BMS03-1017 Pharmocology

Question 1

Pharmacy

Answer 1

Handling

Question 2

Pharmacology

Answer 2

Science

Question 3

Therapeutics

Answer 3

Medical use

Question 4

What do drugs do to normal cells?

Answer 4

Mimic, stimulate or block the action of internal molecules or processes

Question 5

What do drugs to do infected cells?

Answer 5

Exploit biochemical difference between the host and the infection

Question 6

How are drugs related to endogenous molecules?

Answer 6

Can be similar, identical or very different to them

Question 7

Which agent is used to treat bacterial infection?

Answer 7

Chemotherapeutic

Question 8

What does oxycodone treat and how?

Answer 8

Treats pain by blocking enzymes using a receptor agonist

Question 9

How do you treat acid reflux?

Answer 9

Block ion pump

Question 10

What do local anaesthetics do?

Answer 10

Block Na channels

Question 11

Which chemotherapeutic agents are of interest to dentists?

Answer 11

Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiviral

Question 12

What other drugs are of interest?

Answer 12

Adrenoceptor agonists
Muscle relaxants
Drugs affecting haemostasis
Steriods

Question 13

Define affinity of a drug for its receptor

Answer 13

The concentration of drug required to occupy 50% of the receptors at equilibrium

Question 14

What does a low affinity value mean?

Answer 14

High affinity

Question 15

Efficacy

Answer 15

Ability to activate the receptor to give the desired response

Question 16

What are both antagonists and agonists known as?

Answer 16

Ligans

Question 17

Receptors occupied VS drug concentration gives which shape graph?

Answer 17

Rectangular hyperbole

Question 18

Receptors occupied VS log drug concentration gives which shape graph?

Answer 18

Symmetrical sigmoid

Question 19

Full agonist

Answer 19

Maximum efficacy

Question 20

Partial agonist

Answer 20

Less than maximal efficacy

Question 21

Antagonists

Answer 21

0 efficacy

Question 22

What do irreversible competitive antagonists do?

Answer 22

Supress the maximal response

Question 23

How is potency quantified?

Answer 23

EC50- concentration producing 50% of the maximal response

Question 24

What is potency?

Answer 24

High potency means its effective in small amounts due to a high affinity, efficacy or slow metabolic breakdown

Question 25

What is erythromycin and what does it do?

Answer 25

Inhibit protein synthesis by acting on ribosomes | Chemotherapeutic agent

Question 26

What is amoxicillin and what does it do?

Answer 26

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis so the bacteria cell wall cant be made Chemotherapeutic agents

Question 27

Name a chemotherapeutic agent affecting DNA

Answer 27

Metronidazole

Question 28

What is Valium and how does it work?

Answer 28

Muscle relaxant Sedative Enhances GABA action

Question 29

What 4 things are pharmokinetics dependant on?

Answer 29

Excretion Metabolism Distribution Absorption

Question 30

What do pharmokinetics determine?

Answer 30

How quickly it acts If effects are local or systemic How long it lasts

Question 31

What is the pH of inflamed tissue?

Answer 31

Low

Question 32

Why are local anesthetics charged?

Answer 32

Reduce access of drugs to nerves

Question 33

Why are they injected with hydrogen carbonate

Answer 33

Increase local pH to speed up the anaesthesia

Question 34

Describe the path of organ drugs

Answer 34

Absorbed by the small intestine, enter portal circulation (from organ to organ) then the liver where they are metabolised

Question 35

Rectal

Answer 35

Intramuscular

Question 36

Sublingual

Answer 36

Under the tounge | Intravenous

Question 37

Topical

Answer 37

Applied directly | Subcutaneous

Question 38

Bioavailability

Answer 38

Proportion of drug reaching the circulation

Question 39

Phases of elimination

Answer 39

Phase 1: breaking down the drug | Phase 2: adding groups to the drug to make them inactive and water soluble

Question 40

Where does metabolism occur?

Answer 40

Liver Plasma Gut Lungs

Question 41

Where are the enzymes catalysing phase 1 and what are these called?

Answer 41

In the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver | Microsomal

Question 42

How can we speed metabolism?

Answer 42

Use a drug to induce phase 1

Question 43

Where is drug excretion mainly?

Answer 43

Kidneys

Question 44

How do drugs get into renal nephrons?

Answer 44

Glomerular filtration or secretion from the peritubular capillaires into the nephrons

Question 45

Which drugs aren't secreted very well?

Answer 45

Lipid soluble ones which diffuse easily out of nephrons back into the blood

Question 46

Why do elderly need smaller drug doses?

Answer 46

Drug metabolism and renal function have decreased

Question 47

Define drug elimination

Answer 47

Time taken for the concentration in the plasm to fall to half its original value

Question 48

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 48

Drugs have similar or oppose actions of side affects of other drugs

Question 49

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 49

One drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of another drug

Question 50

How are hepatic enzymes involved?

Answer 50

Inhibiting them using a drug can increase activity of drugs which the enzymes would normally inhibit Introducing the enzymes using a drug can decrease the effectiveness of a drug which they metabolise

Question 51

Describe phase 1 of drug development

Answer 51

20-80 healthy volunteers | Looking at power, side affects and pharmokinetics

Question 52

Describe phase 2 of drug development

Answer 52

100-300 patients | Looking at dosage and efficiency

Question 53

Describe phase 3 of clinical trials

Answer 53

1000-3000 patients | Look at dosage, efficiency, compare with other drugs and side effects

Question 54

Describe stage 5 of clinical trials

Answer 54

Surveillance of efficacy and safety Post licensing Ongoing

Question 55

How long do steps 1-4 take to occur?

Answer 55

6-10 years