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8501 Clin Med > Autoimmune Disorders: Overview and HIV/AIDS > Flashcards

Autoimmune Disorders: Overview and HIV/AIDS Flashcards

1
Q

When do autoimmune disorders occur?

A

when immune system fails to distinguish self from nonself

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2
Q

Autoimmune disorders misdirect the immune response against the body’s own tissues by manufacturing:

A

autoantibodies directed against:

  • own cellular components
  • specific organs
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3
Q

Results of an autoimmune response

A
  • May have systemic manifestations with varying levels of symptoms
  • May be organ specific or generalized
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4
Q

Overview: what is AIDS?

A

contagious disease that destroys T cells

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5
Q

What causes AIDS?

A

progression of HIV

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6
Q

How is HIV spread?

A
  • sexual contact
  • drug paraphernalia shared by injection drug users
  • transfusion of infected blood
  • perinatal transmission
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7
Q

How many Americans have AIDS?

A

~ 1 million

¼ don’t know they have it

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8
Q

What is used to dx HIV?

A
  • fingerstick sample

- OraQuick Rapid HIV antibody test

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9
Q

How does the Fingerstick sample work?

A
  • detects presence of antibodies to HIV-1

- Tells if the person has been exposed

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10
Q

OraQuick Rapid HIV antibody test

A
  • almost 100% accurate
  • ready in 20 minutes
  • requires confirmation testing
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11
Q

AIDS Prognosis

A
  • no cure

- life expectancy rising due to use of a combination of antiretroviral meds

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of death with HIV/AIDS?

A

opportunistic infections or cancers

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13
Q

Who is the most likely to die of AIDS?

A

Intravenous drug users

4x more likely to die of AIDS vs. people infected via sexual contact

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of AIDS?

A
  1. HIV-1 infects t-cells and macrophages via cells in blood and mucosa
  2. Travels to lymph nodes and spleen
  3. Host immune response
  4. Viral replication continues
  5. host develops clinical symptoms
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15
Q

What happens once HIV infects lymph nodes and spleen?

A
  • rapid replication leads to widespread seeding of lymphoid tissue
  • spreads quickly once it reaches the lymph nodes
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16
Q

What happens with HIV when the host has an immune response?

A
  • Controls viral overtake

- Person enters clinical latency

17
Q

What happens once viral replication continues after the host immune response?

A

get gradual erosion of CD4+ cells

18
Q

Why does the host develop clinical symptoms with HIV/AIDS?

A

occurs due to CD4+ decline

19
Q

What is the problem with some of the early s/s of HIV?

A

They wouldn’t necessarily clue you in early on

20
Q

What are some of the early s/s of HIV/AIDS

A
  • fever
  • sweats
  • chronic diarrhea
  • fatigue
  • minor oral infections
  • headaches
  • cough and SOB
  • cutaneous changes
  • vaginal candidiasis
21
Q

What are some of the early cutaneous changes that occur with HIV/AIDS

A
  • rash
  • nail bed changes
  • dry skin
  • psoriasis
22
Q

What are some of the advanced s/s of HIV/AIDS

A
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma
  • opportunistic diseases
  • dementia
  • non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  • HTN
  • poor wound healing
  • distal symmetric polyneuropathy
23
Q

When does Kaposi’s sarcoma show up with HIV/AIDS?

A

advanced stages

24
Q

Is Kaposi’s sarcoma contagious?

A

no

25
Q

Where does Kaposi’s sarcoma occur generally?

A
  • head
  • neck
  • legs
26
Q

What sorts of changes can happen with Kaposi’s sarcoma?

A
  • can change into nodules

- can get very large

27
Q

What are some examples of the opportunistic diseases that can occur as a result of HIV/AIDS?

A
  • TB
  • pneumonia
  • lymphoma
  • herpes simplex virus
28
Q

What are some signs that might indicate that opportunistic diseases are happening?

A
  • easy bruising
  • thrush
  • muscle atrophy/weakness
  • back pain
  • side effects of meds
29
Q

What is HIV/AIDS induced dementia out similar to?

A

organic dementia (due to long term drug use)

30
Q

What can happen from HIV neurologic disease?

A
  • difficulty with concentration and memory
  • personality changes
  • HA
  • seizures
  • paralysis
  • motor dysfunction
  • gradual weakness of extremities
  • peripheral neuropathy
31
Q

With HIV/AIDS patients, need protective barriers when handling:

A
  • blood
  • body fluids
  • infectious fluids
32
Q

What are the standard HIV precautions for healthcare workers?

A
  • protective barriers
  • wash areas thoroughly if contaminated
  • prevent needle sticks
  • Take precautions with open wounds or skin lesions
  • Extra precautions with pregnant workers
  • Take specific precautions if exposed
33
Q

If a healthcare worker has an open wound or skin lesion, they should not do these until healed

A
  • treat clients

- handle equipment

34
Q

What should you do if exposed to HIV?

A

seek immediate evaluation and prophylaxis

8501 Clin Med (102 decks)

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