BMS12-1041 The Lungs

Question 1

Primary muscles of respiration

Answer 1

Diaphragm

Intercostal muscles

Question 2

Secondary muscles of respiration

Answer 2

Pectoralis minor/mejor

Sternocleidomastoid (near neck)

Question 3

Movements of the thoracic cage

Answer 3

Pump handle due to sternum movement

Bucket handle due to elevation of upper ribs

Question 4

What allows for the pump handle movement?

Answer 4

Concave shape of the transverse process allows for the sternm to move

Question 5

How do middle and lower costotransverse joints differ?

Answer 5

Middle rotate while lower glide

Question 6

When is the pump and bucket handle used?

Answer 6

In forced breathing

Question 7

What innervates the diaphragm?

Answer 7

Phrenic nerves
Inferior vena cava
Oesophagus
Vegas nerves

Question 8

Where does the aorta pass?

Answer 8

Behind the diaphrgam on the left

Question 9

What is the diaphragm attached to?

Answer 9

Lumbar vertebrae
Xiphoid process
Costal cartilage

Question 10

What else passes behind the diaphragm?

Answer 10

Thoracic duct

Azygos vein

Question 11

What part of the NS do the phrenic nerves belong to?

Answer 11

Somatic

Question 12

Where does the vagus nerve pass?

Answer 12

Behind the root of the lung

Question 13

What does the sternocleidomastoid attach to?

Answer 13

Mastoid process

Sternum and clavicle

Question 14

What are the accessory muscles?

Answer 14

Serratus (around ribs)

Scalene (near neck)

Question 15

What 2 muscles may be accessory muscles?

Answer 15

Subcostal muscles

Transversus thoracis

Question 16

Quiet inspiration

Answer 16

Diaphragm

Internal

Question 17

Deep inspiration

Answer 17

Diaphragm
Internal
External

Question 18

Deepest inspiration

Answer 18

Secondary

Accessory

Question 19

What is quiet expiration mainly driven by?

Answer 19

Passive elastic recoil of the lungs

Question 20

Upper respiratory tract

Answer 20

Nasal
Pharynx
Larynx

Question 21

Lower respiratory tract

Answer 21

Trachea
Primary bronchi
Lungs

Question 22

How is the larynx linked to the thorax?

Answer 22

Can increase abdominal and thoracic pressure e.g. cough, sneeze, vomit, pooping

Question 23

3 parts of the pharynx

Answer 23

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

Question 24

When breathing in which bronchi is more likely to be used?

Answer 24

The right as it has a less harsh angle as the heart isn’t obstructing it

Question 25

What makes up the bronchioles?

Answer 25

Smooth muscle Elastic connective tissue Simple cuboidal epithelium Goblet cells

Question 26

What makes up the trachea?

Answer 26

Smooth muscle Hyaline cartilage ring Mucous membrane Pseudo stratified epithelium

Question 27

How are the bronchioles separated?

Answer 27

Bronchopulmonary segments

Question 28

What divides the right lung?

Answer 28

Oblique fissure | Horizontal fissue

Question 29

Which lungs has 3 segments?

Answer 29

Right

Question 30

Lung surfaces

Answer 30

Costal Diaphragmatic Mediastinal

Question 31

Lung borders

Answer 31

Anterior Inferior Posterior

Question 32

What separates the left lung?

Answer 32

Oblique fissure

Question 33

How does the heart impact the lungs?

Answer 33

Cardiac notch on the left lung

Question 34

What is the root of the lung?

Answer 34

Bronchus Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery

Question 35

What lines the lungs?

Answer 35

Visceral Pleural Parietal

Question 36

Where is negative pressure in the lungs?

Answer 36

Between the visceral and parietal pleura Costodiaphragmatic recess

Question 37

What is the pulmonary ligament?

Answer 37

Due to the pleura being continuous at the hilum of the lung

Question 38

Why do we need negative pressure?

Answer 38

Keep the lung surface in contact with the thoracic wall

Question 39

What are the 3 different pressure types in the lungs?

Answer 39

Intrapulmonary pressure Intrapleural pressure Transpulmonary pressure

Question 40

Other than the lungs what occupies the pulmonary cavities?

Answer 40

Costodiaphragmatic

Question 41

Where is the apex?

Answer 41

Above the first rub

Question 42

Inferior limits of the lung

Answer 42

6, 8 and 10

Question 43

Innervation of the pleura and the type of it

Answer 43

Intercostal and phrenic nerves | Motor & sensory

Question 44

What blood vessels supply the lungs?

Answer 44

Bronchial circulation provides oxygenated blood and nutrition

Question 45

How is the diaphragm related to acid reflux?

Answer 45

Puts pressure on the oesophagus to prevent it

Question 46

What happens to the vena cava when the diaphragm contracts?

Answer 46

It dilates to help blood flow