9.29 Immunity 3

Question 1

What is an antigen?

Answer 1

• foreign substance that enters the body

- bacteria, virus, parasite, etc.

Question 2

What is an epitope?

Answer 2

a subunit of an antigen

• immunologically active site on the antigen that binds to a t-cell receptor
• creates an antigen response with antibody

Question 3

How do immune cells recognize self?

Answer 3

• cell markers are unique to individual antigen
• cell markers determine which antigen to respond to and how strong
• cell markers allow communication between immune cells

Question 4

What are antigens?

Answer 4

Y-shaped molecules with 2 antigen binding sites

Question 5

Antibodies are produced by:

Answer 5

B cells

Question 6

Antibodies consist of

Answer 6

2 identical heavy (H) and light (L) chains

Question 7

The H chain includes

Answer 7

4-5 immunoglobulin domains

Question 8

L chains are bound to

Answer 8

H chains

Question 9

What are the other regions that do not contain antigen binding sites known as?

Answer 9

constant regions

Question 10

What are immunoglobulins?

Answer 10

globulins with antibody activity

Question 11

major functions of immunoglobulins?

Answer 11

• directly attack antigens by destroying and neutralizing
• activate complement system
• activate anaphylaxis by releasing histamines
• stimulate antibody-mediated hypersensitivity

Question 12

Generation of diversity occurs through _______, resulting in _______ different types of immunoglobulins.

Answer 12

• gene rearrangement

- 10^9 to 10^11

Question 13

MHC =

Answer 13

major histocompatibility complex

Question 14

MHCs are how the body does this:

Answer 14

seeks out invaders and initiate a response

Question 15

What is an MHC?

Answer 15

• a group of protein markers found on cell membranes

- promotes the immune system to recognize its own cells and distinguish them from foreign pathogens

Question 16

Types of MHCs

Answer 16

• Class I: endogenous/cytosolic

- Class II: exogenous/endocytic

Question 17

Where are Class I MHCs found? What are they used for?

Answer 17

• found on membranes of almost all of our cells

- used to differentiate between healthy and infected cells?

Question 18

Where are Class II MHCs found? What are they used for?

Answer 18

• found on specific immune cells such as B cells, macrophages, and T cells
• help immune cells communicate with each other via the extracellular environment

Question 19

T-cells recognize when:

Answer 19

something isn’t supposed to be there

Question 20

What are the categories of adaptive immune response?

Answer 20

• cell-mediated (T-cell immunity)

- humoral (B-cell immunity)

Question 21

T cells and B cells both originate in

Answer 21

bone marrow

Question 22

Cell mediated immunity (t-cell)

Answer 22

T lymphocytes travel from bone marrow to thymus to learn how to differentiate self from non-self

Question 23

humoral immunity (b-cell)

Answer 23

B lymphocytes produce 5 Ig molecules

Question 24

What are the Ig molecules produced by B lymphocytes?

Answer 24

• IgG
• IgM
• IgA
• IgD
• IgE

Question 25

(T-cell/B-cell) immunity produces the most rapid immune response

Answer 25

B cell (humoral)

Question 26

How does T/B cell immunity work? What is the significance of this?

Answer 26

works together: failure of one can alter the effectiveness of the other