen on the chair. Larry does not put up with that. Bill is getting on my case. We know that these PPs are (or contain) arguments because when we attempt to omit them, the result is unacceptable: *Sam put the pen. *Larry does not put up. *Bill is getting. Subject and object arguments are known as core arguments; core arguments can be suppressed, added, or exchanged in different ways, using voice operations like passivization, antipassivization, application, incorporation, etc. Prepositional arguments, which are also called oblique arguments, however, do not tend to undergo the same processes. Psycholinguistic (argument vs adjuncts) Edit Psycholinguistic theories must explain how syntactic representations are built incrementally during sentence comprehension. One view that has sprung from psycholinguistics is the argument structure hypothesis (ASH), which explains the distinct cognitive operations for argument and adjunct attachment: arguments are attached via the lexical mechanism, but adjuncts are attached using general (non-lexical) grammatical knowledge that is represented as phrase structure rules or the equivalent. Argument status determines the cognitive mechanism in which a phrase will be attached to the developing syntactic representations of a sentence. Psycholinguistic evidence supports a formal distinction between arguments and adjuncts, for any questions about the argument status of a phrase are, in effect, questions about learned mental representations of the lexical heads.

Answer 29

In grammar, a complement is a word, phrase or clause that is necessary to complete the meaning of a given expression.[1][2] Complements are often also arguments (expressions that help complete the meaning of a predicate). There are indicative as well as non-indicative complements in languages. Non-indicative complements follow the appropriate complementizers. Indicative complements do not follow complementizers but instead are included with special markers and clauses. In many non-theoretical grammars, the terms subject complement and object complement are employed to denote the predicative expressions (such as predicative adjectives and nominals) that serve to assign a property to a subject or an object:[4] Ryan is upset. – Predicative adjective as subject complement Rachelle is the boss. – Predicative nominal as subject complement That made Michael lazy. – Predicative adjective as object complement We call Rachelle the boss. – Predicative nominal as object complement

Answer 30

In linguistics, an adjunct is an optional, or structurally dispensable, part of a sentence, clause, or phrase that, if removed or discarded, will not otherwise affect the remainder of the sentence. Example: In the sentence John helped Bill in Central Park, the phrase in Central Park is an adjunct.[1] A more detailed definition of the adjunct emphasizes its attribute as a modifying form, word, or phrase that depends on another form, word, or phrase, being an element of clause structure with adverbial function.[2] An adjunct is not an argument (nor is it a predicative expression), and an argument is not an adjunct. The argument–adjunct distinction is central in most theories of syntax and semantics. The terminology used to denote arguments and adjuncts can vary depending on the theory at hand. Some dependency grammars, for instance, employ the term circonstant (instead of adjunct), following Tesnière (1959). The area of grammar that explores the nature of predicates, their arguments, and adjuncts is called valency theory. Predicates have valency; they determine the number and type of arguments that can or must appear in their environment. The valency of predicates is also investigated in terms of subcategorization.

Answer 31

In linguistics, valency or valence is the number of arguments controlled by a predicate, content verbs being typical predicates. Valency is related, though not identical, to subcategorization and transitivity, which count only object arguments – valency counts all arguments, including the subject. The linguistic meaning of valency derives from the definition of valency in chemistry. The valency metaphor appeared first in linguistics in Charles Sanders Peirce's essay "The Logic of Relatives" in 1897,[1] and it then surfaced in the works of a number of linguists decades later in the late 1940s and 1950s.[2] Lucien Tesnière is credited most with having established the valency concept in linguistics. There are several types of valency: impersonal (=avalent) it rains intransitive (monovalent/monadic) he sleeps transitive (divalent/dyadic) he kicks the ball ditransitive (trivalent/triadic) he gave her a flower tritransitive (quadrivalent/quadradic) I bet him a dollar on a horse an impersonal verb has no determinate subject, e.g. It rains. (Though it is technically the subject of the verb in English, it is only a dummy subject; that is, a syntactic placeholder: it has no concrete referent. No other subject can replace it. In many other languages, there would be no subject at all. In Spanish, for example, It is raining could be expressed as simply llueve.) an intransitive verb takes one argument, e.g. He1 sleeps. a transitive verb takes two, e.g. He1 kicked the ball2. a ditransitive verb takes three, e.g. He1 gave her2 a flower3. There are a few verbs that take four arguments; they are tritransitive. Sometimes bet is considered to have four arguments in English, as in the examples I1 bet him2 five quid3 on ”The Daily Arabian”4 and I1 bet you2 two dollars3 it will rain4. However, since the latter example can be restated as I1 bet you2 two dollars3 without becoming ungrammatical, the verb bet is not considered to be a true tritransitive verb[4] (that is, the clause it will rain is an adjunct, not an argument). Languages that mark arguments morphologically can have true "tritransitive" verbs, such as the causative of a ditransitive verb in Abaza (which incorporates all four arguments in the sentence "He couldn't make them give it back to her" as pronominal prefixes on the verb).[5]: p. 57 The term valence also refers to the syntactic category of these elements. Verbs show considerable variety in this respect. In the examples above, the arguments are noun phrases (NPs). But arguments can in many cases be other categories, e.g. Winning the prize made our training worthwhile. – Subject is a non-finite verb phrase That he came late did not surprise us. – Subject is a clause Sam persuaded us to contribute to the cause. – Object is a non-finite verb phrase The president mentioned that she would veto this bill. – Object is a clause Many of these patterns can appear in a form rather different from the ones just shown above. For example, they can also be expressed using the passive voice: Our training was made worthwhile (by winning the prize). We were not surprised (by the fact that he came late). We were persuaded to contribute (by Sam). That she would veto this bill was mentioned (by the president). The above examples show some of the most common valence patterns in English, but do not begin to exhaust them. Other linguists[who?] have examined the patterns of more than three thousand verbs and placed them in one or more of several dozen groups.[6] The verb requires all of its arguments in a well-formed sentence, although they can sometimes undergo valency reduction or expansion. For instance, to eat is naturally divalent, as in he eats an apple, but may be reduced to monovalency in he eats. This is called valency reduction. In the southeastern United States, an emphatic trivalent form of eat is in use, as in I'll eat myself some supper. Verbs that are usually monovalent, like sleep, cannot take a direct object. However, there are cases where the valency of such verbs can be expanded, for instance in He sleeps the sleep of death. This is called valency expansion. Verb valence can also be described in terms of syntactic versus semantic criteria. The syntactic valency of a verb refers to the number of dependent arguments that the verb can have, while semantic valence describes the thematic relations associated with a verb.

Answer 32

ACTIVE - PASSIVE - MIDDLE (Voice) GRAMMAR ενεργητική φωνή f ("active voice”) παθητικός φωνή ("passive voice") ενεργητική φωνή • (energitikí foní) f (grammar) active voice see: ενεργητικός and φωνή (voice) ``` πᾰθητῐκός • (pathētikós) m (feminine πᾰθητῐκή, neuter πᾰθητῐκόν); first/second declension Adjective Subject to feeling or passion: sensitive Full of feeling: passionate, sensuous pathetic passive, receptive (grammar) passive ``` From παθ- (path-) the root of πάσχω (páskhō, “to suffer”), + -τικός (-tikós, verbal adjective suffix). φωνή • (foní) f (plural φωνές) voice, sound (music) voice, note (grammar, linguistics) voice ενεργητική φωνή ― energitikí foní ― active voice παθητική φωνή ― pathitikí foní ― passive voice μέση φωνή ― mési foní ― middle voice μεσοπαθητική φωνή ― mesopathitikí foní ― mediopassive voice

Answer 33

PUNCTUATION ``` See also ( . ) τελεία ( , ) κόμμα, υποδιαστολή ( : ) άνω και κάτω τελεία ( · ) άνω τελεία ( ; ) ερωτηματικό ( ! ) θαυμαστικό ( « » ) εισαγωγικά ( " ) ( “ ” ) εισαγωγικά ( ' ) ( ‘ ’ ) εισαγωγικά ( ' ) ( ’ ) απόστροφος ( ¨ ) διαλυτικά ( ΄ ) τόνος ( - ) ενωτικό ( ‒ ) παύλα ( … ) αποσιωπητικά ( ( ) ) παρένθεση ( [ ] ) αγκύλη ( { } ) άγκιστρο ``` στίξη • (stíxi) f (plural στίξεις) punctuation (the symbols and their use) Derived terms σημείο στίξης (simeío stíxis) From Ancient Greek στίξις (stíxis) from Ancient Greek στίζω (stízō). Compare Greek στιγμή (stigmí) or στίγμα (stígma), English stigma. στίζω • (stízō) I tattoo I mark from Proto-Indo-European *steyg- (“to pierce, prick, be sharp”). στῐ́γμᾰ • (stígma) n (genitive στῐ́γμᾰτος); third declension A mark from a pointed instrument, often as a sign of ownership: mark, brand, tattoo Any mark or spot (colour): gold ``` στίγμα • (stígma) n (plural στίγματα) stigma (mark of infamy) disgrace scar, birthmark stigma (Ϛ and ϛ: a ligature of the Greek letters lunate sigma and tau) ``` σημάδι • (simádi) n (plural σημάδια) mark, sign scar, birthmark omen σημείο • (simeío) n (plural σημεία) sign, mark spot, place (mathematics) point

