microbio Flashcards
The study of microorganisms and agents too small to be seen
clearly by an unaided eye
Microbiology
Study of algae-simple aquatic organisms ranging from single-celled forms to large seaweeds.
Phycology
Study of bacteria
bacteriology
The smallest, simplest, single-celled prokaryotic micro-organisms
Bacteria
Study of fungi
Mycology
Microscopic eukaryotic forms (molds and yeats
Fungi
Study of protozoans
Protozoology
Animal like and mostly single-celled, eukaryotic organisms
Protozoans
Study of viruses and viral diseases
Virology
infectious agents containing either DNA or RNA that require living cells for their replication/ reproduction
Virus
Study of parasitism and parasites
parasitology
include pathogenic protozoa, helminth worms and some insects
parasites
Developed the compound microscope. first to describe cells
Robert Hooke
First to described
microbes under
microscope
Anton Van
Leeuwenhoek
Firmly Disprove the
spontaneous generation
doctrine (1861)
Louis Pasteur
Formulated a criteria that
provided proof that a specific
organism can cause a disease
Robert Koch
“skin” around the cell
* selective permeability
Cell membrane
”command center
Nucleus
gelatinous matrix or base material
of the nucleus
nucleoplasm
46 (23 pairs) embedded or
suspended in the nucleoplasm.
chromosomes
nucleopores
nuclear membrane
where most metabolic reactions occur
Cytoplasm
nutrient matrix
cytosol:
transport network of tubules and flattened sacs
Endoplasmic Reticulum
protein synthesis
Rough ER
detoxification
Smooth ER
“packaging plants” : completes the transformation of
newly synthesized proteins into mature, functional ones
and packages them into small, membrane-enclosed
vesicles for storage within the cell or export outside the
cell
Golgi complex
lysozyme and other digestive enzyme
* autolysis : destroy entire cell
Lysosomes
catalase : catalyzes (speeds up) the breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
Peroxisomes
Powerhouse of the cell
mitochondria
sites of photosynthesis
Plastids
system of fibers
* strengthen, support, and stiffen the cell, and give the
cell its shape
Cytoskeleton
external structures that provide rigidity, shape, and
protection
* cellulose: algae, plants
* chitin: fungi
Cell wall
whip-like
* organelles of locomotion : “swim” through liquid
environments
Flagella
hair-like
* coordinated, rhythmic movement
Cilia
- consists of a single, long, supercoiled, circular DNA
molecule - control center of the bacterial cell
- suspended or embedded in the cytoplasm
- plasmid: extrachromosomal DNA
Chromosome
highly organized and firmly attached to the cell
wall
* negative stain: a capsule staining procedure
* The capsule appears as an unstained halo
around the bacterial cell
* antiphagocytic function: protecting the
encapsulated bacteria from being
phagocytized
capsule
thick layer of material located outside their cell wall
Glycocalyx
three, four, or more threads of protein
twisted like a rope
flagellin
is a single structure that facilitates transfer
of genetic material from one bacterial cell to
another following attachment of the cells to each
other
sex pilus
polymerized protein molecules
pilin
genetic material (usually in the form of
a plasmid) is then transferred from the donor cell to
the recipient cell
conjugation
enable bacteria to adhere or attach to surfaces
Fimbriae
formation of spores
sporulation
types of spore stains
a. terminal spore
b. subterminal spore
have been shown to survive for many years
in soil or dust, and some are quite resistant to
disinfectants and boiling
Spores
- one cell (the parent cell) splits in half to become
two daughter cells. - before a prokaryotic cell can divide in half, its
chromosome must be duplicated (a process known
as DNA replication), so that each daughter cell will
possess the same genetic information as the parent
cell - generation time: the time it takes for one
prokaryotic cell to become two cell
Binary fission
Area of biological science for classification, nomenclature and identification of all
living entities.
Taxonomy
the arrangement of organisms into taxonomic
groups on the basis of similarities or
relationships. Taxa include kingdoms or
domains, divisions or phyla, classes, orders,
families, genera, and species.
classification
the assignment of names to the various taxa
according to international rules.
nomenclature
the process of determining whether an isolate
belongs to one of the established
identification
simplest, single celled
prokaryotic organisms
* contains organisms that are
broadly divided into three phenotypic
categories:
* based on their physical characteristics
* Gram-negative and have a cell
wall
* Gram-positive and have a cell wall
* those that lack a cell wall
Bacteria
are small infectious proteins that cause fatal neurologic diseases in animals and humans in
which the brain becomes riddled with holes (becomes sponge-like)
are thought to be transmit- ted by consumption of food contaminated with the agent
* all these diseases are untreatable and fatal and are collectively referred to as transmissible
spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) which involve loss of coordination and dementia
prions
