Gen Bio 2 Flashcards
first stage of cell division
Mitosis
called reduction division because of having a starting cell that has 46 chromosomes
and ending cells which is the sperm and egg cells that has 23 chromosomes.
Meiosis
makes identical body cells like skin cells and stomach cells
Mitosis
it makes sperm and egg cells otherwise known as gametes
Meiosis
in between process, is when the cell starts growing, dna is replicating and carrying
out the cell process
Interphase
longest phase take up of 50% to 60% where chromosomes are going to condense
and thicken
Prophase
chromosomes are going to be align at the middle of the cell
Metaphase
chromosomes are pulled away because of spindle fibers
Anaphase
chromosomes completely separated and you have two newly formed nuclei ending
with two cells
Telophase
second stage of cell division, responsible for the final separation into cells by
splitting the cytoplasm which completes after the pmat
Cytokinesis
Process of mitosis and meiosis (In order)
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
during this phase cells grows physically larger, copies organelles
G1-phase
cells grows more, makes proteins and organelles and begins to recognize its
content in preparation for mitosis begins
G2-phase
synthesize proteins and nutrients
S-phase
are the regions of dna where the sister chromatids are most tightly connected
Centromeres
the two pole
Centriole
is where centriole attach and the one who pulled the chromosomes away
Spindle Fibers
identical copies of piece of DNA using restriction enzymes
DNA Cloning
cuts the dna/gene that you clone
Restriction Enzyme
is a piece of genetic material that sits outside of the chromosomes but it can
reproduce along or replicate itself, tends to be circular dna
Plasmid
is to connect the backbone in the plasmids it helps to do the pasting
DNA ligase
a type of organism (bacteria) it is typically use
E. Coli
is when you apply this some of that bacteria is going to take in the plasmid
Heat Shock
a biotechnology, it provides a way to make more copies of a
portion of DNA, it doesn’t need to happen in cell, it can happen in test tube
Polymerase chain reaction (pcr)
helps dna polymerase, a building enzyme know when to go starting
Primers
used often a heat resistant type of _________ as pcr uses heat
DNA Polymerase
a type of heat resistant dna polymerase
Taq Polymerase
is originally from a type of bacteria that can handle and live in really high temperatures in
nature in hot springs
Taq
involves the addition of heat needed to separate the two strands of dna
molecule
DENATURATION
two dna strands that now have been separated by that heat are going to be
cooled and be joined by the primers, the temperature for this should allow the primers to bind to
the specific segment of dna that you want to amplify which means makes copied of
ANNEALING
going to make more copies of dna and dna polymerase will begin to work
on both of these strands and it will use the dna nucleotides as its building material to amplify
dna, the temperature may be a little warmer than the previous
DNA SYNTHESIS
pcr test there is rt because this virus uses rna as its genetic
material instead of dna and you have to use enzyme called reverse transcriptase to convert rna
to dna
Real Time reverse transcription
6 steps of Recombinant DNA:
1.Isolating genetic material
2. Restriction enzyme digestion
3. Use pcr for amplification
4. Ligation of DNA molecules
5. Inserting the recombinant DNA into a host
6. Isolation of recombinant cells