Answer 34

substantive (comparative more substantive, superlative most substantive) of the essence or essential element of a thing; as, "substantive information" quotations ▼ Synonyms: essential, in essence having substance; enduring; solid; firm; substantial quotations ▼ Synonyms: meaty, substantial Antonym: superficial (law) applying to essential legal principles and rules of right; as, "substantive law" Antonyms: adjective, procedural (chemistry) of a dye that does not need the use of a mordant to be made fast to that which is being dyed Antonym: adjective Depending on itself; independent. quotations ▼ (grammar) used like a noun substantive Synonym: substantival (military, of a rank or appointment) actually and legally held, as distinct from an acting, temporary or honorary rank or appointment

Answer 35

PRONOUN From Ancient Greek antonymia from ἀντί (“against”) + ὄνυμα (name) ὄνομᾰ • (ónoma) n (genitive ὀνόμᾰτος); third declension name fame (compare English make a name for oneself) (grammar) noun, in the wide sense: referring to most word classes that are declined for case and number – a substantive (English noun), an adjective, or a pronoun – but excluding the relative pronoun ὅς (hós) and the article ὁ (ho) (grammar) phrase ``` όνομα • (ónoma) n (plural ονόματα) name Το όνομά μου είναι Σαμ. To ónomá mou eínai Sam. My name is Sam. (figuratively) name, reputation το καλό όνομα της εταιρείας to kaló ónoma tis etaireías the company's good name (grammar) noun (sensu lato), a word class including substantives (nouns, sensu stricto) and adjectives ``` ——————————————- NAME - NOUN ουσιαστικό • (ousiastikó) n (plural ουσιαστικά) (grammar) substantive, noun (sensu stricto) (grammar): ουσιαστικό n (ousiastikó, “noun”) (grammar): επίθετο n (epítheto, “adjective”) επίθετο n (epítheto, “surname”) επώνυμο • (epónymo) n (plural επώνυμα) surname, family name, last name μεγάλο όνομα • (megálo ónoma) n (plural μεγάλα ονόματα) surname, last name, family name Literally: μεγάλο (megálo, “big”) + όνομα n (ónoma, “name”) επίθεση • (epíthesi) f (plural επιθέσεις) attack, offensive (in warfare) επιθετικός (epithetikós, “adjectival; aggressive”, adjective) επιθετικότητα f (epithetikótita, “aggression”) επίθετο n (epítheto, “adjective; surname”) επιτίθεμαι (epitíthemai, “to attack”) sēnsū strictō (not comparable) In the narrow sense; narrowly. Ablative case of sēnsus (“sense”) and strictus (“tight, close”). Ancient Greek ὄνομαι (ónomai, “to blame, scold, insult”) Likely from Proto-Indo-European *h₃enh₂- (“to onerate, charge, burden; (perhaps) to name”) ὄνομαι • (ónomai) to blame, scold; to find fault with, treat scornfully, attack verbally, vituperate, insult to curse, throw a slur upon; to slander to quarrel with, impugn ——————————————— ``` From Proto-Indo-European *h₃nómn̥ (“name”). *h₁nómn̥ n name *h₁nómn̥ déh₃t he gives a name (literally, “[a] name gives [he]”) ``` Cognate with Phrygian ονομαν (onoman), Old English nama (English name), Sanskrit नामन् (nā́man), Latin nōmen, Old Armenian անուն (anun), Old Irish ainm, and Old Church Slavonic имѧ (imę). ———————————————————- LATIN ``` nomen proprium (plural nomina propria) (grammar) proper noun ``` nōmen n (genitive nōminis); third declension name, appellation in particular, the middle name of a three-part free man's Latin name which distinguished one gens from another title (grammar) noun (i.e. substantive, adjective, pronoun, article or numeral) (figuratively) debt, bond, item of debt (figuratively, metonymically) people, nation's name, race (figuratively) fame, reputation, repute, renown (good name) Declension Cognate with Hittite 𒆷𒀀𒈠𒀭 (lāman) Name nōmenclātūra f (genitive nōmenclātūrae); first declension a calling by name a list of names nomenclature From nōmen (“name”) + calō (“call together”). ————————————————- ονομάζω (onomázo, “to name, to call”) ονομασία f (onomasía, “naming”) πρώτο όνομα n (próto ónoma, “first name”) βαπτιστικό όνομα n (vaptistikó ónoma, “Christian name”) μεγάλο όνομα n (megálo ónoma, “surname, family name”) μικρό όνομα n (mikró ónoma, “first name”) επινοημένος (epinoïménos, “fictional”) επώνυμο n (epónymo, “surname”) επωνυμικός (eponymikós) οικογενειακό όνομα n (oikogeneiakó ónoma, “family name, surname”) παρωνύμιο n (paronýmio, “folk name”) πατρικό όνομα n (patrikó ónoma, “maiden name”) προσωνυμία f (prosonymía, “name, title”) ψευδώνυμο n (psevdónymo, “alias, pseudonym”) ——————————————- Old English nama m (nominative plural naman) name Rōse be ǣnigum ōðrum naman stunce swā swōte. A rose by any other name would smell as sweet. (grammar) noun

Answer 36

PROPER NOUN κατάλληλος • (katállilos) m (feminine κατάλληλη, neuter κατάλληλο) appropriate, suitable, fit, right ουσιαστικό • (ousiastikó) n (plural ουσιαστικά) (grammar) substantive, noun (sensu stricto) ———————————————— ESSENCE OF BEING ``` ουσία • (ousía) f (plural ουσίες) being substance meaning, sense essence ``` οὐσίᾱ • (ousíā) f (genitive οὐσίᾱς); first declension that which is one's own, one's substance, property (philosophy) Synonym of φύσις (phúsis) stable being, immutable reality substance, essence true nature of that which is a member of a kind the possession of such a nature, substantiality (in the concrete) the primary real, the substratum underlying all change and process in nature (logic) substance as the leading category (various uses after Plato and Aristotle) Pythagorean name for I From ὤν (to be) present participle of εἰμί (“to be”) + -ίᾱ (abstract noun suffix). ὤν • (ṓn) present participle of εἰμί (eimí) actual, real from Proto-Indo-European *h₁sónts present participle of *h₁es- (“to be”). Cognate with Latin sōns (“guilty”) Sanskrit सत् (sát, “being, essence, reality”) Albanian gjë (“thing”) English sooth (“true, a fact”). from Old English sōþ (“truth; true, actual, real”) —————————————- REAL from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). real (comparative realer or more real, superlative realest or most real) True, genuine, not merely nominal or apparent. Genuine, not artificial, counterfeit, or fake. This is real leather. Genuine, unfeigned, sincere. These are real tears! Actually being, existing, or occurring; not fictitious or imaginary. a description of real life That has objective, physical existence. (law) Relating to immovable tangible property. real estate; real property From Middle English real, from Old French reel, from Late Latin reālis (“actual”), from Latin rēs (“matter, thing”), from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods”). ``` rēs f (genitive reī); fifth declension thing, object, stuff Dīxit duās rēs eī rubōrī fuisse. He said that two things had abashed him. matter, issue, subject, topic affair, event story, history state, republic, commonwealth novae rēs ― a revolution deed circumstances ``` From Latin rēs (“thing”). from Proto-Indo-European *reh₁ís (“wealth, goods, property”). Greek: proper κατάλληλος • (katállilos) m (feminine κατάλληλη, neuter κατάλληλο) appropriate, suitable, fit, right ———————————————————- Verb ουσιαστικοποιώ • (ousiastikopoió) (past ουσιαστικοποίησα, passive ουσιαστικοποιούμαι) (grammar, linguistics) substantivise, nominalise (UK), substantivize, nominalize (US), ——————————————— SUBSTANTIVE NOUN substantive (comparative more substantive, superlative most substantive) of the essence or essential element of a thing; as, "substantive information" Synonyms: essential, in essence. substantive (plural substantives) (grammar) a word that names a person, place, thing or idea; a noun (sensu stricto) [from 16th c.] Synonyms: noun (sensu stricto), noun substantive Hypernym: noun (sensu lato) Part of a text that carries the meaning, such as words and their ordering. ——————————————— NOUN noun (plural nouns) (grammar, narrow sense) A word that can be used to refer to a person, animal, place, thing, phenomenon, substance, quality, or idea; one of the basic parts of speech in many languages, including English. An adjective normally describes a noun. (grammar, now rare, broad sense) Either a word that can be used to refer to a person, animal, place, thing, phenomenon, substance, quality or idea, or a word that modifies or describes a previous word or its referent; a substantive or adjective, sometimes also including other parts of speech such as numeral or pronoun. From Middle English noun, from Anglo-Norman noun, non, nom, from Latin nōmen (“name; noun”). The grammatical sense in Latin was a semantic loan from Koine Greek ὄνομα (ónoma). Doublet of name. ———————————————- PROPER is associated with the word COMPETENT / HARMONY ἁρμονίᾱ = HARMONY αρμόδιος • (armódios) m (feminine αρμόδια, neuter αρμόδιο) competent, qualified (having sufficient skill, knowledge or ability) Δεν είμαι αρμόδιος να κρίνω. Den eímai armódios na kríno. I’m not qualified to judge. Δεν είμαι αρμόδιος γι’ αυτό το θέμα. Den eímai armódios gi’ aftó to théma. I’m not competent in this matter. in charge, responsible (answerable for an act performed or for its consequences) Ο καθ’ ύλην αρμόδιος υπουργός δεν απάντησε στα ερωτήματά μας. O kath’ ýlin armódios ypourgós den apántise sta erotímatá mas. The responsible minister did not answer our questions. Ποιος είναι αρμόδιος για την ασφάλεια; Poios eínai armódios gia tin asfáleia? Who is responsible for safety? from ἁρμόζω (harmózō, “to govern, command, arrange”). αρμόδιοι m pl (armódioi, “the powers that be”) αρμοδιότητα f (armodiótita, “competence, responsibility, domain”) αρμοδίως (armodíos, “competently”) (adverb, formal) ``` ἁρμόζω • (harmózō) to fit together, join to betroth to arrange, govern, command to compose to fit, suit, am adapted well for ``` ``` ἁρμονίᾱ • (harmoníā) f (genitive ἁρμονίᾱς); first declension A fitting together, joint union, league ordinance, decree A relation of sounds: harmony ``` Either from or cognate with ἁρμόζω (harmózō, “I fit together”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂er- (“to join, fit, fix together”). Greek: proper κατάλληλος • (katállilos) m (feminine κατάλληλη, neuter κατάλληλο) appropriate, suitable, fit, right ἁρμογή • (harmogḗ) f (genitive ἁρμογῆς); first declension joining, junction, fitting, arrangement joint in masonry (medicine) joining of two bones without motion (in music) method of tuning a stringed instrument (in painting) gradation of tints in transition προσαρμόζω • (prosarmózo) (past προσάρμοσα, passive προσαρμόζομαι) fit, adjust adapt Learnedly, from Ancient Greek προσαρμόζω (prosarmózō). For adapt, semantic loan from French adapter. Synchronically analysable as προσ- (“towards”) +‎ αρμόζω (“fit together, join”). αναπροσαρμογή f (anaprosarmogí, “readjustment”) αναπροσαρμόζω (anaprosarmózo, “to readjust”) προσαρμογή f (prosarmogí, “adaptation”) προσαρμόσιμος (prosarmósimos, “adaptable”) προσαρμοστικός (prosarmostikós, “adapting; adaptable”) προσαρμοστικότητα f (prosarmostikótita, “adaptability”)

