OB MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
any hollow muscular organ when stretched
to capacity will contract and empty.
Uterine Stretch Theory
as pregnancy nears term, oxytocin
production by the posterior pituitary increases. Oxytocin causes
contraction of the smooth muscles of the body.
Oxytocin Stimulation Theory
progesterone being the hormone
designed to promote pregnancy, is believe to inhibit uterine motility.
Since its amount is now decreasing, uterine contractions will then
occur.
Progesterone Deprivation Theory
it has been known that when the fetus has
reached maturity, the fetal membranes produce large amounts of
prostaglandin, a hormone that initiates uterine contractions.
Prostaglandin theory
as the placenta “ages”, it becomes less
efficient, producing decreasing amount of progesterone. Because of
the decrease blood supply in the placenta, the uterus contracts.
Theory of the Aging Placenta
fetus goes down the birth canal.
Descent
as descent occurs, pressure from the
pelvic floor causes the fetal chin to bend
towards the chest.
Flexion
–from AP to transverse, then AP
to AP.
Internal Rotation
as head comes out, the back of the
neck stops beneath the pubic arch. The head
extends and the forehead, nose, mouth and
chin appear.
Extension
anterior shoulder
rotates externally to the AP position so that it is
just behind the symphysis pubis.
(Restitution)
the delivery of the rest of the baby’s
body.
Expulsion
this is the distance between the anterior surface of the sacral
promontory and the anterior surface of the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis.
Average is 12.5 cm
Diagonal Conjugate
is the measurement between the anterior surface of the
sacral prominence and the posterior surface of the inferior margin of the symphysis pubis.
Average is 10.5 to 11 cm.
True Conjugate/Conjugate Vera
is the distance between the ischial tuberosities or the transverse
diameter of the outlet. Average is 11 cm.
Ischial Tuberosity
relieve low backache and abdominal pressure
▪ Strengthens abdominal muscles following delivery
Pelvic rocking
Help stretch and strengthen perineal muscles
Tailor sitting
Stretches the perineal muscles and increase blood flow to the perineum
Squatting
strengthen perineal muscles
▪ relieves congestion and discomfort in pelvic region
▪ tones up pelvic floor muscles
▪ help prevent stress incontinence
▪ Increase sexual responsiveness
▪ postpartally – promote perineal healing
Kegel’s exercise
help strengthen abdominal muscles during pregnancy and therefore help restore
abdominal tone after pregnancy
Abdominal muscle contractions
relieve leg cramps
Calf stretching
relieve upper backache and numbness of arms and fingers
Shoulder circling
relieve hemorrhoids, vulvar varicosities and low backache
▪ relieves pelvic pressure and cramps in the thighs or buttocks
Modified knee-chest
relieve swelling, fatigue, varicosities of lower extremities
Leg elevation
Strengthen abdominal muscles
Leg Raising
▪ Prematurity
▪ Low birth weight babies
▪ Abortion
▪ Stillbirth
▪ Congenital defects
▪ Preeclampsia
Malnutrition in Pregnancy results in:
the body part that will contact the cervix or be born first
Presentation
is the relationship between the long axis of the fetal body and the long axis of the woman’s body.
Fetal Lie
The fetal head is the body part that will first contact the cervix.
Cephalic presentation
Means that either the buttocks or the feet are the first body parts that will contact the cervix.
Breech presentation
a fetus lies horizontally in the pelvis so that the longest fetal axis is perpendicular to that of the mother. The presenting part is usually one of the shoulders (acromion process), an iliac crest, a hand, or an elbow.
Shoulder presentation
refers to the degree of flexion a fetus assumes during labor or the relation of the fetal parts to each other
Attitude
refers to the settling of the presenting part of a fetus far enough into the pelvis to be at the level of the ischial spines, a midpoint of the pelvis. A presenting part that is not engaged is said to be “floating.” One that is descending but has not yet reached the ischial spines is said to be “dipping.”
Engagement
refers to the relationship of the presenting part of a fetus to the level of the ischial spines.
Station
refers to the route a fetus must travel from the uterus through the cervix and vagina to the external perineum. Because the cervix and vagina are contained inside the pelvis, a fetus must also pass through the bony pelvic ring.
Passage
male pelvis
Android
ape-like” pelvis
Anthropoid
normal” female pelvis, the inlet is well
rounded forward and backward.
Gynecoid
“flattened” pelvis
Platypelloid
is the shortening and thinning of the cervical canal.
Effacement
refers to the enlargement or widening of the cervical canal from the opening a few millimeters wide to one large enough to permit passage of a fetus.
Dilatation
refers to the psychological state or feelings that a woman brings into labor.
Psyche
