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Year 1 Summative 1 > BMS07-1030 AA Metabolism > Flashcards

BMS07-1030 AA Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What does an essential AA mean?

A

Its needed as a building block to make other AA

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2
Q

Can all AA be made?

A

No- out of 20 10 must be eaten

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3
Q

What’s a waste product from creatine?

A

Creatinine

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4
Q

What’s a waste product from purines/pyrimidines?

A

Uric acid

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5
Q

What is turnover?

A

Body proteins always being broken back down to AA

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6
Q

Name the 3 non-essential AA that we can make from keto acids and why are they important?

A

Alanine
Aspartate
Glutamate

Metabolism

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7
Q

Why is histidine essential?

A

For growth

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8
Q

Why is arginine essential?

A

If something goes wrong

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9
Q

What is the nitrogen balance? Why does this occur?

A

Nitrogen taken in from the diet should be equal to that excreted in various waste products

The rate of protein synthesis is equal to the rate of degradation

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10
Q

When is there a positive N balance?

A

N intake is greater such as in growth and pregnancy

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11
Q

When is there negative N balance?

A

In starvation or injury

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12
Q

How are cellular proteins removed?

A

Ubiquitin breakdown

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13
Q

What hormone can increase protein breakdown?

A

Cortisol

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14
Q

How are organelles removed?

A

Taken into vesicles which fuse with lysosomes

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15
Q

Deamination

A

AA + water + coenzyme(NADP) = keto acid + ammonia + coenzyme (NADPH)

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16
Q

What is a keto acid?

A

R-C-COOH

The middle C is double bonded to O

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17
Q

Transamination

A

AA + keto acid = keto acid 2 + AA 2

Coenzyme used

Using an aminotransferase enzyme

18
Q

Which AA is used in transamination and why?

A

Glutamate as its the only one there’s an enzyme for (glutamate dehydrogenase)

19
Q

What 2 things do AA break into?

A

Ammonia and a keto acid

20
Q

Which part of the AA is removed to get a keto acid?

A

N bit

21
Q

What do most AA become when loosing the amino group?

A

Keto acid

22
Q

How can keto acids be used? (2)

A

Metabolised in the TCA cycle to carbon dioxide and water to make ATP

13 of them can be converted back to glucose by the liver (glucogenic)

23
Q

What can leucine and lysine be degraded into?

A

Acetyl coenzyme A (ketogenic)

24
Q

Which 3 AA are needed for urea synthesis?

A

Aspartate
Alanine
Glutamate

25
Q

What is alanine used to make?

A

Pyruvate

26
Q

What is transdeamination and where does this occur?

A

A mixture of transamination and deamination

Liver

27
Q

What does the liver synthesis?

A

Haem
Purines
Pyrimidines
Plasma proteins

28
Q

Which organ convert the amino groups to urea?

A

Liver

29
Q

What are ammonia groups transported as in the blood stream?

A

Glutamine as it has 2 amino groups so carries them efficiently

30
Q

What happens when glutamine is converted to glutamate?

A

Glutaminase

Water turns to ammonia

31
Q

What happens when glutamate is converted to glutamine?

A

Glutamine synthetase

ATP and ammonia go to ADP and Pi

32
Q

Which AA are important for transporting N between organs? (4)

A

Glutamate
Glutamine
Aspartate
Alanine

33
Q

Why can ammonium ions be useful?

A

In the kidney for pH regulation

34
Q

What is fumerate used for?

A

TCA cycle

35
Q

In the urine cycle which AA makes urea?

A

Arginine

36
Q

Which AA makes aspartate?

A

Citrulline

37
Q

What AA does aspartate make?

A

Arginosuccinate

38
Q

What is removed to form arginine?

A

Arginosuccinare has a fumerate removed

39
Q

What converts ornithine to citruline? What forms this enzyme?

A

Carbamoyl phosphate loose a Pi, this is formed from carbon dioxide and ammonia and 2 ATP

40
Q

What disease can ammonia cause?q

A

Cerebral oedema

41
Q

What may cause an inability to convert ammonia to urea? (hyperammonaemia)

A 
Liver failure
Genetic defects (reduction in enzymes in urea cycle)

Year 1 Summative 1 (56 decks)

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