Answer 37

GENITIVE - CASE From γένος (“race, stock, kin”) +‎ -ῐκός (adjectival suffix). γενῐκή • (genikḗ) feminine nominative/vocative singular of γενῐκός (genikós) γενῐκός • (genikós) m (feminine γενῐκή, neuter γενῐκόν); first/second declension of or belonging to the γένος (génos), racial principal, typical consisting of families sexual in kind γενικός • (genikós) m (feminine γενική, neuter γενικό) general, unspecific. from Proto-Indo-European *ǵénh₁os (“race”). race, lineage From *ǵenh₁- +‎ *-os. Root *ǵenh₁- (perfective) to produce, to beget, to give birth *(ó)-os m Creates nouns from verb stems denoting the performance or result of that verb. ``` γένος • (génos) n (plural γένη) family nation (taxonomy, biology) genus (grammar) gender (masculine, feminine, etc) maiden name, née ``` ——————————————— RELATED From σύν (together, with) + γενικός (general, type, kind). συγγενικός • (syngenikós) m (feminine συγγενική, neuter συγγενικό) related, interrelated, relational σῠγγενῐκός • (sungenikós) m (feminine σῠγγενῐκή, neuter σῠγγενῐκόν); first/second declension (of a predisposition to disease) congenital or hereditary of or for kinsmen, between kinfolk (metaphoric) kindred, of a common kind ἐγγενῐκός • (engenikós) m (feminine ἐγγενῐκή, neuter ἐγγενῐκόν); first/second declension hereditary From ἐν- (in-) +‎ γενῐκός (type, kind). γενῐκός • (genikós) m (feminine γενῐκή, neuter γενῐκόν); first/second declension of or belonging to the γένος (génos), racial principal, typical consisting of families sexual in kind γενῐκός • (genikós) m (feminine γενῐκή, neuter γενῐκόν); first/second declension of or belonging to the γένος (génos), racial principal, typical consisting of families sexual in kind ——————————————————- ``` Related: γενεά f (geneá, “generation”) γένεσις f (génesis, “birth”) γόνος m (gónos, “offspring”) also γεννάω (gennáō, “I give birth”) γέννησις f (génnēsis, “birth”) and see γίγνομαι (gígnomai, “Ι come to being”) ``` Suffix -γενής • (-genḗs) m or f (neuter -γενές); third declension (forming adjectives) born in a certain place or condition ‎ἔνδον (éndon) + ‎-γενής (-genḗs) → ‎ἐνδογενής (endogenḗs) ‎οἶκος (oîkos) + ‎-γενής (-genḗs) → ‎οἰκογενής (oikogenḗs) (forming adjectives) of a kind ‎ἕτερος (héteros) + ‎-γενής (-genḗs) → ‎ἑτερογενής (heterogenḗs) ‎ὁμός (homós) + ‎-γενής (-genḗs) → ‎ὁμογενής (homogenḗs) ‎μόνος (mónos) + ‎-γενής (-genḗs) → ‎μονογενής (monogenḗs) Suffix -γενής • (-genís) m (feminine -γενής, neuter -γενές) (forming adjectives) where the defined, originates from what the first part denotes. ενδογενής ‎ένδον (éndon, “within”) + ‎-γενής (-genís) → ‎ενδογενής (endogenís, “endogenous”) δευτερογενής (forming adjectives) where the defined comes in a specific order ‎δεύτερος (défteros, “second”) + ‎-γενής (-genís) → ‎δευτερογενής (defterogenís, “who comes second, consequent”) ———————————————— ``` Related terms -γενής (originates from what the first part denotes) γενεά f (geneá, “generation”) γενεαλογία f (genealogía, “genealogy”) γένεση f (génesi, “birth, beginning”) γενέσθαι (genésthai) γενεσιουργός (genesiourgós) γενετικός (genetikós, “genetic”) γενιά f (geniá, “generation”) γόνος m (gónos, “offspring”) and see γέννα f (génna, “birth”) γεννάω (gennáo, “I give birth”) γέννηση f (génnisi, “birth”) γίνομαι (gínomai, “Ι become”) ``` ————————————————— ``` γενεᾱ́ • (geneā́) f (genitive γενεᾶς); first declension Noun birth race, descent generation offspring ``` γενιά • (geniá) f (plural γενιές) Noun kin, ancestry generation a generation's actions in specific era or decade, mainly of artistic and political movements (used only with γενιά (geniá) but not with γενεά (geneá)) η γενιά του μεσοπολέμου ― i geniá tou mesopolémou ― the interwar generation Γενιά του ’30 ονομάστηκε η γενιά Ελλήνων καλλιτεχνών που γεννήθηκαν στις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα. Geniá tou ’30 onomástike i geniá Ellínon kallitechnón pou genníthikan stis archés tou 20ou aióna. The generation of the ’30s is the name for the cohort of Greek artists born at the beginning of the 20th century. κυρογενιά • (kyrogeniá) f (plural κυρογενιές) (Maniot) the grandmother's family. From κυρούλα (kyroúla, “grandmother”, noun) +‎ γενιά (“kin”, noun). ————————————————————- RELATED: ``` ἰδέᾱ • (idéā) f (genitive ἰδέᾱς); first declension form, shape look, appearance, semblance type, sort, class style notion, idea ``` from Proto-Indo-European *widéseh₂ feminine derivation from *wéydos (whence εἶδος (eîdos)) from *weyd- (“to see”). ``` εἶδος • (eîdos) n (genitive εἴδους or εἴδεος); third declension That which is seen: form, image, shape appearance, look, beauty (comeliness) sight fashion, sort, kind species wares, goods ``` From Proto-Indo-European *wéydos (“seeing, image”) from *weyd- (“to see”). Cognate to Sanskrit वेदस् (védas) वेदस् • (védas) n knowledge, science property, wealth From Proto-Indo-European *wéydos (“seeing, image”) from *weyd- (“to see”). wealth (usually uncountable, plural wealths) (economics) Riches; valuable material possessions. A great amount; an abundance or plenty. She brings a wealth of knowledge to the project. (obsolete) Prosperity; well-being; happiness. From Middle English welth, welthe, weolthe (“happiness, prosperity”) from Old English *welþ, weleþu from Proto-West Germanic *waliþu (“wealth”) Alternatively, possibly an alteration (due to similar words in -th: compare... helth (“health”) derth (“dearth”)) of wele (“wealth, well-being, weal”) from Old English wela (“wealth, prosperity”) from Proto-Germanic *walô (“well-being, prosperity”) from Proto-Indo-European *wel- (“good, best”) equivalent to weal +‎ -th. Cognate with Dutch weelde (“wealth”) Low German weelde (“wealth”) Old High German welida, welitha (“wealth”). Related also to German Wohl (“welfare, well-being, weal”) Danish vel (“weal, welfare”) Swedish väl (“well-being, weal”) More at weal, well. Middle English: helth Alternative spelling of helþ (“heals”) ``` Middle English: helþe (uncountable) soundness health recovery remedy salubriousness salvation prosperity, happiness preservation, safety ``` From Old English hǣlþ from Proto-Germanic *hailiþō (“wholeness; health”) equivalent to hole (“whole”) +‎ -th. hǣlþ f health From West Proto-Germanic *hailiþō from Proto-Germanic *hailaz (“whole, hale”) Equivalent to hāl +‎ -þ. ``` Old English: hāl sound, healthy, intact Iosep axode hwæðer hira fæder wære hal. Joseph asked whether their father was well. (Genesis) whole, undivided ``` Ancient Greek κοῖλυ (koîlu, “goodness, beauty”) (German heil (“healthy”) SUFFIX Wealth equivalent to weal +‎ -th Health Old English hǣlþ Equivalent to hāl +‎ -þ equivalent to hole (“whole”) +‎ -th -þ forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels ‎fūl (“foul, polluted”) + ‎-þ → ‎fȳlþ (“filth, foulness”) ‎earm (“poor”) + ‎-þ → ‎iermþ (“poverty”) ‎þēof (“thief”) + ‎-þ → ‎þīefþ (“theft”) -þ forming abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns; generally causing mutation of root or preceding vowels -th (no longer productive) Used to form nouns from verbs of action. berth, birth, blowth, drawth, flowth, growth, sight, spilth, stealth, theft, weight (no longer productive) Used to form nouns from adjectives. breadth, coolth, dampth, dearth, depth, filth, health, height/heighth, length, roomth, ruth, strength, troth, truth, sloth/slowth, warmth, wealth, width, wrath, wrength, youth/youngth -t Forms the past tense and/or past participle of some verbs (leapt, kept, dreamt, blest, etc.) -t (past participle ending) ``` -t (no longer productive) Alternative form of -th ‎arise + ‎-t → ‎arist ‎drive + ‎-t → ‎drift ‎see + ‎-t → ‎sight ‎thieve + ‎-t → ‎theft ‎thrive + ‎-t → ‎thrift ``` -t An excrescent ending appended to words suffixed with -s. against, amidst, amongst, betwixt, whilst, twicet