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Year 1 Summative 1 > BMS03-1017 Pharmocology > Flashcards

BMS03-1017 Pharmocology Flashcards

1
Q

Pharmacy

A

Handling

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

Science

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3
Q

Therapeutics

A

Medical use

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4
Q

What do drugs do to normal cells?

A

Mimic, stimulate or block the action of internal molecules or processes

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5
Q

What do drugs to do infected cells?

A

Exploit biochemical difference between the host and the infection

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6
Q

How are drugs related to endogenous molecules?

A

Can be similar, identical or very different to them

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7
Q

Which agent is used to treat bacterial infection?

A

Chemotherapeutic

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8
Q

What does oxycodone treat and how?

A

Treats pain by blocking enzymes using a receptor agonist

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9
Q

How do you treat acid reflux?

A

Block ion pump

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10
Q

What do local anaesthetics do?

A

Block Na channels

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11
Q

Which chemotherapeutic agents are of interest to dentists?

A

Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antiviral

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12
Q

What other drugs are of interest?

A

Adrenoceptor agonists
Muscle relaxants
Drugs affecting haemostasis
Steriods

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13
Q

Define affinity of a drug for its receptor

A

The concentration of drug required to occupy 50% of the receptors at equilibrium

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14
Q

What does a low affinity value mean?

A

High affinity

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15
Q

Efficacy

A

Ability to activate the receptor to give the desired response

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16
Q

What are both antagonists and agonists known as?

A

Ligans

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17
Q

Receptors occupied VS drug concentration gives which shape graph?

A

Rectangular hyperbole

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18
Q

Receptors occupied VS log drug concentration gives which shape graph?

A

Symmetrical sigmoid

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19
Q

Full agonist

A

Maximum efficacy

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20
Q

Partial agonist

A

Less than maximal efficacy

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21
Q

Antagonists

A

0 efficacy

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22
Q

What do irreversible competitive antagonists do?

A

Supress the maximal response

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23
Q

How is potency quantified?

A

EC50- concentration producing 50% of the maximal response

24
Q

What is potency?

A

High potency means its effective in small amounts due to a high affinity, efficacy or slow metabolic breakdown

25
Q

What is erythromycin and what does it do?

A

Inhibit protein synthesis by acting on ribosomes

Chemotherapeutic agent

26
Q

What is amoxicillin and what does it do?

A

Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis so the bacteria cell wall cant be made
Chemotherapeutic agents

27
Q

Name a chemotherapeutic agent affecting DNA

A

Metronidazole

28
Q

What is Valium and how does it work?

A

Muscle relaxant
Sedative
Enhances GABA action

29
Q

What 4 things are pharmokinetics dependant on?

A

Excretion
Metabolism
Distribution
Absorption

30
Q

What do pharmokinetics determine?

A

How quickly it acts
If effects are local or systemic
How long it lasts

31
Q

What is the pH of inflamed tissue?

A

Low

32
Q

Why are local anesthetics charged?

A

Reduce access of drugs to nerves

33
Q

Why are they injected with hydrogen carbonate

A

Increase local pH to speed up the anaesthesia

34
Q

Describe the path of organ drugs

A

Absorbed by the small intestine, enter portal circulation (from organ to organ) then the liver where they are metabolised

35
Q

Rectal

A

Intramuscular

36
Q

Sublingual

A

Under the tounge

Intravenous

37
Q

Topical

A

Applied directly

Subcutaneous

38
Q

Bioavailability

A

Proportion of drug reaching the circulation

39
Q

Phases of elimination

A

Phase 1: breaking down the drug

Phase 2: adding groups to the drug to make them inactive and water soluble

40
Q

Where does metabolism occur?

A

Liver
Plasma
Gut
Lungs

41
Q

Where are the enzymes catalysing phase 1 and what are these called?

A

In the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver

Microsomal

42
Q

How can we speed metabolism?

A

Use a drug to induce phase 1

43
Q

Where is drug excretion mainly?

A

Kidneys

44
Q

How do drugs get into renal nephrons?

A

Glomerular filtration or secretion from the peritubular capillaires into the nephrons

45
Q

Which drugs aren’t secreted very well?

A

Lipid soluble ones which diffuse easily out of nephrons back into the blood

46
Q

Why do elderly need smaller drug doses?

A

Drug metabolism and renal function have decreased

47
Q

Define drug elimination

A

Time taken for the concentration in the plasm to fall to half its original value

48
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Drugs have similar or oppose actions of side affects of other drugs

49
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

One drug alters the absorption, distribution, metabolism or excretion of another drug

50
Q

How are hepatic enzymes involved?

A

Inhibiting them using a drug can increase activity of drugs which the enzymes would normally inhibit

Introducing the enzymes using a drug can decrease the effectiveness of a drug which they metabolise

51
Q

Describe phase 1 of drug development

A

20-80 healthy volunteers

Looking at power, side affects and pharmokinetics

52
Q

Describe phase 2 of drug development

A

100-300 patients

Looking at dosage and efficiency

53
Q

Describe phase 3 of clinical trials

A

1000-3000 patients

Look at dosage, efficiency, compare with other drugs and side effects

54
Q

Describe stage 5 of clinical trials

A

Surveillance of efficacy and safety
Post licensing
Ongoing

55
Q

How long do steps 1-4 take to occur?

A

6-10 years

Year 1 Summative 1 (56 decks)

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