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Year 1 Summative 1 > BMS08-1007 Skin > Flashcards

BMS08-1007 Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What is the epithelial layer called?

A

The epidermis

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2
Q

What does the epidermis rest on?

A

The dermis

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3
Q

What is the top of the dermis called?

A

Dermal papillae

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4
Q

What is the bottom of the epidermis called?

A

Epidermal ridges

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5
Q

Name the 4 functions of the skin

A

Protection
Prevent dryness
Sensation
Thermoregulation

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6
Q

Which part of the skin is responsible for thermoregulation?

A

Dermis and hypodermis

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7
Q

What is responsible for sensation?

A

Dermis

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8
Q

What is responsible for stopping dryness?

A

The waterproof cornified layer in the epidermis

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9
Q

What element of the skin is responsible for protection?

A

Epidermis

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10
Q

What does the skin need to be protected from?

A 
Chemicals
Heat
Cuts 
Infection
UV
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11
Q

Which vitamin does the skin make?

A

D

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12
Q

How is the skin involved in metabolism?

A

Fat deposits in the hypodermis can be used as an energy store

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13
Q

What can the skin excrete small amounts of?

A

Urea, uric acid and ammonia in sweat

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14
Q

What’s the difference between thick and thin skin?

A

Cornified layer is larger in thick skin and it doesn’t have hair follicles

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15
Q

What is body skin called?

A

Vellus

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16
Q

What is scalp skin called?

A

Terminal

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17
Q

How does skin and scalp skin differ?

A

The body is sparse and fine while the scalp has many closely packed thick hair

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18
Q

What is the main cell type in the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium (keratinocytes)

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19
Q

How are keratin proteins organised in the epidermis?

A

In bundles of filaments

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20
Q

Where do the bundles converge?

A

Desmosomes

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21
Q

What is a desmosome?

A

Structure linking adjacent cells

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22
Q

What is pemphigus?

A

Blistering disease due to antibodies attacking desmosomes

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23
Q

What cell type forms the basal layer?

A

Cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells

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24
Q

What occurs at the basal layer?

A

Cell division due to the presence of stem cells

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25
Q

What do the prickle cells do?

A

Enlarge and make lots of keratin

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26
Q

What are there lots of in the prickle cell layer?

A

Desmosomes

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27
Q

What do the cells in the granular layer synthesise?

A

Profilaggrin

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28
Q

How are the granular and cornified layers linked?

A

Profilaggrin is cleaved to filaggrin in the cornified layer

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29
Q

What does filaggrin do?

A

Combine slots of keratin filaments together to help cell flattening

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30
Q

Describe the appearance of the granular layer?

A

Flattened cells

Keratohyaline granules

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31
Q

What do keratohyaline granules do?

A

Involved in keratinization

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32
Q

What is the appearance of the cornified layer?

A

Very flattened cells

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33
Q

What happens in keratins in the cornified layer?

A

Disulphide bonds cross link them using cysteine

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34
Q

Why do keratin filaments get more packed together in the cornified layer?

A

Cells die and loose their organelles

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35
Q

How is the cornfiied and prickle layer linked?

A

Involucrin proteins that are made in the prickle layer get cross linked to form a cornified envelope

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36
Q

What are involucrins?

A

Precursors of the certified envelope

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37
Q

What is cornification?

A

When keratinocytes are converted into dead corneocytes

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38
Q

What forms the cornified envelope?

A

The cell membrane of corneocytes is replaced by ceramides which all link up

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39
Q

What are ceramides?

A

Waxy lipid molecule

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40
Q

What are lamellar bodies?

A

Secretory organelles between keratinised cells

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41
Q

What appears in the prickle cell layer?

A

Lamellar bodies

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42
Q

What are lamellar bodies made of?

A

Phospholipid sheets

43
Q

What is the purpose of lamellar bodies?

A

Seals gaps between cells to make a water tight barrier

44
Q

Which cell makes melanin?

A

Melanocytes

45
Q

How do different skin colours arise?

A

The amount of melanocytes are similar but their activity varies

46
Q

Which AA makes melanin?

A

Tyrosine

47
Q

Where does melanin accumulate?

A

Malenosomes

48
Q

How are melanosomes formed?

A

Bud off from melanocytes

49
Q

What takes up melanosomes?

A

Keratinocytes

50
Q

Tumors of melanocytes

A

Melanomas

51
Q

How do epidermal cells arrange melanin?

A

As a cap over the nucleus

52
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Antibodies attack melanocytes

53
Q

Where are Langerhans found and what is their function?

A

Upper prickle cell layer

Immunological defence

54
Q

Where are merkel cells found?

A

Basal layer

55
Q

What is the role of merkel cells?