From Middle English -te (preterite ending) From Middle English -te (preterite ending) -t (past participle ending) from Old English -te, -de (first and third person preterite ending) -t, -d (past participle ending) from Old English -ettan -ettan used to form verbs from nouns or adjectives (compare English -ate, -ize), frequently having a causative force. ‎bōt (“remedy, cure”) + ‎-ettan → ‎bōtettan (“to remedy, cure”) ‎lēaslīċ (“false”) + ‎-ettan → ‎lēaslīcettan (“to dissemble, be false”) ‎lāþ (“hatred, hostility; loathesome”) + ‎-ettan → ‎lāþettan (“to loathe”) verbal suffix denoting frequency or intensification ‎blīcan (“to shine”) + ‎-ettan → ‎blīcettan (“to glitter”) ‎hlēapan (“to jump, to leap”) + ‎-ettan → ‎hlēapettan (“to jump up”) Descendants[edit] Middle English: thouten (“to address as 'thou'”), Middle English: yeten (“to address as 'ye'”) (likely); grunten (from Old English grunnettan) From Proto-Germanic *-atjaną, *-itjaną, *-utjaną (verbal suffix). ———————————————- πατρῐκός • (patrikós) m (feminine πατρῐκή, neuter πατρῐκόν); first/second declension hereditary, inherited ancestral fatherly, paternal From πατήρ (father) +‎ -ικός (-verbal adjective) πατρικός • (patrikós) m (feminine πατρική, neuter πατρικό) fatherly, paternal analyzable as πατέρας (patéras) +‎ -ικός (-ikós) πατέρας • (patéras) m (plural πατέρες or πατεράδες, feminine μητέρα) (with double plural) father; a male parent (with plural πατέρες) Father (form of address for monk or priest) Synonym: πατήρ (patír) (figuratively) founder of a science (in the plural) ancestors From Ancient Greek πατήρ (patḗr) from Proto-Hellenic *patḗr, from Proto-Indo-European *ph₂tḗr. πᾰτήρ • (patḗr) m (genitive πᾰτρός or πᾰτέρος); third declension father Synonyms: νόννος (nónnos), φύτωρ (phútōr) epithet of Zeus respectful address of an older man (figuratively) author (in the plural) forefathers, ancestors πατήρ • (patír) m (religion) God the Father (literary) father (form of address for monk or priest) Katharevousa form of πατέρας (patéras), father God the Father (Christian theology) The person (hypostasis) of the Trinity or Godhead corresponding to the God of Abraham and the Jewish scriptures and considered the creator of mankind and Father of Jesus Christ Proper noun God the Son (Christian theology) The person (hypostasis) of the Trinity or Godhead corresponding to the Word of God, which became flesh—incarnated—in Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God the Father. Proper noun[edit] Word of God A sacred teaching, writing or book viewed as being the work of God. (Christianity) The Logos, or God the Son. (fandom slang) The creator(s) of a media franchise and/or their extradiegetic revelations about plot, characters, etc. In present phrasing, usually simply reduced to "Holy Ghost" or "Holy Spirit" even when spoken of together with "God the Father" and "God the Son". Proper noun God the Holy Ghost (Christian theology) The person (hypostasis) of the Trinity or Godhead corresponding to divine essence present in the faithful (particularly, inspired prophets) and considered to proceed either (Eastern Orthodoxy) from God the Father alone or (Roman Catholicism) from Him together with God the Son. Essence From French essence, from Latin essentia (“the being or essence of a thing”), from an artificial formation of esse (“to be”), to translate Ancient Greek οὐσία (ousía, “being”), from ὤν (ṓn), present participle of εἰμί (eimí, “I am, exist”). essence (countable and uncountable, plural essences) The inherent nature of a thing or idea. (philosophy) The true nature of anything, not accidental or illusory. Constituent substance. A being; especially, a purely spiritual being. (significant feature): gist, crux; From Latin crux (“cross, wooden frame for execution”) from the Proto-Indo-European *(s)ker- (“to turn, to bend”). crux (plural cruxes or cruces) The basic, central, or essential point or feature. Synonyms: core, gist; see also Thesaurus:gist The crux of her argument was that the roadways needed repair before anything else could be accomplished. The critical or transitional moment or issue, a turning point. A puzzle or difficulty. (Can we find and add a quotation of Dr. Sheridan to this entry?) (climbing) The hardest point of a climb. (heraldry) A cross on a coat of arms. Proper noun[edit] Holy Spirit (Christianity) The person (hypostasis) of the Trinity or Godhead corresponding to divine essence present in the faithful (particularly inspired prophets) and considered to proceed either from (Eastern Orthodoxy) God the Father alone or (Roman Catholicism) from Him together with God the Son. (Judaism) The spirit of God, especially the gifts of wisdom and prophecy. Proper noun[edit] Holy Spirit (Islam) The spirit of God, especially in its inspiration of prophets and quickening of fetuses. (Islam) The archangel Gabriel. A calque of Arabic رُوح الْقُدُس‎ (rūḥ al-qudus, “Spirit of Holiness”), a calque of the Ancient Greek and Hebrew senses above. From Middle English Holygost, Haliȝ Gast, holy goost, holigost, haligast, from Old English hālig gāst (“Holy Ghost, Holy Spirit”), a calque of Latin Spīritus Sānctus, which in turn is a calque of Ancient Greek Πνεῦμα τὸ Ἅγιον (Pneûma tò Hágion), from πνεῦμα (pneûma, “breath, vital force, soul”) + ἅγιος (hágios, “holy”)), a calque of Hebrew רוח הקודש‎ (ruaḥ ha-qodesh), from רוח‎ (ruaḥ, “wind, breath, spirit”) + קודש‎ (qodesh, “holiness”), from earlier רוח יהוה‎ (ruaḥ yahveh, “wind of Yahweh”). ``` Holy Ghost (uncountable) The plant Angelica archangelica. ``` Person From Middle English persoun, personne et al., from Anglo-Norman parsone, persoun et al. (Old French persone (“human being”), French personne), and its source Latin persōna (“mask used by actor; role, part, character”), perhaps a loanword from Etruscan 𐌘𐌄𐌓𐌔𐌖 (φersu, “mask”). Displaced native wight (from Old English wiht (“person, human being”)). hypostasis From ecclesiastical Latin hypostasis, from Ancient Greek ὑπόστασις (hupóstasis, “sediment, foundation; substance, existence, essence”), from ὑπό (hupó) + στάσις (stásis, “standing”). (theology) The essential person, specifically the single person of Christ (as distinguished from his two ‘natures’, human and divine), or of the three ‘persons’ of the Trinity (sharing a single ‘essence’) ``` ὑπόστασις • (hupóstasis) f (genitive ὑπόστασεως); third declension foundation, base assurance, support subject-matter sediment (philosophy) essence, real nature (theology) hypostasis ``` ᾰ̓νᾰ́στᾰσῐς • (anástasis) f (genitive ᾰ̓νᾰστᾰ́σεως or ᾰ̓νᾰστᾰ́σῐος); third declension standing up the act of making someone move, removal resurrection, anastasis ἀνίστημι (anístēmi, “rise up”) +‎ -σῐς (-sis) ``` στᾰ́σῐς • (stásis) f (genitive στᾰ́σεως or στᾰ́σῐος); third declension (Epic, Attic, Ionic, Doric, Koine) a standing, placing, setting standing stone, pillar erection (of a building), building weighing (figuratively) standing, stature position, posture, station stable, stall compass positio posture of a boxer (figuratively) position of a litigant position or opinion of a philosopher state, condition party, company, band party formed for sedition, faction sedition, discord division, dissent statute, decree ``` ``` ῐ̔́στημῐ • (hístēmi) (transitive, active voice of present, imperfect, future, and 1st aorist tenses) to make to stand, to stand, set to stop, stay, check to set up to cause to rise, to raise, rouse, stir up to set up, appoint to establish, institute to place in the balance, weigh (intransitive, middle and passive voice, active voice of 2nd aorist, perfect, and pluperfect) to stand to stand still (figuratively) to stand firm to be set up or upright, to stand up, rise up (generally) to arise, begin (in marking time) to be to be appointed ```

