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Year 1 Summative 1 > BMS10-1027 Control of BP > Flashcards

BMS10-1027 Control of BP Flashcards

1
Q

What are extrinsic influences and give 2 examples?

A

Not locally generated

Neural and hormonal means

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2
Q

What are intrinsic influences and what are they important in?

A

Made locally and influence locally

Organ and tissue blood flow

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3
Q

What do extrinsic influences maintain?

A

CO, TPR and blood flow at organs and tissues

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4
Q

Where is the cardiovascular control centre?

A

Medulla oblongata

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5
Q

Describe the PNS path to decreasing heart rate

A

Nerves release acetylcholine which bind to muscarinic receptors on the pace maker hyperpolarising it to decrease HR

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6
Q

Describe the SNS path to increasing HR

A

Release noradrenaline which bind to b1 on the pacemaker to increase Ca sensitivity increasing HR and to myocardial cells to increase sarcomere length and contractile force

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7
Q

How does vasoconstriction occur?

A

Sympathetic neurons release noradrenaline which binds to adrenergic receptors

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8
Q

How does vasodilation occur?

A

Controlled by adrenaline release

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9
Q

Which hormone has a higher affinity for a1?

A

Noradrenaline

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10
Q

Why are b2 receptors important?

A

It promotes dilation in specific tissues due to the fight or flight response

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11
Q

Which receptor does HR and which does dilation?

A

B1 does HR and A1 does constriction

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12
Q

Do arteries have more PNS or SNS innervation?

A

SNS

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13
Q

What does the PNS do in extrinsic control?

A

Vasodilation in select areas e.g. saliva glands, pancreas and sex organs

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14
Q

Which NS can affect TPR as well as redistribute flow and why?

A

SNS, PNS doesn’t have enough innervation to influence

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15
Q

Angiotensin 2

A

Hormone causing vasoconstriction

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16
Q

ADH

A

Vasoconstriction and increased blood volume

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17
Q

ANP

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide causing vasodilation

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18
Q

Give examples of local factors affecting vascular one

A

Metabolites
NO
Hormones
Flow pressure

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19
Q

How do arterioles respond to increased pressure and who is this important for ?

A

Contract to reduce blood flow by increasing resistance to protect the glomerulus from increase pressure

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20
Q

Flow=

A

Pressure/resistance

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21
Q

How do histamines affect vascular tone?

A

Released by mast cells encouraging NO release to make capillaries more leaky

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22
Q

Where is NO made?

A

Endothelial cell

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23
Q

How does No cause vasodilation?

A

Increases cGMP formation which prevents Ca entry so they cant contract

24
Q

How are metabolites (metabolic hyperaemia) involved in vasodilation and why is this beneficial?

A

Lactic acid and carbon dioxide enhance production of things that promote vasodilation

Only happen in active muscles

25
Q

What is reactive hyperaemia?

A

When blood flow is cut off metabolites accumulate and cause vasodilation and continues until the metabolites are washed out

26
Q

Arteriovenous anastomosis

A

Wide muscular vessels found in skin extremities to stop blood flow from the artery into the venous plexus which is close to the skin surface and would cause blood loss

27
Q

What 2 things regulate blood flow?

A

Hypothalamus and SNS

28
Q

What is special about metabolic hyperaemia in skeletal muscles?

A

Metabolic hyperaemia can override the SNS during exercise allowing them to dilate

29
Q

What determines BP?

A 
SV
HR
TPR
Central venous pressure
Blood volume
30
Q

What is TPR also known as?

A

The afterload- the resistance the heart is pumping against

31
Q

How is BP regulated?

A

Baroreceptors are sensitive to stretch in the aortic arch and carotid sinus

The carotid sinus has thin walls so small pressure changes are recognised by the brain stem which can stimulate the SNS or PSN

32
Q

How does the SNS work to restore BP?

A

Constrict all vessels to increase central venous pressure and TPR

33
Q

How does the PNS work to restore BP?

A

Increase HR and contractile force to increase CO

34
Q

When standing up, what happens?

A

Blood pools in lower limbs decreasing CVP so SV and VEDP are decreased

35
Q

MABP=

A

CO x HR

36
Q

What mainly determines MABP?

A

Blood volume (increase one, the other decreases)

37
Q

What does MABP influence?

A

Venous pressure and return, EDV, EDP, SV and CO

38
Q

What does MABP do when increased for a long period of time?

A

Promotes excretion of fluid and salt to decrease blood volume and MABP

39
Q

Control of plasma osmolarity

A

Hypothalamus detects it using osmoreceptors which makes us thirsty and makes the pituitary glad release ADH which adds aquaporin to increase water reabsorption in the distal nephron

40
Q

What causes an increase in plasma osmolarity?

A

Increase sodium intake or dehydration

41
Q

Why does plasma need to be osmotically balanced?

A

Make sure don’t loose too much water and become dehydrated

42
Q

What ion controls blood volume?

A

Na

43
Q

What is more important osmolarity or blood volume?

A

Osmolarity

44
Q

What hormone is released when there is lots of stretching?

A

Myocytes in the atria release ANP which promotes urine production and Na excretion

45
Q

What else happens with lots of stretching?

A

Copies the baroreceptor to decrease SNS activity to reduce MABP and renal stimulation

46
Q

What is pressure natriuresis?

A

Increased arterial pressure increases metabolite release in the renal artery which increases flow in the renal medulla to increase Na secretion

47
Q

What happens in the glomerulus when blood volume decreases?

A

Increase renal sympathetic drive so the afferent arteriole constricts and renin is released

48
Q

Where is renin released from?

A

Juxtaglomerular

49
Q

What does renin do?

A

Convert angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 and then 2

50
Q

What does angiotensin 2 do? (3)

A

Vasoconstrictor
ADH release for water reabsorption
Aldosterone for Na resorption

51
Q

What does the hypothalamus to in response to atria stretch?

A

Decrease ADH to increase urine production

Decrease renal sympathetic activity so less renin is made to decrease Na water reabsorption

52
Q

How does the vasogagal syncope work?

A

Overrides fight of flight to decrease SNS and increase PNS

This decreases HR and vasodilation so BP falls making you faint

53
Q

What factor affects diastolic pressure?

A

Stress
Posture change
Exercise

54
Q

What factors affect systolic pressure?

A

Health

55
Q

What factors affect arterial pressure?

A

Arterial stiffness
Cardiac output
TPR

Year 1 Summative 1 (56 decks)

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