Health education

Question 1

is defined as a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, skill, and/or behavior as a result of exposure to different experiences.

Answer 1

LEARNING

Question 2

is a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn.

Answer 2

LEARNING THEORY

Question 3

provides alternative theories and perspectives on how learning occurs and what motivates people to learn and change

Answer 3

PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING THEORY

Question 4

FIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNING THEORIES

Answer 4

1.) Behaviorist
2.) Cognitive
3.) Social
4.) Psychodynamic
5.) Humanistic

Question 5

a verbal learning influenced by behavioral theory, cybernetics and information processing. It is of particular interest to nurses as they try to help their patients and students acquire or relearn skills.

Answer 5

MOTOR LEARNING

Question 6

Behaviorist view learning as the product of the STIMULOUS CONDITIONS (S) and the RESPONSE (R) that follows, ignoring what goes inside the individual and closely observing responses to a situation and then manipulate the environment to bring about the intended change.
To modify people’s attitudes and responses, behaviorist either alter the stimulus conditions in the environment or change what happens after a response occur. MOTIVATION is the desire to reduce some drive (drive reduction); Hence, satisfied, complacent or satiated individuals have little motivation to learn and change. Getting to transfer from one initial learning situation to other settings is largely a matte of practice (strengthening habits).

Answer 6

Behaviorist learning theory

Question 7

emphasizes the importance of stimulus conditions and the associations formed in the learning process.

Answer 7

RESPONDENT CONDITIONING

Question 8

– is a technique based on respondent conditioning that is used by psychologist to reduce fear and anxiety in their clients. The assumption that fear of a certain stimulus or situation is learned; therefore, it can also be unlearned or extinguished. Because a person cannot be both anxious and relaxed at the same time, fearful individuals are first taught relaxation techniques. While they are in a state of relaxation, the fear-producing stimulus is gradually introduced at a nonthreatening level so that the anxiety and emotions are not aroused. After repeated pairings of the stimulus under relaxed, nonfrightening conditions, the individual learns that no harm will come to him from the once fear-inducing stimulus. Finally, the client is able to confront the stimulus without being anxious and afraid.

Answer 8

SYSTEMATIC DESENSITIZATION

Question 9

– is the tendency of initial learning to be easily applied to other similar stimuli.

Answer 9

STIMULUS GENERALIZATION

Question 10

occurs when more and varied experiences, individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli, and make sophisticated distinctions and can discriminate among stimuli (what various noises mean and what various health professionals do), which novice patients cannot.

Answer 10

DISCRIMINATION LEARNING

Question 11

is a useful respondent conditioning concept that needs to be given careful consideration in the relapse prevention programs. Although a response may appear to be extinguished , it may recover to reappear at any time(even years later), specially when stimulus conditions are similar to those in the initial learning experience. As this principle demonstrates, it is much easier to learn a behavior than to unlearn it.

Answer 11

SPONTANEOUS RECOVERY

Question 12

– another widely recognized approached of learning which focuses on the behavior of the organism and the reinforcement that occurs after the response. A REINFORCEMENT is a stimulus or event applied after a response that strengthen the probability that the response will be performed again, thereby, behaviors can be either increased or decreased.

Answer 12

OPERANT CONDITIONING

Question 13

application of pleasant stimulus thru REWARDING CONDITIONING following a client’s response.

Answer 13

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 14

removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus thru:
a) Escape Conditioning wherein the client makes a response that causes the unpleasant stimulus to cease.
b) Avoidance Conditioning – a response to avoid occurrence of unpleasant event.

Answer 14

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

Question 15

a client’s conditioned response is not followed by any kind of reinforcement (positive, negative or punishment)

Answer 15

NONREINFORCEMENT

Question 16

following a response, an aversive stimulus is applied that the client cannot escape or avoid.

Answer 16

PUNISHMENT

Question 17

Focused on the importance on what goes on inside the learner and is widely used in education and counseling. According to this perspective, the key to learning and changing is the individual’s cognition (perception, thought, memory and ways of processing and structuring information). Viewed as highly active process as it involves perceiving the information, interpreting it, based on what is already known, and then reorganizing the information into new insights or understanding.

Answer 17

COGNITIVE LEARNING THEORY

Question 18

understanding own way of learning.