Answer 38

ACCUSATIVE CASE From αἰτῐᾱτός ({caused”) +‎ -ῐκός (adjective suffix): “relating to an effect”. from αἰτιάομαι (aitiáomai, “to accuse”) +‎ -τῐκός (verbal adjective suffix) αἰτῐᾱτῐκή • (aitiātikḗ) f (genitive αἰτῐᾱτῐκῆς); first declension (Koine) (grammar) The accusative case – elliptically for αἰτῐᾱτῐκὴ πτῶσις (ptôsis): literally, “inflection expressing an effect” αιτιατική • (aitiatikí) f (plural αιτιατικές) (grammar) accusative, objective αιτιατική πτώση ― aitiatikí ptósi ― accusative case From Ancient Greek αἰτιᾱτική (aitiātikḗ) from αἰτιᾱτός (aitiātós, “effect”). αιτίαση f (aitíasi, “demand, accusation”) αιτιατική f (aitiatikí, “accusative”) αίτηση f (aítisi, “request, application”) αίτηση • (aítisi) f (plural αιτήσεις) (“request, application, petition”) συμπληρώστε την αίτηση ― sympliróste tin aítisi ― fill in the application form αίτημα • (aítima) n (plural αιτήματα) request, demand το αίτημα των μαθητών απορρίφθηκε ― to aítima ton mathitón aporrífthike ― the students' request was rejected αιτήματος • (aitímatos) n (ungrammatical) Genitive singular form of αίτημα (aítima). αιτήματα • (aitímata) n (ungrammatical) Nominative, accusative and vocative plural form of αίτημα (aítima). αιτημάτων • (aitimáton) n (ungrammatical) Genitive plural form of αίτημα (aítima). αιτιατική • (aitiatikí) f (plural αιτιατικές) (grammar) accusative, objective αιτιατική πτώση ― aitiatikí ptósi ― accusative case πτώση • (ptósi) f (plural πτώσεις) (grammar) case Το υποκείμενο του ρήματος βρίσκεται πάντα σε ονομαστική πτώση. To ypokeímeno tou rímatos vrísketai pánta se onomastikí ptósi. The subject of the verb is always in the nominative case. fall, drop, reduction (in position, quantity, etc) fall, downfall, overthrow πτῶσῐς • (ptôsis) f (genitive πτώσεως); third declension falling, a fall (grammar) case (grammar) inflection From πῑ́πτω (pī́ptō, “I fall”) +‎ -σῐς (-abstract noun). arrangement of terms in a syllogism ``` αιτιατική f (aitiatikí, “accusative”) αφαιρετική f (afairetikí, “ablative”) δοτική f (dotikí, “dative”) γενική f (genikí, “genitive”) κλητική f (klitikí, “vocative”) ονομαστική f (onomastikí, “nominative”) οργανική f (organikí, “instrumental”) τοπική f (topikí, “locative”) ``` αἰτῐᾱτῐκός • (aitiātikós) m (feminine αἰτῐᾱτῐκή, neuter αἰτῐᾱτῐκόν); first/second declension causal

Answer 39

ABLATIVE CASE αφαιρετική • (afairetikí) f (plural αφαιρετικές) (grammar) ablative αφαιρετική πτώση ― afairetikí ptósi ― ablative case ablative (not comparable) (grammar) Applied to one of the cases of the noun in some languages, the fundamental meaning of the case being removal, separation, or taking away, and to a lesser degree, instrument, place, accordance, specifications, price, or measurement. [First attested from around (1350 to 1470).][2] (obsolete) Pertaining to taking away or removing. [Attested from the mid 16th century until the early 18th century.][2] (engineering, nautical) Sacrificial, wearing away or being destroyed in order to protect the underlying, as in ablative paints used for antifouling. [First attested in 1959.][3]. (medicine) Relating to the removal of a body part, tumor, or organ. [First attested in the mid 20th century.][2] (geology) Relating to the erosion of a land mass; relating to the melting or evaporation of a glacier. from Latin ablātīvus (“expressing removal”) from ablātus (“taken away”) from auferō (“I take away”). The engineering/nautical sense originates from ablate + -ive. ablate (third-person singular simple present ablates, present participle ablating, simple past and past participle ablated) (transitive) To remove or decrease something by cutting, erosion, melting, evaporation, or vaporization. [Late 15th century.][2] (intransitive) To undergo ablation; to become melted or evaporated and removed at a high temperature. Derived from Middle English ablat (“taken away”) from Latin ablatum past participle of auferre (“to remove”); ab- (“away”) +‎ ferre (“to carry”). ablātus (feminine ablāta, neuter ablātum); first/second-declension participle taken away, stolen, having been stolen auferō (present infinitive auferre, perfect active abstulī, supine ablātum); third conjugation, irregular I take away, carry off, remove, withdraw; separate, sever, divide. I take or snatch away, take by force or violently, abduct, rob, steal, snatch, confiscate. I bear, carry, waft or sweep away. I carry away, mislead, deceive. I banish, dispel. I take off or away, destroy, kill, slay, consume. I cease from, desist from, leave off. I obtain, gain, get, receive, acquire. From ab- (“from”) +‎ ferō (“bear, carry”)

Answer 40

DATIVE CASE δοτῐκή • (dotikḗ) f (genitive δοτῐκῆς); first declension (grammar) the dative case From δοτῐκός (dotikós): as a noun, a substantivisation of its feminine forms in elliptical use for ἡ δοτικὴ πτῶσις (hē dotikḕ ptôsis, “the grammatical case pertaining to giving”) as an adjective, regularly declined forms. δοτῐκός • (dotikós) m (feminine δοτῐκή, neuter δοτῐκόν); first/second declension inclined to give, giving freely From the root of δίδωμι (“to give”), + -τῐκός (verbal adjective suffix).

Answer 41

NOMINATIVE CASE εὐθεῖα • (eutheîa) f (genitive εὐθείᾱς); first declension (grammar) Nominative case. (geometry) Straight line. An abbreviation of εὐθεῖα γραμμή (eutheîa grammḗ, “straight line”) or εὐθεῖα πτῶσις (eutheîa ptôsis, “straight case”). Adjective εὐθῠ́ς • (euthús) m (feminine εὐθεῖᾰ, neuter εὐθῠ́); first/third declension straight, direct (in a moral sense) straightforward, open, frank ``` Adverb εὐθῠ́ς • (euthús) (of place) straight simply in the face of (of time) straightaway, forthwith, at once (of manner) directly, simply ``` From Proto-Indo-European *Hyewdʰ-dh-ú from the root *Hyewdʰ-. Root *Hyewdʰ- moving erect, to be agitated or push forward in such a fashion that one is straight or upright (for example as walking into battle) A derivation from *h₂yew- (“straight, upright”) γρᾰμμή • (grammḗ) f (genitive γρᾰμμῆς); first declension a stroke or line of a pen, a line as in mathematical figures

