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Urogenital Surg (EQ) Flashcards

1
Q

When does normal testicular descent occur?

A

270-300d

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2
Q

What are the 3 indication for equine castration?

A

Modify Behaviour
Prevent Breeding
Neoplasia

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3
Q

What are your 2 anaesthetic options for the equine castrate?

A

Standing sedation or GA (field/theatre)

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4
Q

What should you use to sedate a horse for a standing sedation?

A

alpha 2 and an opiate

+NSAID, AB

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5
Q

Which testicle should be removed first if the horse is in GA lateral recumbency?

A

Lower testicle

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6
Q

What is the rule with burdizzo placement?

A

Nut to Nut

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7
Q

How should castration be performed with a history of inguinal/scrotal hernia?

A

Closed

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8
Q

How long should a gelding be box rested for following castration?

A

24h

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9
Q

What are worrying signs post-castration?

A

Dripping >4h (or steady stream of blood)
Tissue hanging from incision
Marked swelling >3d
Depression, inappetence or colic

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10
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed in horses <2yo?

A

hCG stimulation test

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11
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed in donkeys?

A

hCG stimulation test

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12
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed in horses >3yo?

A

oestrone sulphate assay

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13
Q

What is a new test for diagnosing cryptorchidism?

A

AMH

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14
Q

What imaging technique can be used to diagnose cryptorchidism?

A

US

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15
Q

When should surgery be performed on a foal with an inguinal hernia?

A

IF increasing in size or strangulating viscera

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16
Q

How are inguinal hernias diagnosed?

A

Palpation and US

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17
Q

What is he most common neoplasia of the penis?

A

SCC - proliferative, ulcerative

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18
Q

Which tumour may occur on the sheath?

A

Melanoma or sarcoid

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19
Q

Apart from visual signs, how are penile tumour diagnosed?

A

Biopsy

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20
Q

How are penile SCCs treated?

A

Excision/cryo

Surgery (amputation)

PTS if mets suspected

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21
Q

How can penile SCCs be prevented?

A

Regular penile washing - smegma carcinogenic

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22
Q

Which sedative may cause priapism?

A

ACP

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23
Q

Why can prolonged paraphimosis become permanent in the horse?

A

Pudendal nerve injury

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24
Q

Which procedure should be used to cure a pneumovagina?

A

Caslicks or Gadds

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25
Which procedure should be used to cure a urovagina?
Urethral Extension
26
Which procedure should be used to cure cervical incompetency?
Cervical repair
27
Which procedure should be used to cure delayed uterine clearance?
Uterine suspension - improve clearance and conformation
28
What should be given to aid oviduct blockage?
Oviduct lavage | PG
29
What is caslicks procedure?
Surgical closure of the upper vulva
30
What is Gadds procedure?
Removal of a triangular portion of dorsal vestibule
31
When should gadds be used?
Second degree perineal lacerations or older mares
32
How is urovagina diagnosed?
Cytology (rule out ectopic ureter)
33
What should be done for a 3rd degree perineal laceration?
Wait 4-6w | Caslicks and Gadds
34
What is the most common neoplastic Dz of the ovary in the mare?
Granulosa Cell tumour (GCT)
35
What are the signs of a GCT?
Anoestrus/Permanent Oestrus Stallion-like Aggressive
36
What is the Px for a GCT?
Good - rarely metastasise
37
How is a GCT diagnosed?
Rectal exam US (honeycomb) Endocrine (best to worst): inc AMH, inc inhibin, inc testosterone
38
How is a GCT treated?
Unilateral ovariectomy - laproscopic or laparatomy if v large
39
How is uterine prolapse treated?
Replace under standing sedation or GA
40
Which horses are predisposed to uterine artery haemorhage?
Older Mares - present w/colic and signs of shock
41
How is uterine neoplasia treated?
OVH
42
How is pyometra tx?
Drain pre-surgery | OVH
43
Which cancer affects the vulva and clitoris and what is the Px/Tx?
SCC | Poor even if radical resection
44
What causes intermittent vulvar bleeding which worsens at oestrus?
Varicose veins
45
How are vaginal varicose veins Tx?
Ignore Topical astringents Ligate Cauterise
46
how often should urine flow out of the ureter in a horse?
q20-45s under xylazine
47
How can you image the bladder in adult horses?
Transrectal US
48
What can you see on transcutaneous urological US of the horse?
Kidney Umbilicus (bladder in foals)
49
What imaging method can be used to assess equine renal fct?
Scintigraphy
50
At what age does a ruptured bladder most commonly present?
foals 1-4d ESP colts
51
What are the clincial signs of a ruptured bladder?
Depression Abdo distension Colic Inc urinary freq, dec vol
52
What changes are seen on HBC with a ruptured bladder?
Hyper K Hypo Na/Cl Dehydration Metabolic Acidosis
53
What is seen on peritoneal fluid analysis of a foal with a ruptured bladder?
Serum:Fluid creatinine: 1:2
54
How must a foal with a ruptured bladder be stabilised before Surgery?
Resolve HyperK (<5.5) IV Hartmans + Bicarb + Caborogluconate Insulin/glucose + abdominal drainge
55
How is a ruptured bladder treated?
Surgical repair via midline laparotomy +/- concurrent resection of umbilicus/urachus
56
Which horses are most predisposed to uroliths?
ADULT males
57
What are the majority of horse uroliths made from?
Ca Carbonate Type 1: spiculated yellow-green Type 2: smooth and white
58
What are the presenting signs for urolithiasis?
Haematuria Stranguria +/- pollakuria, pyuria, incontinence
59
Apart from clinical signs, how else are equine uroliths diagnosed?
Rectal US Endoscopy
60
How is equine urolithiasis treated?
Laparotomy/Laparocsopy removal
61
What is sabulous cystitis secondary to?
Issues with bladder emptying i.e. paralysis
62
What are the 2 indications for nephrectmy in the horse?
Renal Neoplasia | Pyelonephritis non-resp to medical Tx
63
How long does it take for the normal umbilicus to disappear?
4-6w
64
When should an umbilicus be investigated?
Moist >24h Swollen Painful Febrile Foal
65
What are the signs of a patent urachus?
Moist umbilicus Dripping urine cHECK FOR SEPSIS
66
How is a patent urachus treated?
ABs, topical cautery Should self-resolve, of not can surgically resect urachus
67
In the 1st 1-2w of life a foal appears depressed and off suck with a painful swollen umbilicus, what is your Dx?
Umbilical sepsis
68
How is umbilical sepsis diagnosed?
US
69
How is umbilical sepsis tx?
IgG assessment Systemic ABs Surgical resection if worsens/no response
70
When do umbilical hernias need repairing surgically?
Large defect that persists > 6 mths of age Defect enlarges Associated with colic

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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