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Year 1 Summative 1 > BMS07-1027 Fat Storage > Flashcards

BMS07-1027 Fat Storage Flashcards

1
Q

What are carbohydrates stored as?

A

Glycogen

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2
Q

What is the long term fuel reserve?

A

Lipids as triglycerides

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3
Q

What happens to triglycerides in the fed state?

A

They are moved from the liver and small intestine to adipose tissue for storage or oxidation in muscles

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4
Q

Where does FA synthesis occur?

A

The liver

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5
Q

First step of FA synthesis

A

Acetyl coenzyme A + carbon dioxide = malonyl coenzyme A using ATP and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase

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6
Q

Which step is rate limiting?

A

1st

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7
Q

What activates the enzyme in the 1st step?

A

Insulin

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8
Q

What does malonyl coenzyme A signify?

A

Fed state

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9
Q

What does malonyl coenzyme A inhibit?

A

Carnitine transferase so FA cant enter the mitochondria for oxidation

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10
Q

Where is fat synthesised?

A

Cytosol of the liver?

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11
Q

How do we get acetyl coenzyme A out of the mitochondria?

A

Convert this and oxaloacetate to citrate, citrate leaves then converts back to these

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12
Q

How are fatty acids synthesised?

A

Malanyl coenzyme A (this losses its carbon dioxide) + acetyl coenzyme A

It keeps adding malenyl coenzyme A and then loosing a carbon dioxide

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13
Q

Which carrier molecule is needed for fatty acid synthesis?

A

NADPH

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14
Q

What is special about fatty acid synthetase?

A

It is one giant enzymes with all active sites needed for making fatty acids

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15
Q

How do you form VLDL?

A

Add 2 apoproteins to TAG and a polar lipid

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16
Q

What are apoproteins?

A

Proteins that cant function alone

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17
Q

What do lipoproteins do?

A

Transport fat

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18
Q

What is the structure of a lipoprotein?

A

Inside are TAg and cholesterol, outside is a layer of phospholipids, cholesterol and apopproteins

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19
Q

What do apoproteins do?

A

Get recognised by receptors to active lipid metabolising enzymes

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20
Q

4 lipoproteins

A

Chylomicrons
LDL
VLDL
HDL

21
Q

VLDL

A

TAG

22
Q

LDL

A

Bad cholesterol to tissues

23
Q

HDL

A

Cholesterol form tissues to the liver

24
Q

Chylomicrons and what is special about them?

A

TAG- largest and lowest density

25
Q

How does fat get from the small intestine to the capillary

A

VLDL attach to an apoprotein and leave small intestine

Join to 2 more apoproteins which are attached to HDL

This enters the capillary and is then broken down by lipoprotein lipase

26
Q

What activates lipoprotein lipase

A

Insulin

27
Q

Where do the lipoproteins go from the capillary? (3)

A

Into adipose to be converted to TAG
Into chylomicron then to the liver as it has a receptor for the apoprotein, or to LDL to go in the liver or into peripheral tissues

28
Q

Where does LDL synthesis occur?

A

In the liver

29
Q

What makes HDL?

A

Liver and intestine

30
Q

What do LCAT or PACT do?

A

They are enzymes taking fatty acids and adding it to cholesterol

31
Q

What does cholesterol make?

A

Bile acids and hormones

32
Q

What does cholesterol do after leaving peripheral tissue? (2)

A

Apoenzyme is added to form cholesterol ester using LCAT

CETP converts it to HDL so it can enter the liver

33
Q

What controls cholesterol synthesis?

A

Cholesterol

34
Q

What else does cholesterol control?

A

Number of LDL receptors on the cell surface

35
Q

How is cholesterol formed?

A

LDL is taken in and converted to lysosomes which release cholesterol by combining with HMG co enzyme A

36
Q

How does LDL affect cholesterol production?

A

Inhibits it

37
Q

What do statins inhibit?

A

HMG coenzyme A reductase

38
Q

What does a deficiency of LDL receptors mean?

A

High blood cholesterol

39
Q

What happens in the statin dose is too high?

A

Break down muscle fibre

40
Q

Hyperlipidaemias

A

Lipoprotein disorders

41
Q

What is the condition when there is too much cholesterol?

A

Hypercholesterolaemia

42
Q

What is the condition when there is too much TAG?

A

Hypertriglyceridaemia

43
Q

Give some examples of genetic hyperlipoproteinaemias

A

Defective LDL receptors
Lipoprotein lipase deficiency
Apoprotein deficiency

44
Q

What causes secondary hyperlipoproteinaemias?

A

Obesity
Type 2 diabetes
Alcohol

45
Q

What is associated with coronary heart disease?

A

Lipoprotein A being in high concentrations as it competes with the thing that breaks down clots

46
Q

What is lipoprotein A?

A

LDL with apoprotein A

47
Q

What increases and decreases it?

A

Trans fat

Oestrogen

48
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fatty deposits in arteries (foam cells) filled with cholesterol

49
Q

Describe the receptors of foam cells

A

Scavengers so they take up lots of oxidised LDL when normal receptors wouldn’t

Year 1 Summative 1 (56 decks)

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