Answer 42

VOCATIVE CASE κλητῐκή • (klētikḗ) f (genitive κλητῐκῆς); first declension (Koine) (grammar) the vocative case – elliptically for κλητῐκὴ πτῶσῐς (ptôsis): literally, “inflection for calling” or “addressing” κλητῐκός • (klētikós) m (feminine κλητῐκή, neuter κλητῐκόν); first/second declension of or for invitation invocatory From stem of καλέω (“to call”), + -τῐκός (adjective): literally “related to calling”. ``` κᾰλέω • (kaléō) I call, summon I invite I invoke (law) I summon, sue I demand, require I call by name (passive) I am called, my name is ``` καλώ • (kaló) (past κάλεσα, passive καλούμαι) passive past: καλέστηκα, κλήθηκα call, hail (someone by name) summon, invite dial, ring (by telephone) ``` Related terms κάλεσμα n (kálesma) καλεσμένος (kalesménos, “guest”, participle) κλητεύω (klitévo) (law) κλητήρας m (klitíras) κλήση f (klísi, “call; summons”) κλητικός (klitikós, “of or for invitation”) κλητική (klitikí, “vocative case”) (grammar) κλητός (klitós, “called, chosen”) (formal) Compounds ανακαλώ (anakaló, “revoke”) αποκαλώ (apokaló, “call, name someone”) εγκαλώ (egkaló) επικαλούμαι (epikaloúmai) θερμοπαρακαλώ (thermoparakaló, “beg”) μετακαλώ (metakaló) ξανακαλώ (xanakaló, “call again”) παρακαλώ (parakaló, “beg, plead”) προκαλώ (prokaló) προσκαλώ (proskaló, “invite, call for”) συγκαλώ (sygkaló) ἀνακλητικός (anaklētikós) ἐκκλητικός (ekklētikós) κατακλητικός (kataklētikós) παρακλητικός (paraklētikós) προκλητικός (proklētikós) προσκλητικός (prosklētikós) συγκλητικός (sunklētikós) ``` αντιπροσκαλώ (antiproskaló, “to reply to invitation”) αντιπρόσκληση f (antiprósklisi, “invitation reply”) απροσκάλεστος (aproskálestos, “uninvited”) απρόσκλητος (aprósklitos, “uninvited”) προσκάλεσμα n (proskálesma, “inviting”) (less common) πρόσκληση f (prósklisi, “inviting”) προσκλητήριο f (prosklitírio) and see: καλώ (kaló, “to call, to invite”) προσκᾰλέω • (proskaléō) to call to, call on, summon (middle, perfect passive) to call to oneself, call to one (in Attic, of an accuser) to cite or summon to court From πρός (prós, “to, towards, with”) + καλέω (kaléō, “to call”) ``` ανακαλώ • (anakaló) (past ανακάλεσα, passive ανακαλούμαι) revoke, rescind recall From ανα- (re-) +‎ καλώ (call) From Ancient Greek ἀνακαλέω ``` κλήση • (klísi) f (plural κλήσεις) (telephony) call υπεραστική κλήση ― yperastikí klísi ― long-distance call (law) summons, subpoena (law) ticket, parking ticket (for a traffic violation, etc) (computing, programing) call (to procedure, etc) ``` Interjection παρακαλώ • (parakaló) please Φέρε μου, σε παρακαλώ, έναν καφέ. Fére mou, se parakaló, énan kafé. Bring me some coffee, please. you're welcome, it's nothing (response to being thanked) (interrogarive) can I help you? (on answering the telephone, or not understanding) hello? excuse me? ``` Verb παρακαλώ/παρακαλάω • (parakaló/parakaláo) (past παρακάλεσα, passive παρακαλιέμαι/παρακαλούμαι, p‑past παρακαλέστηκα/παρακλήθηκα) request, beg, plead Οι επιβάτες παρακαλούνται να μην καπνίζουν. Oi epivátes parakaloúntai na min kapnízoun. Passengers are requested not to smoke. Synchronically analysable as παρα- (beside-) +‎ καλώ (“call”). κλητῐκός • (klētikós) m (feminine κλητῐκή, neuter κλητῐκόν); first/second declension of or for invitation invocatory From κλη- (klē-), a stem of καλέω (“to call”), + -τῐκός (Adj.): literally “related to calling”. ———————————————- GUEST Adjective καλεσμένος • (kalesménos) m (feminine καλεσμένη, neuter καλεσμένο) Guest, invited, asked to attend. Adjective ακάλεστος • (akálestos) m (feminine ακάλεστη, neuter ακάλεστο) uninvited, not asked to attend, not called Adjective άκλητος • (áklitos) m (feminine ακάλεστη, neuter ακάλεστο) uninvited, not asked to attend Adjective άκλητος • (áklitos) m (feminine ακάλεστη, neuter ακάλεστο) uninvited, not asked to attend From καλέω (kaléō, “to call”) +‎ -τος (verbal adjectives). προσκαλώ • (proskaló) (past προσκάλεσα, passive προσκαλούμαι, p‑past προσκαλέστηκα/προσκλήθηκα, ppp προσκαλεσμένος/προσκεκλημένος) invite summon, call for Learnedly, from Ancient Greek προσκαλῶ (proskalô) contracted form of προσκαλέω (proskaléō). Synchronically analysable as προσ- (“towrd”) +‎ καλώ (“call, invite”). προκαλώ • (prokaló) (past προκάλεσα) cause challenge provoke αποκαλώ • (apokaló) (past αποκάλεσα, passive αποκαλούμαι) call, name characterise, label ἀνᾰκᾰλέω • (anakaléō) to call back From ἀνα- (up, back, re-) +‎ καλέω (call). ``` ἐπῐκᾰλέω • (epikaléō) to call upon a god, invoke to invite (middle) to call in as a helper or ally to call in as witness (middle) to call before one, summon (middle) to challenge (passive) to be called by a surname, be nicknamed to bring as an accusation against (with dative of person) to quarrel, dispute with ``` From ἐπι- (epi-, “upon”) +‎ καλέω (kaléō, “to call”) ἐπίκλησῐς • (epíklēsis) f (genitive ἐπικλήσεως); third declension surname invocation From ἐπι- (upon-) +‎ κλῆσις (call) or as ἐπικαλέω +‎ -σις (-abstract nouns or nouns of action, result or process).

Answer 43

NOMINATIVE CASE From ὀνομάζω (“verb, to name”) +‎ -τικός (verbal adjective -ic, forms adjectives: relating to, suited to, skilled in, able to, -ive) from ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”). ὀνομᾰστῐκή • (onomastikḗ) f (genitive ὀνομᾰστῐκῆς); first declension (grammar) the nominative case ὀνομᾰστῐκός • (onomastikós) m (feminine ὀνομᾰστῐκή, neuter ὀνομᾰστῐκόν); first/second declension good at naming Of or concerning naming (elliptically for ὀνομαστική πτῶσις (ptôsis)) the nominative case ``` ὀνομάζω • (onomázō) I speak of by name, address by name (of things) I name, specify I call one something I nominate I name after I say or give names I make famous ``` From ὄνομᾰ (“name”) +‎ -άζω (denominative verb suffix). ὄνομᾰ • (ónoma) n (genitive ὀνόμᾰτος); third declension name fame (compare English make a name for oneself) (grammar) noun, in the wide sense: referring to most word classes that are declined for case and number – a substantive (English noun), an adjective, or a pronoun – but excluding the relative pronoun ὅς (hós) and the article ὁ (ho) (grammar) phrase ἐπίθετον • (epítheton) n (genitive ἐπιθέτου); ? declension (grammar) adjective epithet Substantivized neuter singular of ἐπίθετος (epíthetos, “added on”), from ἐπιτίθημι (epitíthēmi). ὀνομᾰτοποιῐ́ᾱ • (onomatopoiíā) f (genitive ὀνομᾰτοποιῐ́ᾱς); first declension One who makes names. Onomatopoeia; the creation of a word, especially the creation of a word in imitation of a sound. From ὀνομᾰτοποιός (onomatopoiós, “coiner of names”) +‎ -ῐ́ᾱ (-íā). GOD “MADE” THE WORLD IN SEVEN DAYS. NOAH PUT TWO OF EVERY ANIMAL ONTHE ARK.

Answer 44

WHICH vrs. WHOSE Which of the following sentences is correct? "These kind of branding strategies are adopted by those firms and organisations whose sales are decreasing day by day. Or "These kind of branding strategies are adopted by those firms and organisations which sales are decreasing day by day. I just want to know which one should I use: which or whose. As far as I know, whose is used for living things and which for non-living things. But using "which" doesn't sound correct in this sentence. —————————————- The correct word to use here is whose. "As far as I know whose is used for living things and which for non-living things" - that's not correct. We use whose for both living and non-living things (although some people think it sounds bad to use it with non-living things) and whose and which have different grammatical functions. Roughly speaking, which means "the ones that" whose means "possessing the ones that" Consider this as an example: some leaves have fallen off some trees. We would say The leaves which have been lost or The trees whose leaves have been lost One is about the things themselves, the other is about the things that own the other things. So in your original sentence, it is not the companies that are decreasing day by day; the companies own the sales that are decreasing.

