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Year 1 Summative 1 > BMS07-1029 Citric Acid Cycle > Flashcards

BMS07-1029 Citric Acid Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

How are fatty acids metabolised?

A

Beta oxidation

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2
Q

What do all metabolic pathways form?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A

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3
Q

What happens to acetyl coenzyme A?

A

Oxidised to carbon dioxide and water in the mitochondria

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4
Q

Describe the length of C chains from acetyl coenzyme A

A

Acetyl has 2 enter to form a 6, carbon dioxide removes to form a 5, same again to form a 4, stays as 4 then acetyl brings it back up to 6

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5
Q

Why is citrate important?

A

When its made ATP is made so when there’s lots of it you know not to keep doing the cycle

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6
Q

The link reaction

A

Pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A and carbon dioxide using pyruvate dehydrogenase and making NADH2

In the mitochondria

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7
Q

What happens before the first loss of carbon dioxide?

A

Citrate forms isocitrate in an isomeration reaction using the enzyme aconitase

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8
Q

How does coenzyme A form thioester bonds and why is this important?

A

Reacting with carboxylic acids to make a high energy bond

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9
Q

How is oxaloacetate converted to citrate?

A

Add acetyl coenzyme A using the enzyme citrate synthase

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10
Q

Draw oxaloacetate

A

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&id=D3861CAFA53B260E3D0966840538536D86583EF9&thid=OIP.BTNqPKmT6-IjE3QtcxYxvAHaE6&mediaurl=http%3A%2F%2Fupload.wikimedia.org%2Fwikipedia%2Fcommons%2Fa%2Faa%2FOxaloacetate_miguelferig.jpg&exph=324&expw=488&q=oxloacetate&selectedindex=10&ajaxhist=0&vt=0&eim=1,6

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11
Q

What happens at the first carbon dioxide loss?

A

Isocitrate is converted to alpha ketoglutarate using the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADH2 is formed

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12
Q

Oxalic acid

A

COOH COOH

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13
Q

Malonic acid

A

COOH CH2 COOH

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14
Q

Succinic acid

A

COOH CH2 CH2 COOH

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15
Q

Glutaric acid

A

COOH CH2 CH2 CH2 COOH

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16
Q

Why are these names useful?

A

Even if they have weird side chains added you can still use the listed names as the base

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17
Q

What happens at the second loss of carbon dioxide?

A

Alpha ketoglutarate is converted to succinyl coenzyme A using alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and using CoA-SH

NADH2 is formed and carbon dioxide

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18
Q

What is succinyl CoA converted to?

A

Succinate

Succinyl CoA synthetase

GDP is converted to GTP and CoA-SH is formed

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19
Q

What is succinate converted to?

A

Fumerate

FAD goes to FADH2 using succinate dehydrogenase

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20
Q

Write the link reaction

A

CH3COCOOH + CoASH = CH3COS CoA + CO2

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21
Q

Draw alpha ketoglutarate

A

COO- CH2 CH2 C=O COO-

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22
Q

Draw succinyl CoA and succinate

A

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&id=CCF8C5597CBF95AF408B44342A059D2D1619288B&thid=OIP.3aEBGTNQ5mrd7JD1m375fwHaCt&mediaurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chem.uwec.edu%2Fwebpapers2005%2Fbloomnl%2Fpages%2Fpage4media%2Fch17fu14.gif&exph=124&expw=338&q=succinyl+coenzyme+A&selectedindex=1&ajaxhist=0&vt=0&eim=1,6

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23
Q

What is fumarate converted to?

A

Malate using fumarase and adding water

24
Q

What is malate converted to?

A

Oxloacetate using malate dehydrogenase and forming NADH2

25
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
ETC converting NADH and FADH2 to FAD and NAD making ATP
26
How many reactions make NADH2?
3
27
How many reactions make FADH2?
1
28
How many reactions make GTP?
1
29
How much ATP does 3 NADH2 make?
2.5
30
How much ATP does FADH2 make?
1.5
31
Which 3 enzymes are irreversible?
Citrate synthase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
32
Why are they irreversible?
Not entropically favourable as a more disordered product isn't being made
33
Which processes of the citric acid cycle involve transamination?
Oxloacetate can be converted to aspartate to make AA, purines and pyrimidines Alpha ketoglutarate can be converted to glutamate to make AA and purines
34
What can succinyl coenzyme A make?
Haem
35
How can pyruvate be converted to glucose?
Its converted to oxaloacetate using pyruvate carboxylase Oxloacetate is converted to phosphoenol pyruvate using PEP This is then converted to glucose
36
Why do you have to take this detour?
Get around an irreversible reaction
37
3 examples of oxidation reaction
Add oxygen Remove electron Remove hydrogen atoms
38
What is the oxidised form; NAD or NADH2
NAD
39
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Transfer of H atoms to oxygen in the inner mitochondrial membrane Cofactors get H removed which get added to oxygen to form water
40
Where does crebs and beta oxidation occur?
Mitochondrial matrix
41
How does the chain work?
H are pumped through the first carrier protein (NADH) or second (FADH2) which gives energy to pass the electrons through the other 2, cytochrome C and final 1 H are then pumped back through ATP synthase which converts ADP to ATP These H and electrons and O join to form water
42
Where do rough electrons come from?
Come from hydrogen ions in the cytoplasm
43
Which 2 proteins accept the H?
Flavin cofactors | Coenzyme Q
44
Which proteins are the eletron acceptors?
Iron sulphur | Cytochrome C
45
How do the iron sulphur proteins carry electrons?
Fe2 to Fe3
46
What forms the cytochrome protein?
Haem protein
47
What number is associated to cofactors and what does this mean?
Redox potential- ability to donate electrons to another electron acceptor molecules
48
Which direction do electrons flow in?
From carriers with negative values to positive values, this examples the order they go in
49
Describe the transporter path
CoQ | Cytochrome B C A
50
What protein removes the H from NAD?
NADH dehydrogenase complex
51
What is NADH dehydrog and Cyto B made of?
Fe S
52
How do we control oxygen uptake?
Increases if there lots of ADP
53
How many ATP are made from a NADH
3
54
How many ATP are made from FADH2
2
55
What is an uncoupling agent?
Adding another H receptor to put the ions back in instead of going through ATP synthase, instead release energy as he
56
What inhibits cytochrome?
CO
57
How many ATP do you get from oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose?
32 or 30

Year 1 Summative 1 (56 decks)

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