Answer 18

METACOGNITION

Question 19

refers to the configuration or patterned organization of cognitive elements, reflecting the maxim that “THE WHOLE IS GREATER THAT THE SUM OF ITS PARTS”.

Answer 19

GESTALT PERSPECTIVE

Question 20

learning that focuses on qualitative changes in perceiving, thinking, and reasoning as individuals grow and mature. In other words, age and stage of life can affect learning.

Answer 20

COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT

Question 21

best known cognitive developmental theorist. According to his theory, children take in or incorporate information as they interact with people and environment. Nurses and family members need to determine what children are perceiving and thinking in a particular situation. Research suggests that young children’s learning is often more solitary, whereas older children may learn more readily through social interaction.

Answer 21

JEAN PIAGET

Question 22

– is a cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes; thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, and memory functioning. How information is incorporated and retrieved is useful for nurses to know, specially in relation to learning by older adults.

Answer 22

INFORMATION PROCESSING

Question 23

focuses on qualitative changes in perceiving, thinking, and reasoning as individuals grow and mature.

Answer 23

HUMAN (COGNITIVE) DEVELOPENT

Question 24

a perspective that individuals formulate or construct their own versions of reality and that learning and human development are richly colored by the social and cultural context in which people find themselves. A central doctrine that ethnicity, social class, gender, family, life history, self-concept, and the learning situation itself all influence an individual’s perceptions, thoughts, emotions, interpretations, and responses to information and experiences.

Answer 24

SOCIAL CONSTUCTIVISM

Question 25

reflects a constructivist orientation and highlights the influence of social factors on perception, thought, and motivation, which when applied to learning, emphasize the need for instructors to consider the dynamics of the social environment and groups on both interpersonal and intrapersonal behavior.

Answer 25

SOCIAL COGNITION THEORY

Question 26

consideration of emotions to incorporate within the cognitive framework.

Answer 26

COGNITIVE-EMOTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

Question 27

involve both cognitive and emotional brain processing in response to situations that directly involve the self and are stressful.

Answer 27

Memory storage and retrieval, and moral decision making

Question 28

entails an individual managing his emotions, motivating himself, reading the emotions of others, and working effectively in interpersonal relationships.

Answer 28

Emotional Intelligence

Question 29

includes learners monitoring their own cognitive processes, emotions, and surroundings to achieve goals.

Answer 29

Self- regulation

Question 30

a perspective in learning that includes consideration of the personal characteristics of the learner, behavior patterns, and environment. The learner as the central, suggest the need to identify what learners are perceiving and how they are interpreting and responding to social situation. As such, careful consideration needs to be given to the healthcare environment as a social situation.

Answer 30

SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Question 31

a central concept of Social Learning theory with emphasis that to facilitate learning, role models need to be enthusiastic, professionally organized, caring and self- confident, knowledgeable, skilled and good communicators.

Answer 31

Role modeling (Armstrong

Question 32

involves determining whether role models are perceived as rewarded or punished for their behavior.

Answer 32

Vicarious -reinforcement

Question 33

– a theory of motivation that stresses emotions rather that cognition or response. The central principle of the theory is the IDEA that behavior maybe conscious or unconscious, that is, individuals may or may not be aware of their motivations, and why they feel, think and act the way they do.

Answer 33

PSYCHODYNAMIC LEARNING THEORY

Question 34

base on libidinal energy (e.g. basic instincts, impulses, desires humans are born with).
Operates on the pleasure principle – to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

Answer 34

ID

Question 35

desire for pleasure and sex, sometimes called the life force

Answer 35

EROS

Question 36

aggressive and destructive impulses.

Answer 36

THANOS

Question 37

– the assumption that every individual is unique and have the desire to grow in a positive way. Unfortunately, positive psychological growth maybe damage by some of societies values and expectations (e.g. males are less emotional than females, some ethnic groups are inferior than others, making money is important than caring people) and adult mistreatment of children (hard discipline, humiliation, abuse, neglect, belittling).

Answer 37

HUMANISTIC LEARNING THEORY

Question 38

a contributor of humanistic theory, Identified the HIERARCHY OF NEEDS (FIGURE 3-4 page 91) as an important role in human motivation.

Answer 38

ABRAHAM MASLOW