Answer 45

WHO vrs WHOM ποιος πήγε εκεί; Who went there? ποιανού είναι αυτό; Whose is this? με ποιον έρχεται; Who is coming with? σε ποιον δώσατε τα χρήματα; To whom did you give the money? πέταξες την μπάλα σε ποιον; You threw the ball to whom? για ποιόν είναι? Who is it for? ———- Άφησα ποιον πίσω; I left who behind? άφησες ποιον πίσω; You left who behind? άφησε ποιος πίσω; He left who behind? αφήσαμε ποιον πίσω; We left who behind? αφήσατε ποιον πίσω; Y’all left who behind? άφησαν ποιον πίσω; They left who behind? αφήνω • (afíno) (past άφησα, passive αφήνομαι, p‑past αφέθηκα, ppp αφημένος) leave, allow, let, let go, let go of, drop, drop off, abandon ———————————————- Whom should be used to refer to the object of a verb or preposition. When in doubt, try this simple trick: If you can replace the word with “he”’ or “’she,” use who. If you can replace it with “him” or “her,” use whom. Who should be used to refer to the subject of a sentence. Whom should be used to refer to the object of a verb or preposition. Who or whom? If you’re like most English speakers, you know that there’s a difference between these pronouns, but you aren’t sure what that difference is. After reading this article, you might conclude that knowing when to use who or whom is not as difficult as you think. ———————- When to Use Who In a sentence, who is used as a subject. Let’s look at a couple of examples: Who would like to go on vacation? Who made these awesome quesadillas? When to Use Whom Whom is used as the object of a verb or preposition. Consider these examples: To whom was the letter addressed? Whom do you believe? I do not know with whom I will go to the prom.

Answer 46

VERBAL CONJUGATIONS http://ntgreek.net Participles explained http://ntgreek.net/lesson31.htm ————————————————- Translations of conjugation Noun σύζευξη coupling, conjugation, conjunction συζυγία conjugation, syzygy κλίση slope, tilt, gradient, inclination, bent, conjugation κλίση ρήματος conjugation κλίση • (klísi) f (plural κλίσεις) inclination, tilt, steepness, slope inclination, disposition, tendency (grammar) inflection; declension; conjugation κλίνω (klíno, “to bend, to inflect”) Noun[edit] κλῐ́σῐς • (klísis) f (genitive κλῐ́σεως); third declension bending, inclination a lying down; a place for lying down (of soldiers) turning (grammar) inflection (of nouns and verbs) (grammar) augment ``` Verb κλῑ́νω • (klī́nō) to bend, slant to cause to give way, cause to retreat to lean, prop something on another to turn aside to decline, wane to seat, cause to lie down (grammar) to inflect, decline, conjugate (passive) to lean, be sloping (passive) to wander, stray ``` Noun κλῐ́μᾰ • (klíma) n (genitive κλῐ́μᾰτος); third declension a slope, incline, inclination the supposed slope of the earth from the equator to the pole; (terrestrial) latitude a region, zone or belt of the earth; a clime From Proto-Italic *kleināō from Proto-Indo-European *ḱley-, from *ḱel- (“to incline”) +‎ *-éyti (*éy-present suffix). clīnō (present infinitive clīnāre, perfect active clīnāvī, supine clīnātum); first conjugation I bend, incline Verb inclīnō (present infinitive inclīnāre, perfect active inclīnāvī, supine inclīnātum); first conjugation (transitive) I cause to lean, bend, tilt, incline, turn; bend down, bow something; divert; swerve. (transitive, figuratively, followed by ad) I turn (someone's attention) towards. (transitive, military) I cause to fall back or give way, drive back. (transitive, of disease) I abate, diminish. (transitive, figuratively) I change, alter; abase, cause to decline, bring down. (intransitive) I sink, droop, turn, incline, decline, bend. (intransitive, military) I yield, retreat, give way. (intransitive, figuratively) I am favorably disposed towards something, incline to. ————————————————- Verb λέγω • (légō) I say, speak, converse, tell a story (middle passive) I mean ``` λέγω • (légō) I put in order, arrange, gather I choose, count, reckon I say, speak I call, name (usually in the passive voice) ``` ——————————————— ``` PRESENT ACTIVE INDICATIVE [Active] I do it. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ``` ``` PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE [Middle / Passive] It is being done to me. — I am doing it to myself. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ``` ``` PRESENT INFINITIVE INDICATIVE [Infinitive -ing] I am doing it. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ``` ———————————————— ========================== ———————————————— PARTICIPLES — μεν Participles are modifiers. (Adjectives and Adverbs) Participles are adjectives that modify nouns. (+Adjective phrases) Participles are also adverbs modifying verbs. (+Adverb phrases) ``` Adjectives within (-ing) suffix. Running man. Walking woman. Speeding train. Racing car. Wandering child. Caring nurse. Flying bird. ``` ``` Adverbs and phrases with (-ing) He sped racing cars. He banked flying his plane. He jumped catching the ball. He fell climbing the cliff. He laughed watching the comedian. He screamed listening to the radio. She gasped hearing the gossip. She rose getting out of bed. She signed hearing the news. She grasped touching the handrail. She groped while feeling the ground in the dark. She sang soothing the baby to sleep. She prayed feeling helpless by her situation. ``` [definition] Participles are fundamentally verbal adjectives. They indicate action as do verbs. But they also modify nouns and even verbs. Consider the word "walking" in the following sentences: Man lost car. The man lost his car. The “walking” man lost his car. (Participle -ing) adjective The man “walking down the street” lost his car. (adjectival phrase) The subject is "man," and the main verb is "lost." The simple sentence is "man lost car." But there is a modifier telling us which man is under consideration. The modifier is the phrase, "walking down the street." Here, "walking" is a participle. It is a verb that functions as an adjective. Participles can also function adverbially (modifying a verb), and the adverbial idea often comes to the forefront. As an adverb, the participle may tell us when or how the action of the main verb took place as in the following sentence: He broke his leg playing football. The simple sentence is "He broke leg." But the adverbial phrase, "playing football" tells us when and how the break occurred. "Playing" is a participle. In this instance, the participle is functioning as an adverb modifying the verb "broke." Gerunds & Participles Verb He runs home. The man ran home. I will run in the race. ``` Verb (Infinitive - “to”) to run He is going to run. He is about to run. He has to run. You have to help me with my homework. To help To travel To prescribe To cry To build To correct. An infinitive usually begins with the word “to” and is followed by the base form of a verb (the simple form of the verb that you would find in the dictionary). Examples of infinitives include to read, to run, to jump, to play, to sing, to laugh, to cry, to eat, and to go. ``` ``` Verb (Continuous) -ing Used with copula (is - am - are - will be) He is running. I went running. You are running. He will be running. ``` Suffix -ing Gerund He went running for exercise. ``` Verbal Noun A Suffix that Converts a verb to a noun. Examples (Verb — Noun suffix) Arrive - Arrival Hesitate - Hesitation Decide - Decision Fail - Failure Write - Writing To Benefit - Beneficiary Distract - Distraction Rely - Reliability Signify - Significance Strengthen - Strength Succeed - Success ``` ``` Participle (Adjective) The running man was chasing after his stolen car. (Adjective) The man running home is late. (Adjectival phrase) ``` ————————— GERUNDS Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. They’re very easy to spot, since every gerund is a verb with (-ing) tacked to its tail. Examples of Gerunds * Swimming in the ocean has been Sharon's passion since she was five years old. * Let's go dancing at the club tonight. * I delayed telling Jerry the bad news. * Holly decided that flying above the clouds was the most incredible experience she'd ever had. ``` GENDER Participles have case endings for each gender. Masculine Feminine Neuter ``` PERSONS Participles do not have "person" and therefore, are not conjugated to distinguish between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person. NUMBER Participles have “number” as in singular and plural endings. Singular Plural ``` CASE Participles have Cade endings. Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative ``` ——————————— {Present Active Participle} I am “doing this way” the act. -ουσ- λύ+ουσ+ α NOMINATIVE (Masculine) Singular — λέγων Plural — NOMINATIVE (Feminine) Singular — λέγουσᾰ Plural — NOMINATIVE (Neuter) Singular — λέγον Plural — GENITIVE (Masculine) Singular — Plural — GENITIVE (Feminine) Singular — Plural — GENITIVE (Neuter) Singular — Plural — DATIVE (Masculine) Singular — Plural — DATIVE (Feminine) Singular — Plural — DATIVE (Neuter) Singular — Plural — ACCUSATIVE (Masculine) Singular — Plural — ACCUSATIVE (Feminine) Singular — Plural — ACCUSATIVE (Neuter) Singular — Plural — ——————————— {Present Middle/Passive Participles} I am “receiving this way” the act. It is being done to me (passive) I am doing it to myself (middle passive) It is being done to another (passive) Consider λυόμενος: present stem + connecting vowel + μεν + 2nd declension ending λυ + ο + μεν + ος NOMINATIVE (Masculine) Singular — λεγόμενος Plural — NOMINATIVE (Feminine) Singular — λεγομένη Plural — NOMINATIVE (Neuter) Singular — λεγόμενον Plural — GENITIVE (Masculine) Singular — Plural — GENITIVE (Feminine) Singular — Plural — GENITIVE (Neuter) Singular — Plural — DATIVE (Masculine) Singular — Plural — DATIVE (Feminine) Singular — Plural — DATIVE (Neuter) Singular — Plural — ACCUSATIVE (Masculine) Singular — Plural — ACCUSATIVE (Feminine) Singular — Plural — ACCUSATIVE (Neuter) Singular — Plural — ———————————————— ========================== ———————————————— ``` [Aorist] I did it. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ``` ``` [Perfect] It has been done. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ``` ``` [PluPerfect] It had been done. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ``` ``` [Future] It will be done. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ``` ``` [Future Perfect] It will have been done. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ``` ``` [Imperfect] It have/had been doing it. SINGULAR 1st — ( I ) — 2nd — ( You ) — 3rd — ( He / She / It ) — DUAL 2nd — ( Both of You ) — 3rd — ( Both of Them ) — PLURAL 1st — ( We ) — 2nd — ( You All ) — 3rd — ( They ) — ```

