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Veterinary Medicine > Urogenital Surg (EQ) > Flashcards

Urogenital Surg (EQ) Flashcards

1
Q

When does normal testicular descent occur?

A

270-300d

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2
Q

What are the 3 indication for equine castration?

A

Modify Behaviour
Prevent Breeding
Neoplasia

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3
Q

What are your 2 anaesthetic options for the equine castrate?

A

Standing sedation or GA (field/theatre)

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4
Q

What should you use to sedate a horse for a standing sedation?

A

alpha 2 and an opiate

+NSAID, AB

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5
Q

Which testicle should be removed first if the horse is in GA lateral recumbency?

A

Lower testicle

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6
Q

What is the rule with burdizzo placement?

A

Nut to Nut

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7
Q

How should castration be performed with a history of inguinal/scrotal hernia?

A

Closed

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8
Q

How long should a gelding be box rested for following castration?

A

24h

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9
Q

What are worrying signs post-castration?

A

Dripping >4h (or steady stream of blood)
Tissue hanging from incision
Marked swelling >3d
Depression, inappetence or colic

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10
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed in horses <2yo?

A

hCG stimulation test

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11
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed in donkeys?

A

hCG stimulation test

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12
Q

How is cryptorchidism diagnosed in horses >3yo?

A

oestrone sulphate assay

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13
Q

What is a new test for diagnosing cryptorchidism?

A

AMH

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14
Q

What imaging technique can be used to diagnose cryptorchidism?

A

US

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15
Q

When should surgery be performed on a foal with an inguinal hernia?

A

IF increasing in size or strangulating viscera

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16
Q

How are inguinal hernias diagnosed?

A

Palpation and US

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17
Q

What is he most common neoplasia of the penis?

A

SCC - proliferative, ulcerative

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18
Q

Which tumour may occur on the sheath?

A

Melanoma or sarcoid

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19
Q

Apart from visual signs, how are penile tumour diagnosed?

A

Biopsy

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20
Q

How are penile SCCs treated?

A

Excision/cryo

Surgery (amputation)

PTS if mets suspected

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21
Q

How can penile SCCs be prevented?

A

Regular penile washing - smegma carcinogenic

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22
Q

Which sedative may cause priapism?

A

ACP

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23
Q

Why can prolonged paraphimosis become permanent in the horse?

A

Pudendal nerve injury

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24
Q

Which procedure should be used to cure a pneumovagina?

A

Caslicks or Gadds

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25
Q

Which procedure should be used to cure a urovagina?

A

Urethral Extension

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26
Q

Which procedure should be used to cure cervical incompetency?

A

Cervical repair

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27
Q

Which procedure should be used to cure delayed uterine clearance?

A

Uterine suspension - improve clearance and conformation

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28
Q

What should be given to aid oviduct blockage?

A

Oviduct lavage

PG

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29
Q

What is caslicks procedure?

A

Surgical closure of the upper vulva

30
Q

What is Gadds procedure?

A

Removal of a triangular portion of dorsal vestibule

31
Q

When should gadds be used?

A

Second degree perineal lacerations or older mares

32
Q

How is urovagina diagnosed?

A

Cytology (rule out ectopic ureter)

33
Q

What should be done for a 3rd degree perineal laceration?

A

Wait 4-6w

Caslicks and Gadds

34
Q

What is the most common neoplastic Dz of the ovary in the mare?

A

Granulosa Cell tumour (GCT)

35
Q

What are the signs of a GCT?

A

Anoestrus/Permanent Oestrus
Stallion-like
Aggressive

36
Q

What is the Px for a GCT?

A

Good - rarely metastasise

37
Q

How is a GCT diagnosed?

A

Rectal exam
US (honeycomb)
Endocrine (best to worst): inc AMH, inc inhibin, inc testosterone

38
Q

How is a GCT treated?

A

Unilateral ovariectomy - laproscopic or laparatomy if v large

39
Q

How is uterine prolapse treated?

A

Replace under standing sedation or GA

40
Q

Which horses are predisposed to uterine artery haemorhage?

A

Older Mares - present w/colic and signs of shock

41
Q

How is uterine neoplasia treated?

A

OVH

42
Q

How is pyometra tx?

A

Drain pre-surgery

OVH

43
Q

Which cancer affects the vulva and clitoris and what is the Px/Tx?

A

SCC

Poor even if radical resection

44
Q

What causes intermittent vulvar bleeding which worsens at oestrus?

A

Varicose veins

45
Q

How are vaginal varicose veins Tx?

A

Ignore
Topical astringents
Ligate
Cauterise

46
Q

how often should urine flow out of the ureter in a horse?

A

q20-45s under xylazine

47
Q

How can you image the bladder in adult horses?

A

Transrectal US

48
Q

What can you see on transcutaneous urological US of the horse?

A

Kidney
Umbilicus
(bladder in foals)

49
Q

What imaging method can be used to assess equine renal fct?

A

Scintigraphy

50
Q

At what age does a ruptured bladder most commonly present?

A

foals 1-4d ESP colts

51
Q

What are the clincial signs of a ruptured bladder?

A

Depression
Abdo distension
Colic
Inc urinary freq, dec vol

52
Q

What changes are seen on HBC with a ruptured bladder?

A

Hyper K
Hypo Na/Cl
Dehydration
Metabolic Acidosis

53
Q

What is seen on peritoneal fluid analysis of a foal with a ruptured bladder?

A

Serum:Fluid creatinine: 1:2

54
Q

How must a foal with a ruptured bladder be stabilised before Surgery?

A

Resolve HyperK (<5.5)
IV Hartmans + Bicarb + Caborogluconate
Insulin/glucose

+ abdominal drainge

55
Q

How is a ruptured bladder treated?

A

Surgical repair via midline laparotomy +/- concurrent resection of umbilicus/urachus

56
Q

Which horses are most predisposed to uroliths?

A

ADULT males

57
Q

What are the majority of horse uroliths made from?

A

Ca Carbonate
Type 1: spiculated yellow-green
Type 2: smooth and white

58
Q

What are the presenting signs for urolithiasis?

A

Haematuria
Stranguria
+/- pollakuria, pyuria, incontinence

59
Q

Apart from clinical signs, how else are equine uroliths diagnosed?

A

Rectal
US
Endoscopy

60
Q

How is equine urolithiasis treated?

A

Laparotomy/Laparocsopy removal

61
Q

What is sabulous cystitis secondary to?

A

Issues with bladder emptying i.e. paralysis

62
Q

What are the 2 indications for nephrectmy in the horse?

A

Renal Neoplasia

Pyelonephritis non-resp to medical Tx

63
Q

How long does it take for the normal umbilicus to disappear?

A

4-6w

64
Q

When should an umbilicus be investigated?

A

Moist >24h
Swollen
Painful
Febrile Foal

65
Q

What are the signs of a patent urachus?

A

Moist umbilicus
Dripping urine

cHECK FOR SEPSIS

66
Q

How is a patent urachus treated?

A

ABs, topical cautery

Should self-resolve, of not can surgically resect urachus

67
Q

In the 1st 1-2w of life a foal appears depressed and off suck with a painful swollen umbilicus, what is your Dx?

A

Umbilical sepsis

68
Q

How is umbilical sepsis diagnosed?

A

US

69
Q

How is umbilical sepsis tx?

A

IgG assessment
Systemic ABs
Surgical resection if worsens/no response

70
Q

When do umbilical hernias need repairing surgically?

A

Large defect that persists > 6 mths of age
Defect enlarges
Associated with colic

Veterinary Medicine (68 decks)

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