A

Associated with nerve endings, thought to be involved in sense perception

56
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

Top is the papillary and the bottom if the reticular

57
Q

What is the dermis?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue made of parallel bundles of collagen fibres

58
Q

Is the dermis innervated?

A

Yes

59
Q

How are the collagen fibres orientated in the dermis?

A

Along lines of cleavage

60
Q

What is below the dermis?

A

Hypodermis

61
Q

What regulates how much blood flows near the skins surface and how much flows in the dermal layer?

A

Arteriovenous shunts

62
Q

In the skin which 2 vessels are used for thermoregulation?

A

Superficial subpapillary plexus and deep cutaneous plexus

63
Q

Which elements are responsible for superficial and deep sensation, where are they and what kind of touch do they provide?

A

Deep: pacinian corpuscles in the hypodermis for coarse touch

Messners corpuscles in the dermis for light touch

64
Q

What can be associated with merkel cells?

A

Free nerve endings

65
Q

What do free nerve endings respond to?

A

Temperature, touch and pain

66
Q

What type of connective tissue is the hypodermis?

A

Loose connective tissue

67
Q

What does the hypodermis allow for?

A

Mobility of the skill

68
Q

What type of cell is there lots of in the hypodermis?

A

Fat cells

69
Q

What anchors the dermis to deep fascia?

A

Fibrous bands (bundles of collagen)

70
Q

What are hair follicles associated to?

A

Errector pili muscles and sebaceous glands

71
Q

How do hair follicles form?

A

As a down growth from the epidermis

72
Q

Which part of the NS innervates the sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic

73
Q

What’s the difference between tubular and alveolar glands?

A

Alveolar have a sac like part that tubular glands don’t as they remain tube shaped

74
Q

Describe the shape of the secretory portion

A

Highly coiled

75
Q

Where is the secretory portion found?

A

Between the dermis and hypodermis

76
Q

What cells form the secretory portion of the gland?

A

Single layer of cuboidal cells ad myoepithelial cells

77
Q

What does the secretory portion secrete?

A

Isotonic fluid

78
Q

What cells form the excretory duct?

A

Double layer of the cuboidal cells

79
Q

What does the excretory duct absorb and why?

A

NaCl to make hypotonic sweat

80
Q

What’s the difference between isotonic and hypotonic?

A

Hypotonic means the solution is less concentrated, isotonic means its the same concentration

81
Q

Which parts of the excretory ducts are found where?

A

Straight bit is in the dermis and the coiled bit is in the epidermis

82
Q

How is the epidermis organised?

A

Basal layer, prickle layer, granular layer, cornified layer and the epidermal ridges

83
Q

How do apocrine sweat glands work?

A

Tip of the cell buds off forming a vesicle

84
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found?

A

Genitalia

Arm pits

85
Q

What do apocrine and sebaceous glands discharge into?

A

Hair follicles

86
Q

What is in apocrine vesicles?

A

The secretion, lipids and some cytoplasm

87
Q

What where mammary glands originally?

A

Apocrine glands

88
Q

Which part of hair follicles to sebaceous glands discharge into?

A

The upper third

89
Q

What do seb. glands release?

A

Lipid rich sebum

90
Q

What do seb. glands maintain?

A

Maintains oiliness of skin and hair

91
Q

What is holocrine secretion?

A

When cells disintegrate to release the sebum

92
Q

What type of tissue does the arr pili muscle insert into and which layer of the skin is this in?

A

Connective tissue sheath around the hair follicle in the papillary layer of the dermis

93
Q

Which keratinocytes have a different differentiation pathway?

A

Hair bulb ones

94
Q

How are cells organised in hairs?

A

Concentric rings

95
Q

Describe the cell layers of the hairs?

A 
Medulla 
Cortex
Cuticle 
Inner root sheath
Outer root sheath
96
Q

Organise these layers into order of most keratinized; cortex, cuticle, medulla

A

Cuticle
Cortex
Medulla

97
Q

Whats the role of the inner root sheath?

A

Provide space for the sebum to be discharged into

98
Q

What does the outer root sheath do?

A

Has steam cells which can regenerate the epidermis

99
Q

What is the outer root sheath continuous with?

A

Epidermis

100
Q

What type of tissue forms the hair papilla?

A

Connective tissue

101
Q

Why do we go bald?

A

If connective tissue in hair papilla is destroyed no hair will grow back it forms only once during development

102
Q

How can you tell the difference between an active and dormant hair cells?

A

Dormant are shorter, when they are active they get longer again

103
Q

What is the name of inactive hair?

A

Quiescent follicle

Club hair

104
Q

What gland are all hair follicles attached to?

A

Sebacious

Year 1 Summative 1 (56 decks)

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