Answer 47

MOVABLE NU In ancient Greek grammar, movable nu, movable N or ephelcystic nu (Ancient Greek: νῦ ἐφελκυστικόν nû ephelkustikón, literally "nu dragged onto" or "attracted to") is a letter nu (written ν; the Greek equivalent of the letter n) placed on the end of some grammatical forms in Attic or Ionic Greek. It is used to avoid two vowels in a row (hiatus) and to create a long syllable in poetic meter. Movable nu is used before words starting in a vowel to prevent hiatus. πᾶσιν ἔλεγεν ἐκεῖνα "he said those things to everyone" It is often omitted before consonants, but may be included there to produce a heavy syllable where the poetic meter requires one πᾶσι λέγουσι ταῦτα "they say these things to everyone" πᾶσι λέγουσιν ταῦτα "they say these things to everyone" with the dactylic pattern ¯ ˘ ˘ | ¯ ¯ | ¯ × It is often used at the end of clauses or verses. ———————————————————— In phonology, hiatus, diaeresis (/daɪˈɛrɪsɪs, -ˈɪər-/[1]), or dieresis is the separation of the sounds of two consecutive vowels that occur in adjacent syllables. When, instead, the sounds of two adjacent vowels combine into one syllable with no separation, the result is called a synaeresis. In either case, no consonant intervenes between the two vowels. Both diaeresis and synaeresis may occur either within a word or across word boundaries. Both are particular forms of vowel sandhi, which describes how sounds combine. Epenthesis See also: Linking and intrusive R A consonant may be added between vowels (epenthesis) to prevent hiatus. That is most often a semivowel or a glottal, but all kinds of other consonants can be used as well, depending on the language and the quality of the two adjacent vowels. For example, some non-rhotic dialects of English often insert /r/ to avoid hiatus after non-high word-final or occasionally morpheme-final vowels. Contraction In Greek and Latin poetry, hiatus is generally avoided although it occurs in many authors under certain rules, with varying degrees of poetic licence. Hiatus may be avoided by elision of a final vowel, occasionally prodelision (elision of initial vowel) and synizesis (pronunciation of two vowels as one without a change in spelling). Diaeresis In Dutch and French, the second of two vowels in hiatus is marked with a diaeresis (or tréma). That usage is occasionally seen in English (such as coöperate, daïs and reëlect) but has never been common, and over the last century, its use in such words has been dropped or replaced by the use of a hyphen except in a very few publications, notably The New Yorker.[3][4] It is, however, still common in loanwords such as naïve and Noël and in the proper names Zoë and Chloë. Other ways[edit] In German, hiatus between monophthongs is usually written with an intervening h, as in ziehen [ˈtsiː.ən] "to pull"; drohen [ˈdʁoː.ən] "to threaten". In a few words (such as ziehen), the h represents a consonant that has become silent, but in most cases, it was added later simply to indicate the end of the stem. Similarly, in Scottish Gaelic, hiatus is written by a number of digraphs: bh, dh, gh, mh, th. Some examples include abhainn [ˈa.ɪɲ] "river"; latha [ˈl̪ˠa.ə] "day"; cumha [ˈkʰũ.ə] "condition". The convention goes back to the Old Irish scribal tradition, but it is more consistently applied in Scottish Gaelic: lathe (> latha). However, hiatus in Old Irish was usually simply implied in certain vowel digraphs óe (> adha), ua (> ogha).

Answer 48

ANAPHORA - ELLIPSIS Deixis – Words requiring context to understand their meaning Generic antecedent – Representatives of classes in a situation in which gender is typically unknown Homophora Metaphor – Figure of speech marked by implicit comparison Metonymy – Figure of speech where a thing or concept is referred to indirectly by the name of something similar to it Synecdoche – Use of a term for a part of something to refer to the whole or vice versa In linguistics, anaphora (/əˈnæfərə/) is the use of an expression whose interpretation depends upon another expression in context (its antecedent or postcedent). In a narrower sense, anaphora is the use of an expression that depends specifically upon an antecedent expression and thus is contrasted with cataphora, which is the use of an expression that depends upon a postcedent expression. The anaphoric (referring) term is called an anaphor. For example, in the sentence Sally arrived, but nobody saw her, the pronoun her is an anaphor, referring back to the antecedent Sally. In the sentence Before her arrival, nobody saw Sally, the pronoun her refers forward to the postcedent Sally, so her is now a cataphor (and an anaphor in the broader, but not the narrower, sense). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaphora_(linguistics) Examples of anaphora (in the narrow sense) and cataphora are given next. Anaphors and cataphors appear in bold, and their antecedents and postcedents are underlined: Anaphora (in the narrow sense, species of endophora) a. Susan dropped the plate. It shattered loudly. – The pronoun it is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent the plate. b. The music stopped, and that upset everyone. – The demonstrative pronoun that is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent The music stopped. c. Fred was angry, and so was I. – The adverb so is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent angry. d. If Sam buys a new bike, I will do it as well. – The verb phrase do it is an anaphor; it points to the left toward its antecedent buys a new bike. Cataphora (included in the broad sense of anaphora, species of endophora) a. Because he was very cold, David put on his coat. – The pronoun he is a cataphor; it points to the right toward its postcedent David. b. His friends have been criticizing Jim for exaggerating. – The possessive adjective his is a cataphor; it points to the right toward its postcedent Jim. c. Although Sam might do so, I shall not buy a new bike. – The verb phrase do so is a cataphor; it points to the right toward its postcedent buy a new bike. d. In their free time, the boys play video games. – The possessive adjective their is a cataphor; it points to the right toward its postcedent the boys. A further distinction is drawn between endophoric and exophoric reference. Exophoric reference occurs when an expression, an exophor, refers to something that is not directly present in the linguistic context, but is rather present in the situational context. Deictic proforms are stereotypical exophors, e.g. ———————————————————- Exophora a. This garden hose is better than that one. – The demonstrative adjectives this and that are exophors; they point to entities in the situational context. b. Jerry is standing over there. – The adverb there is an exophor; it points to a location in the situational context. In linguistics, cataphora (/kəˈtæfərə/; from Greek, καταφορά, kataphora, "a downward motion" from κατά, kata, "downwards" and φέρω, pherō, "I carry") is the use of an expression or word that co-refers with a later, more specific, expression in the discourse.[1] The preceding expression, whose meaning is determined or specified by the later expression, may be called a cataphor. Cataphora is a type of anaphora, although the terms anaphora and anaphor are sometimes used in a stricter sense, denoting only cases where the order of the expressions is the reverse of that found in cataphora. An example of cataphora in English is the following sentence: When he arrived home, John went to sleep. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cataphora ——————————————————- Endophora refers to the phenomenon of expressions that derive their reference from something within the surrounding text (endophors).[1] For example, in the sentences "I saw Sally yesterday. She was lying on the beach", "she" is an endophoric expression because it refers to something mentioned elsewhere in the text, i.e. "Sally". By contrast, "She was lying on the beach," if it appeared by itself, contains an exophoric expression; "she" refers to something that is not present in the surrounding text, so there is not enough information given within the text to independently determine to whom "she" refers. It can refer to someone the speaker assumes his audience has prior knowledge of, or it can refer to a person he is showing to his listeners. Without further information, in other words, there is no way of knowing the exact meaning of an exophoric term. Endophora can be broken into three subcategories: cataphora, anaphora and self-reference. ——————————————————- Ellipsis In linguistics, verb phrase ellipsis (VP-ellipsis or VPE) is a type of elliptical construction and a type of anaphora in which a verb phrase has been left out (elided) provided that its antecedent can be found within the same linguistic context. For example, "She will sell sea shells, and he will too" is understood as "She will sell sea shells, and he will sell sea shells too". https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_phrase_ellipsis

Answer 49

GRAMMATICAL MOODS έγκλιση f (égklisi, “grammatical mood”) οριστική f (oristikí, “indicative mood”) υποτακτική f (ypotaktikí, “subjunctive mood”) ευκτική f (efktikí, “optative mood”) οριστική f (oristikí, “indicative mood”) προστακτική f (prostaktikí, “imperative mood”) υποτακτική f (ypotaktikí, “subjunctive mood”) Noun έγκλιση • (égklisi) f (plural εγκλίσεις) (grammar) grammatical mood, mood (linguistics) enclisis ἔγκλῐσῐς • (énklisis) f (genitive ἐγκλῐ́σεως); third declension inclination; slope defeat, failure (medicine) displacement (grammar) mood of a verb (grammar) throwing back of the accent or change of acute accent to grave accent (grammar, generally) inflection of derivative forms From ἐγκλίνω (enklínō, “to incline”) +‎ -σῐς (-sis). προστακτική • (prostaktikí) f (plural προστακτικές) (grammar) imperative mood

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