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Year 1 Summative 1 > BMS07-1029 Citric Acid Cycle > Flashcards

BMS07-1029 Citric Acid Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

How are fatty acids metabolised?

A

Beta oxidation

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2
Q

What do all metabolic pathways form?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

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3
Q

What happens to acetyl coenzyme A?

A

Oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria

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4
Q

Describe the length of C chains from acetyl coenzyme A

A

Acetyl has 2 enter to form a 6, carbon dioxide removes to form a 5, same again to form a 4, stays as 4 then acetyl brings it back up to 6

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5
Q

Why is citrate important?

A

When its made ATP is made so when there’s lots of it you know not to keep doing the cycle

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6
Q

The link reaction

A

Pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A and carbon dioxide using pyruvate dehydrogenase and making NADH2

In the mitochondria

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7
Q

What happens before the first loss of carbon dioxide?

A

Citrate forms isocitrate in an isomeration reaction using the enzyme aconitase

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8
Q

How does coenzyme A form thioester bonds and why is this important?

A

Reacting with carboxylic acids to make a high energy bond

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9
Q

How is oxaloacetate converted to citrate?

A

Add acetyl coenzyme A using the enzyme citrate synthase

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10
Q

Draw oxaloacetate

A

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&id=D3861CAFA53B260E3D0966840538536D86583EF9&thid=OIP.BTNqPKmT6-IjE3QtcxYxvAHaE6&mediaurl=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fa%2Faa%2FOxaloacetate_miguelferig.jpg&exph=324&expw=488&q=oxloacetate&selectedindex=10&ajaxhist=0&vt=0&eim=1,6

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11
Q

What happens at the first carbon dioxide loss?

A

Isocitrate is converted to alpha ketoglutarate using the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADH2 is formed

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12
Q

Oxalic acid

A

COOH COOH

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13
Q

Malonic acid

A

COOH CH2 COOH

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14
Q

Succinic acid

A

COOH CH2 CH2 COOH

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15
Q

Glutaric acid

A

COOH CH2 CH2 CH2 COOH

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16
Q

Why are these names useful?

A

Even if they have weird side chains added you can still use the listed names as the base

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17
Q

What happens at the second loss of carbon dioxide?

A

Alpha ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl coenzyme A using alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and using CoA-SH

NADH2 is formed and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What is succinyl CoA converted to?

A

Succinate

Succinyl CoA synthetase

GDP is converted to GTP and CoA-SH is formed

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19
Q

What is succinate converted to?

A

Fumerate

FAD goes to FADH2 using succinate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Write the link reaction

A

CH3COCOOH + CoASH = CH3COS CoA + CO2

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21
Q

Draw alpha ketoglutarate

A

COO- CH2 CH2 C=O COO-

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22
Q

Draw succinyl CoA and succinate

A

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&id=CCF8C5597CBF95AF408B44342A059D2D1619288B&thid=OIP.3aEBGTNQ5mrd7JD1m375fwHaCt&mediaurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.uwec.edu%2Fwebpapers2005%2Fbloomnl%2Fpages%2Fpage4media%2Fch17fu14.gif&exph=124&expw=338&q=succinyl+coenzyme+A&selectedindex=1&ajaxhist=0&vt=0&eim=1,6

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23
Q

What is fumarate converted to?

A

Malate using fumarase and adding water

24
Q

What is malate converted to?

A

Oxloacetate using malate dehydrogenase and forming NADH2

25
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ETC converting NADH and FADH2 to FAD and NAD making ATP

26
Q

How many reactions make NADH2?

A

3

27
Q

How many reactions make FADH2?

A

1

28
Q

How many reactions make GTP?

A

1

29
Q

How much ATP does 3 NADH2 make?

A

2.5

30
Q

How much ATP does FADH2 make?

A

1.5

31
Q

Which 3 enzymes are irreversible?

A

Citrate synthase
Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

32
Q

Why are they irreversible?

A

Not entropically favourable as a more disordered product isn’t being made

33
Q

Which processes of the citric acid cycle involve transamination?

A

Oxloacetate can be converted to aspartate to make AA, purines and pyrimidines

Alpha ketoglutarate can be converted to glutamate to make AA and purines

34
Q

What can succinyl coenzyme A make?

A

Haem

35
Q

How can pyruvate be converted to glucose?

A

Its converted to oxaloacetate using pyruvate carboxylase

Oxloacetate is converted to phosphoenol pyruvate using PEP

This is then converted to glucose

36
Q

Why do you have to take this detour?

A

Get around an irreversible reaction

37
Q

3 examples of oxidation reaction

A

Add oxygen
Remove electron
Remove hydrogen atoms

38
Q

What is the oxidised form; NAD or NADH2

A

NAD

39
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Transfer of H atoms to oxygen in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Cofactors get H removed which get added to oxygen to form water

40
Q

Where does crebs and beta oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

41
Q

How does the chain work?

A

H are pumped through the first carrier protein (NADH) or second (FADH2) which gives energy to pass the electrons through the other 2, cytochrome C and final 1

H are then pumped back through ATP synthase which converts ADP to ATP

These H and electrons and O join to form water

42
Q

Where do rough electrons come from?

A

Come from hydrogen ions in the cytoplasm

43
Q

Which 2 proteins accept the H?

A

Flavin cofactors

Coenzyme Q

44
Q

Which proteins are the eletron acceptors?

A

Iron sulphur

Cytochrome C

45
Q

How do the iron sulphur proteins carry electrons?

A

Fe2 to Fe3

46
Q

What forms the cytochrome protein?

A

Haem protein

47
Q

What number is associated to cofactors and what does this mean?

A

Redox potential- ability to donate electrons to another electron acceptor molecules

48
Q

Which direction do electrons flow in?

A

From carriers with negative values to positive values, this examples the order they go in

49
Q

Describe the transporter path

A

CoQ

Cytochrome B C A

50
Q

What protein removes the H from NAD?

A

NADH dehydrogenase complex

51
Q

What is NADH dehydrog and Cyto B made of?

A

Fe S

52
Q

How do we control oxygen uptake?

A

Increases if there lots of ADP

53
Q

How many ATP are made from a NADH

A

3

54
Q

How many ATP are made from FADH2

A

2

55
Q

What is an uncoupling agent?

A

Adding another H receptor to put the ions back in instead of going through ATP synthase, instead release energy as he

56
Q

What inhibits cytochrome?

A

CO

57
Q

How many ATP do you get from oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose?

A

32 or 30

Year 1 Summative 1 (56 decks)

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