Parkinson's Disease

Question 1

Parkinson’s is the most common _____ disorder

Answer 1

basal ganglia motor disorder

Question 2

PD is considered (hypokinesia/hyperkinesia_

Answer 2

hypokinesia

Question 3

PD interferes with these types of movement

Answer 3

• voluntary

- automatic

Question 4

PD is associated with these pathways

Answer 4

• direct

- indirect

Question 5

Direct pathway deals with

Answer 5

creating movement

Question 6

Dopamine favors

Answer 6

movement (i.e. direct pathway)

Question 7

Loss of dopamine =

Answer 7

loss of movement initiation

Question 8

Function of indirect pathway

Answer 8

balances out movement that occurs

Question 9

dopamine and indirect pathway

Answer 9

dopamine decreases activity of indirect pathway

Question 10

What are the 3 subtypes of PD?

Answer 10

• akinetic or rigid
• tremor dominant
• mixed

Question 11

akinetic %

Answer 11

50% of cases

Question 12

tremor dominant %

Answer 12

40% of cases

Question 13

mixed %

Answer 13

10% of cases

Question 14

Symptoms of akinetic PD

Answer 14

• tremor
• shuffling gait
• freezing during intensive mvt
• struggles using visual info to guide movement
• non-motor signs

Question 15

akinetic PD: rigid musculature

Answer 15

• esp postural muscles

- rigidity due to problem with UMN

Question 16

visual issues with akinetic PD

Answer 16

• may not be able to move past a mat or doorway

- can contribute to freezing

Question 17

akinetic PD: nonmotor signs

Answer 17

• mood changes
• Parkinsonian dementia
• basal nuclei (loss of appropriate responses)

Question 18

Dopamine loss affects _______ function

Answer 18

basal nuclei

Question 19

Symptoms of tremor dominant PD

Answer 19

• tremor

- doesn’t really have the other problems seen in akinetic

Question 20

Mixed PD

Answer 20

akinetic and tremor dominant features

Question 21

What is dopamine?

Answer 21

type of neuromelanin

Question 22

What does melanin do?

Answer 22

helps repair DNA damage due to UV light in the skin

Question 23

What does dopamine help with (protection, mvt, etc.)

Answer 23

• helps wth reward pathway and movements
• possibly neuroprotective
• lose nerve protection as you lose dopamine

Question 24

tx type for PD

Answer 24

• meds

- invasive procedures

Question 25

Drugs that do this are initially effective for PD

Answer 25

replace dopamine

Question 26

Why do drugs need to be take as a precursor of dopamine (L-dopa) for PD tx?

Answer 26

dopamine can't cross the BBB

Question 27

What limits L-Dopa's effectiveness?

Answer 27

- side effects - dz progression - involvement of other cells and NTs

Question 28

What types of side effects may be seen from L-Dopa therapy?

Answer 28

- hallucinations - delusion - psychosis - dyskinesia

Question 29

What are the invasive procedures for PD?

Answer 29

- deep brain stim - neuronal transplantation - destructive surgery

Question 30

Where is deep brain stimulation typically placed?

Answer 30

- thalamus - to reduce tremors (may be placed in other areas instead for gait freezing or other problems)

Question 31

Neuronal transplantation: common?

Answer 31

not done often